Alignment Layer Research Articles

Integrated optimization of well placement and perforation layer selection using a modified dung beetle algorithm

In the oilfield development process, a proper well pattern plays a crucial role in improving oil recovery and economic benefits. However, traditional well pattern optimization mainly focuses on two-dimensional plane well placement, overlooking the spatial alignment of perforated layers and well placements. This oversight presents significant challenges, especially in meeting the demands for fine development of high water-cut oilfields. Therefore, this paper introduces an innovative approach to well pattern optimization, termed integrated well pattern optimization (WPO–I), which couples well placements with perforation positions. By maximizing net present value, a novel mathematical model for well pattern optimization is established, considering the location of infill wells, the status and type of existing wells, and the perforation position of working wells as co-optimization variables. Besides, an improved discrete dung beetle optimization (IDDBO) algorithm is developed, utilizing multi-layer integer coding and an opposition-based learning strategy. To evaluate the proposed method's performance, the Egg model is used to compare it with five optimization algorithms. Furthermore, this study assesses the development effects of conventional plane well placement optimization (WPO–P) compared to WPO-I. The results highlight the distinct advantages of the IDDBO algorithm in solving discrete nonlinear programming problems. Particularly, the WPO-I method enables spatial matching of the well pattern with reservoir heterogeneity and remaining oil distribution, effectively utilizing spatial residual oil. This method provides a new development optimization strategy in mature oilfields, especially for fine adjustment of well patterns during the secondary recovery stage of water flooding.

Effect of carbon dots on tuning molecular alignment, dielectric and electrical properties of a smectogenic cyanobiphenyl-based liquid crystal material

Here, we demonstrate the effect of dispersing organosoluble carbon dots (CDs, ∼7–8 nm) on tuning the molecular alignment, dielectric and electrical properties of smectic A (SmA) and nematic (N) mesophases of a thermotropic smectogenic LC material, 4-octyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) in a planar anchored indium tin oxide (ITO) sample cell using polarized optical microscopy and dielectric spectroscopic techniques. The cross-polarized optical textures clearly show that the doping of CDs (concentration ⩾0.25 wt%) in planar anchored 8CB liquid crtstal (LC) led to the changing of its alignment from planar to vertical. Interestingly, such an induced vertical alignment remains stable throughout the SmA and N phases of the 8CB LC material. Moreover, the magnitude of the real dielectric permittivity is found to increase with increasing concentration of CDs and exhibits vertical alignment values for composites (⩾0.25 wt%). The observance of short axis molecular relaxation for composites (⩾0.25 wt%) without the application of bias field confirms again the induced vertical alignment. The accumulation of CDs at the substrate surface and their interaction with the alignment and ITO layers can be attributed as an important factor for such induced vertical alignment. The electrical conductivity of 8CB is observed to increase significantly with the addition of CDs (i.e. an increment of up to two orders of magnitude in composites compared to pure 8CB) and attributed to the lowering of viscosity and change in molecular alignment. We certainly believe that such tunable molecular alignment throughout the SmA and N phases of thermotropic smectogenic LC material (8CB) by dopant CDs could pave the way for their applications in flexible displays, biosensors, electro-optical memory and other tunable photonic devices.

Effect of different surface alignment layers and temperature changes on bandwidth of Bragg reflection in chiral nematic liquid crystal

In recent years, the practical properties of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) have been widely studied due to their unique feature of selective Bragg reflection. In this study, we investigated the following aspects: (i) the effect of surface alignment using polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, and polyimide as covering substrate, (ii) the impact of temperature changes on the reflection bandwidth and, consequently, variations in the cholesteric pitch. Furthermore, we extended Li’s four-parameter model to the cholesteric environment using Haller’s assumption and Vuk’s equations for nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) and Fergason’s theory for CLCs. The fit of the experimental data with this model demonstrated an excellent agreement. The experimental data revealed that the S5011 chiral dopant, with left-handedness, used in the NLC environment of the host, exhibits a significant helical twist power (HTP). This leads to the narrowing of the reflection band width with increasing temperature, without causing a noticeable change in the wavelength of the central reflection. This feature highlights the high potential of these types of chiral materials as thermally stable materials for creating selective-reflective optical filters that remain stable with temperature changes, particularly away from the cholesteric to isotropic transition point.

Genetic algorithm for the response of arbitrarily twisted nematic liquid crystals to an applied field.

When an external field is applied across a liquid-crystal cell, the twist and tilt distributions cannot be calculated analytically and must be extracted numerically. In the standard approach, the Euler-Lagrange equationsare derived from the minimization of the free energy of the system and then solved via finite-difference methods, often implemented in commercial software. These tools iterate from initial solutions that are compatible with the boundary conditions, providing limited to no flexibility for customization. Here we present a genetic algorithm that outputs fast and accurate solutions to the integral form of the equations. In our approach, the evolutionary routine is sequentially applied at each position within the bulk of the cell, thus overcoming the necessity of assuming trial solutions. The full range of twist angles from -90^{∘} to 90^{∘} is considered. In this way, the predictions of our routine strongly support the experimentally observed polarization transformations of light incident on different spatially varying twisted nematic liquid-crystal cells, patterned with different topologies on the two alignment layers.

A physicochemically reformed nanostructured graphene oxide-doped indium magnesium oxide film with enhanced electrical properties

Brush-coated graphene oxide (GO)-doped indium magnesium oxide (InMgO) films were produced in this study. The GO concentration was adjusted to 0, 5, and 15 wt%. The hybrid films were constructed using a one-step facile brush-coating process. The formed hybrid film had an oriented anisotropic morphology with a micro/nanogroove structure due to the shear stress induced by the brush hair movement. This anisotropic structure was used as a liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer. Polarized optical microscopy and pretilt angle analysis revealed the presence of a uniform and homogeneous LC alignment on the hybrid film. The film exhibited excellent light control with the LCs, as well as stable and high optical transmittance in the visible region. The GO doping of InMgO increased its polar anchoring energy and decreased its hysteresis characteristics for LC electronic device applications. These results demonstrate the potential of doping metal oxide films with GO and brush coating them for use in next-generation LC devices.

Water Hydrogen-Bond Mediated Layer by Layer Alignment of Lipid Rafts as a Precursor of Intermembrane Processes.

Lipid rafts, which are dynamic nanodomains in the plasma membrane, play a crucial role in intermembrane processes by clustering together and growing in size within the plane of the membrane while also aligning with each other across different membranes. However, the physical origin of layer by layer alignment of lipid rafts remains to be elucidated. Here, by using fluorescence imaging and synchrotron X-ray reflectivity in a phase-separated multilayer system, we find that the alignment of raft-mimicking Lo domains is regulated by the distance between bilayers. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the aligned state is energetically preferred when the intermembrane distance is small due to its ability to minimize the volume of surface water, which has fewer water hydrogen bonds (HBs) compared to bulk water. Our results suggest that water HB-driven alignment of lipid rafts plays a role as a precursor of intermembrane processes such as cell-cell fusion, virus entry, and signaling.

Domain reorientation due to smectic layer instability in high tilt angle-based surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal cell

High tilt angle (45°) ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) in surface stabilized geometry, having no chiral smectic A (SmA∗) phase, has been studied for the reorientation of the smectic layers near the transition temperature (Tc). The electro-optical studies have shown the stripe domain formation in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned along the rubbing direction, but the smectic layers are tilted away from the rubbing direction at room temperature. In such high tilt angle FLCs, the molecular alignment and smectic layer formation start from bottom and top rubbed grooves at Tc. The domain formation of the FLC takes place in the middle of the top and bottom surfaces due to the frustration of the dipolar interaction. The smectic layer switching is observed by optical microscopy and confirmed by the dielectric spectroscopy method near Tc of SmC∗ and chiral nematic phases. Domain switching has shown a larger switching angle than the molecular tilt angle within the smectic layer. These studies are expected to be significant for understanding the smectic layer structure and the domain switching process, which may pave the way for large optical switching devices.

Abstract 6791: Investigation of sex hormone effects in an organ chip model of endothelial barrier dysfunction in the triple negative breast cancer microenvironment

Abstract Inflammation and pathological vasculature are common features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Sex hormones potently modulate vascular physiology and immune cell functions, and there are established correlations with the outcomes of triple negative (TNBC) despite the defining feature of receptor negativity. Circulating estrogens and androgens have been hypothesized as drivers of TNBC through the actions exerted by receptor-positive cells in the TME. Here, we present an organ chip model of the TNBC microenvironment for quantifying the impact of configurable TME variables such as the ECM composition and the relative densities and phenotypes of tumor cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, and myeloid cells on endothelial barrier function. After establishing baselines of vascular permeability in the presence and absence of TNBC cells, we tested the effect of estradiol, estrone, and dihydrotestosterone on barrier permeability. Multilayer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) organ chips were fabricated using standard soft lithography. The layers of the device were separated with semi-permeable membranes that allow exchange of soluble factors. Once assembled, the upper channel was loaded with female (XX) human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Collagen hydrogels were injected into the tissue layer and the devices were cultured on a rocker to induce endothelial barrier alignment via application of an average shear stress of 5 dynes/cm2. We optimized rocking conditions by assessing endothelial layer alignment, junctional organization, and permeability. TNBC cells and XX mammary carcinoma fibroblasts were added to the hydrogel to model the effects of TME-derived signals on endothelial barrier permeability. 40 kDa FITC- Dextran was chosen to assay permeability as it can show leakage due to active disruption of the barrier. Staining for F-actin and ZO-1 allowed for quantification of junctional organization. Sex hormone modulation of proinflammatory gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. The presence of TNBC cells significantly increased transport of 40kDa FITC-Dextran across the endothelial barrier, disrupted intercellular junction quality, and induced the expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules including ICAM-1. Our results demonstrate that sex hormones modulate TNBC-associated changes in endothelial cell bioenergetics, junctional organization, and macromolecular barrier permeability. Ongoing work will investigate the effects of age-matched XX monocyte derived macrophages on barrier function in the model. This organ chip platform provides an assay for measuring altered vascular inflammation and permeability in the TNBC microenvironment and may provide a venue for investigating vascular-normalizing effects of various candidate therapeutics. Citation Format: Delia Carlino, Ashley Martier, Yasmin Maurice, G. Wills Kpeli, Matthew Burow, Mark Mondrinos. Investigation of sex hormone effects in an organ chip model of endothelial barrier dysfunction in the triple negative breast cancer microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6791.

Fabrication of advanced thin film for high performance display by nanoimprinting process via gallium oxide solution doped tin

Line pattern replication process through nanoimprint lithography (NIL) method has been used in numerous of research fields. NIL technology is not yet utilized for displays industry, and we propose an alignment layer of the sol-gel process using NIL. One-dimensionally nanopatterned by polydimethylsiloxane sheets cause surface changes in hybrid SnGaO thin films mixed in a 3:7 ratio, which aligns the liquid crystals (LCs) uniformly in the line pattern direction. These surface changes are confirmed through atomic force microscopy data analysis, and changes in surface shapes for different the curing temperatures in the furnace are analyzed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the chemical composition of the thin films changes according to curing temperatures, and the intensities of SnO and GaO increase exponentially at 200 °C compared to those at 50 °C. Through this, the van der Waals force increases between surface molecules, in the anisotropic direction to help align the LCs. Furthermore, we performed polarized optical microscopy and pre-tilt angle analysis confirm that the LCs are energized uniformly. Finally, the performance of an actual display device transmittance and electro-optical properties; the transmittance of SnGaO is 4.51p% higher than that of the currently commercialized PI-rubbing, and the voltage-transmittance curve is a perfect graph.

Q&A of liquid crystal alignment: theory and practice

We selected and summarized the most important aspects of liquid crystal alignment. Alignment by the surface profile and flat surface alignment are discussed as the main factors leading to the high-quality orientation of liquid crystals. The advanced level of understanding and formulation allows linking the alignment layer properties to the molecular structure of the alignment material. The paper reviews and combines the latest knowledge about liquid crystal alignment, dwells upon the relationship between the polar and azimuthal anchoring energy, explains the major particularities regarding anchoring measurements in the case of birefringent alignment materials with truly high azimuthal anchoring energy, and observes the current trends of water-friendly alignment materials and their application in geometrical phase device fabrication.

Tuning the Optoelectronic Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited “3D”‐MoS2 Films via the Degree of Vertical Alignment of Their Constituting Layers

AbstractPulsed‐laser‐deposition (PLD) is used to deposit MoS2 thin films at substrate temperatures (Td) ranging from 25 to 700 °C. A Td = 500 °C is identified as the optimal temperature that yields MoS2 films consisting of highly‐crystallized 2H‐MoS2 phase with a strong (002) preferential orientation, a direct optical bandgap (Eg) of ∼1.4 eV and a strong photoresponse of ∼1500%. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the degree of vertical alignment of MoS2 layers in the films also reaches its maximum at Td = 500 °C. High‐resolution‐transmission‐electron‐microscopy has provided a clear‐cut evidence that the PLD‐MoS2 films predominantly consist of vertically aligned MoS2 layers over all the film thickness of ∼90 nm, enabling those “3D” films to behave as a direct‐bandgap “2D‐MoS2” with exceptional optoelectronic properties. Indeed, at Td = 500 °C, the PLD‐MoS2 based photodetectors (PDs) devices are shown to exhibit the highest responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) values (125 mA W−1 and 9.2 × 109 Jones, respectively) ever reported for large area (≥ 1 cm2) MoS2‐based PDs operating at a voltage as low as 1 V. For the first time, a constant‐plus‐linear relationship between Eg, R, and D* of the PDs and the degree of vertical alignment of the MoS2 layers is established. Such a correlation is fundamental for the controlled growth of PLD‐MoS2 films and the tuning of their properties in view of their integration with standard large‐scale‐integration processing.

Temperature-Dependent Frictional Behavior of MoS2 in Humid Environments: Insights from Water Molecule Adsorption and DFT Analyses.

This study investigates the temperature-dependent frictional behavior of MoS2 in humid environments within the context of a long-standing debate over increased friction due to oxidation processes or molecular adsorption. By combining sliding friction experiments and density functional theory (DFT)-based first-principles simulations, it aims to clarify the role of water molecule adsorption in influencing frictional properties of MoS2, addressing the challenge of identifying interfacial bonding behavior responsible for friction in such conditions. Sliding experiments revealed that magnetron-sputtered MoS2 exhibits a reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) with an increase in temperature from 25 to 100 °C under 20 and 40% relative humidity. This change in the COF obeys the Arrhenius law, presenting an energy barrier of 0.165 eV, indicative of the temperature-dependent nature of these frictional changes and suggests a consistent frictional mechanism. DFT simulations showed that H2O molecules are adsorbed at MoS2 vacancy defects with adsorption energies ranging from -0.56 to -0.17 eV, which align with the experimentally determined energy barrier. Adsorptive interactions, particularly the formation of stable H···S interfacial hydrogen bonds at defect sites, increase the interlayer adhesion and impede layer shearing. TEM analysis confirms that although MoS2 layers align parallel to the sliding direction in humid conditions, the COF remains at 0.12, as opposed to approximately 0.02 in dry air. This demonstrates that parallel layer alignment does not notably decrease the COF, underscoring humidity's significant role in MoS2's COF values, a result also supported by the Arrhenius analysis. The reversibility of the physisorption process, demonstrated by the recovery of the COF in high-temperature humid environments, suggests its dynamic nature. This study yields fundamental insights into MoS2 interfaces for environments with variable humidity and temperature, crucial for demanding tribological applications.

Micro/nanogroove-structured graphene-oxide-doped indium gallium yttrium oxide alignment layer with improved electrical characteristics

Graphene oxide (GO)-doped indium gallium yttrium oxide (InGaYO) alignment layers formed by a brush-based solution-coating process are reported in this study. The doping concentrations were adjusted to 0, 5, and 15 wt%. The alignment layers obtained thus showed anisotropic micro/nanogroove structures having induced by shear stress originating from the brush-hair movements. This structure enabled uniform and homogeneous liquid crystal (LC) alignment on the film surface with geometric constraints. The alignment state was verified by polarized optical microscopy and pretilt angle analysis. The GO-doped InGaYO alignment layer demonstrated enhanced 1.92 × 10−4 Jm−2 polar anchoring energy of the LCs and reduced hysteresis property, which aid in lower image-sticking effects. The LC device operation was verified with 1.7 V in a twisted-nematic LC system along with stable optical transmittance control. From these results, GO doping of the metal-oxide alignment layer shows the potential for functional LC device applications.

Superconducting properties of bismuthate/manganite epitaxial multilayers

We report epitaxial growth and superconducting properties of superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) multilayers consisting of an s-wave superconducting bismuthate BaPb0.75Bi0.25O3 (BPBO) and a ferromagnetic insulating manganite La0.875Sr0.125MnO3 (LSMO). We demonstrate that the superconductivity of BPBO sandwiched by LSMO is preserved down to a thickness close to the superconducting coherence length. The superconducting transition temperature of BPBO is unaffected by the magnetization alignment of the LSMO layers, which is in sharp contrast to YBa2Cu3O7 showing a clear magnetic exchange interaction. While the stable s-wave superconductivity in the S/F oxide multilayer demonstrated in this work is promising for the development of quantum spin devices with strong spin–orbit coupling, the absence of the magnetic exchange field effect highlights the importance of interface engineering for the realization of a strongly exchange-coupled s-wave S/F oxide interface.

Electro-hydrodynamic programming reshapes liquid crystal dynamics in free-form director fields

This study unveils a groundbreaking technique leveraging the superposition of electric field vectors to manipulate liquid crystals (LCs). Demonstrated through a simple configuration of four independent electrodes at the corners of a rectangular enclosure, notably, this configuration can be further simplified or modified as needed, showcasing the versatility of the approach. Significantly, the design showcased in the paper eliminates the need for an alignment layer, highlighting the versatility of the method. Through nuanced adjustments in waveforms, amplitudes, frequencies, and phases in AC or DC from these electrodes, precise control over LC shape deformation and dynamic phase transformation is achieved in both temporal and spatial dimensions. In contrast to traditional methods, the approach presented here abolishes alignment layers and intricate electrode-array systems, opting for a streamlined configuration with varying AC frequencies and DC electric signals. This innovative methodology, founded on simplified governing equations from Q-tensor hydrodynamics theory, demonstrates true 3D control over LCs, displaying efficiency in electrode usage beyond current arrays. The study's contributions extend to temporal control emphasis, superposition techniques, and the elimination of fixed electrodes, promising unprecedented possibilities for programming LC materials and advancing the field of programmable LC devices.

Local atomic stacking and symmetry in twisted graphene trilayers.

Moiré superlattices formed by twisting trilayers of graphene are a useful model for studying correlated electron behaviour and offer several advantages over their formative bilayer analogues, including a more diverse collection of correlated phases and more robust superconductivity. Spontaneous structural relaxation alters the behaviour of moiré superlattices considerably and has been suggested to play an important role in the relative stability of superconductivity in trilayers. Here we use an interferometric four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy approach to directly probe the local graphene layer alignment over a wide range of trilayer graphene structures. Our results inform a thorough understanding of how reconstruction modulates the local lattice symmetries crucial for establishing correlated phases in twisted graphene trilayers, evincing a relaxed structure that is markedly different from that proposed previously.

Multi-Action Knee Contact Force Prediction by Domain Adaptation.

Most recent musculoskeletal dynamics estimation methods are designed for predefined actions, such as gait, and don't generalize to various tasks. In this work, we address the problem of estimating internal biomechanical forces during more than one actions by introducing unsupervised domain adaptation into a deep learning model. More specifically, we developed a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network for knee contact force prediction, enhanced with correlation alignment layers, in order to minimize the domain shift between kinematic data from different actions. Furthermore, we used the novel Neural State Machine (NSM) as a simulation platform to test and visualize our model predictions in a wide range of trajectories adapted to different 3D scene geometries in real-time. We conducted multiple experiments, including comparison with previous models, model alignment across action classes and real-to-synthetic data alignment. The results showed that the proposed deep learning architecture with domain adaptation performs better than the benchmark in terms of NRMSE and t-test. Overall, our method is capable of predicting knee contact forces for more than one action classes using a single architecture and thereby opens the path for estimating internal forces for intermediate actions, while the knowledge of the hidden state of motion may be used to support personalized rehabilitation. Moreover, our model can be easily integrated into any human motion simulation environment, which shows its potential in enabling biomechanical analysis in an automated and computationally efficient way.

Human Cognition-Based Consistency Inference Networks for Multi-Modal Fake News Detection

The existing models for multi-modal fake news detection focus mainly on capturing common similar semantics between different modalities to improve detection performance. However, they ignore the extraction of inconsistent features between these modalities. The intuitive cognition way people identify a piece of fake news is generally to discover if there are inconsistent semantics among news content itself and its comments, which could be abstracted as “comparing news image-text consistency - finding valuable comments - reasoning in-/consistency between news and comments”. Inspired by the cognitive process, we propose Human Cognition-based Consistency Inference Networks (HCCIN) to comprehensively explore consistent and inconsistent semantics for multi-modal fake news detection. Specifically, we first design cross-modal alignment layer to learn consistent semantics between textual and visual information within the multi-modal news, and then the comment clue discovery layer is devoted to ascertaining the most-concerned semantics by audiences between comments. Finally, we develop collaborative inference layer to drive news consistent semantics and the most-concerned semantics to reason and discover consistent and inconsistent information between them. Experiments on three public datasets, including Weibo, Twitter, and PHEME, reveal the superiority of our HCCIN.

Transforming patterned defects into dynamic poly-regional topographies in liquid crystal oligomers.

We create high-aspect-ratio dynamic poly-regional surface topographies in a coating of a main-chain liquid crystal oligomer network (LCON). The topographies form at the topological defects in the director pattern organized in an array which are controlled by photopatterning of the alignment layer. The defect regions are activated by heat and/or light irradiation to form reversible topographic structures. Intrinsically, the LCON is rubbery and sensitive to temperature changes, resulting in shape transformations. We further advanced such system to make it light-responsive by incorporating azobenzene moieties. Actuation reduces the molecular order of the LCON coating that remains firmly adhered to the substrate which gives directional shear stresses around the topological defects. The stresses relax by deforming the surfaces by forming elevations or indents, depending on the type of defects. The formed topographies exhibit various features, including two types of protrusions, ridges and valleys. These poly-regional structures exhibit a large modulation amplitude of close to 60%, which is 6 times larger than the ones formed in liquid crystal networks (LCNs). After cooling or by blue light irradiation, the topographies are erased to the initial flat surface. A finite element method (FEM) model is adopted to simulate structures of surface topographies. These dynamic surface topographies with multilevel textures and large amplitude expand the application range, from haptics, controlled cell growth, to intelligent surfaces with adjustable adhesion and tribology.

(Invited) Interlayer Excitons in Two-Dimensional Perovskite/Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterostructures

The emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials has intrigued a great deal of research on novel physical phenomena and various functional applications due to their particular crystal structures and reduced dimensionality. Unlike 3D materials, bulks of 2D materials can be easily thinned to atomic thickness by mechanical exfoliation and atomically thin 2D materials can be arbitrarily stacked to form vertical van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, which could inherit the unique characteristics of the constituent layers and even exhibit new properties not possessed by them. Particularly, when type-Ⅱ vdW heterostructures are excited, the positive and the negative charges would reside in the different layers after the charge transfer but be limited within a short distance due to the strong quantum confinement effect of 2D materials, leading to strong Coulomb interaction and the formation of interlayer excitons (IXs). IXs are generally equipped with orientated dipole moment and long lifetime, making them ideal media for the future interconnects between optical transmission and electronic computation. Currently, studies on IXs are mainly focused on the vdW heterostructures formed by monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Here, I will first talk about vdW heterostructures formed by 2D perovskites and TMDs for studying IXs. Stacking different kinds of 2D perovskites and TMDs, formation of IXs is confirmed by excitation-power-, temperature-, electric-field-dependent and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) studies. Notably, robust IX emission can be observed regardless of the stacking sequence and geometric alignment of the constituent layers, showing great advantages over the TMD/TMD vdW heterostructures, which require special twist-angle and thermal annealing. Then, I would like to give a brief introduction on widely tuning the IX emission energy by changing the layer number of the 2D perovskite or the TMD, which shed light on the application of 2D perovskite/TMD vdW heterostructures in broad-spectrum optoelectronics. Furthermore, I would like to next talk about how the selection of organic chains in 2D perovskites influences the properties of the IXs. By using chiral 2D perovskites, the IX emission shows substantial circular polarization and the polarization direction is only related to the chirality of the molecules regardless of the excitation scheme or any other external field, which could open up new passages for controlling valley- or spin-polarization of IXs. By introducing molecules with different dielectric constants, the dielectric screening strength in the vdW heterostructure is changed and hence the binding energy of the IXs is also modified, which offers great opportunities for exploiting tunable excitonic devices and studying exciton condensation. Finally, I will also introduce IX as a non-destructive tool for probing the local phase transition at the surface of the 2D perovskite (BA)2PbI4 flakes. By spatially PL mapping of the (BA)2PbI4/WSe2 heterostructure, two different IX species can be observed to distinguish the low-temperature and the high-temperature phase respectively.