Alien Elements Research Articles

Communal Labor in Ecovillages: Contradictions, Impasses, and Possibilities within the Notion of Self-sufficiency.

Our goal is to outline the concept of communal labor in ecovillages of Brazil. To do that, we considered three elements: (1) political orientation for self-sufficiency; (2) technical-productive orientation in self-managed work and in plural economic practices; and (3) socio-environmental orientation centered on the recovery of biodiversity. We collected data in four ecovillages for 49days, through a methodological path of inspiration ethnography with fieldnote and participant observation, followed by remote monitoring for 22months. Our option was for flexible procedure to collect complex dynamics of management and routines of life by dialogues between researchers and informants. The results show that communal labor emerged in ecovillages as a resistance to market-centric society, although dependent on it incidentally. If, on the one hand, there are tensions and contradictions, on the other they reveal a strong organizational practice that shows possibilities and ways of redefining the relationships among human beings, and between collective organizations and ecosystems, by mitigating elements of alienation on values that inspire human emancipation.

Entegrasyondan Asimilasyona ve Zorunlu Göçe: Bulgaristan Komünist Partisi’nin Türk Azınlık Siyasetinin Bir Değerlendirmesi

Minority regulations in Bulgaria from the communist takeover to the end of the Stalinist era were shaped under the influence of socialist internationalist policies, which envisaged the preservation of ethnic and cultural differences for generating class solidarity among the Bulgarian citizens. However, in practice, the constitutional safeguards and promises given to them were often ignored by the state for the sake of constructing a modern socialist society. The discrimination increased further during the post-Stalinist years in parallel with the regime’s ideological shift away from communist orthodoxy towards nationalism. The statesponsored discriminatory policies had far-reaching consequences for the Turks, the largest and most culturally aware of all ethnic minorities. Perceived as an alien element of the Bulgarian society, throughout the entire socialist period, Turkish minority was subjected to integrationist/assimilationist policies and forcibly expelled from the country at times when these policies did not produce the desired results. This article focuses on the discriminatory policies and practices forced upon the Turkish minority by the Bulgarian Communist Party during the era of state socialism, and intends to inquire into their results.

Early Deportations of Jews in Occupied Poland (October 1939–June 1940): The German and the Soviet Cases

Abstract After the division of Poland in September 1939 following the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact, deportations of Polish citizens were part of the Nazis’ plan to “Germanize” western and northern Poland, though the Jewish dimension of these events has hardly been investigated. Beyond the organized deportations by the German Security Police, there were local initiatives to expel Jews to the Soviet Zone of partitioned Poland. In the Soviet-occupied Polish territories, many Jews were deported in 1940 to remote areas of the USSR either as “unreliable” or “class alien elements,” or because of their refusal to accept Soviet citizenship. While the brutal Soviet policies unintendedly saved the majority of deported Jews from German extermination, the German deportations were the precursors to total mass murder. This article describes and compares the deportations on both sides, reconstructs the German transports, and concludes that the USSR’s deportations were part of its ongoing war against political opponents and “alien elements,” whereas the Germans’ were stepping stones on Karl A. Schleunes’s “twisted road to Auschwitz.”

“Human Derelicts” and the Deterioration of the Nation: Discourses of Identity and Otherness in Victorian and Edwardian Britain (1860s-1910s)

In the second half of the Victorian period, and even more so at the turn of the century, fears for what was considered the health of the nation started to grip Britain. The second Boer War (1899-1902) shook the already eroding self-confidence of an Empire that was preoccupied with what was described as the fitness of the race. Scientists joined the heated debate, some arguing that the British stock was deteriorating. The other, the alien element, in this discourse, was not necessarily a foreign man or woman; the outsider was coming from within the nation. This paper explores this altering discourse as well as the development of a counter-discourse that was carried by sociologists keen to reintegrate those who were stigmatised into the nation, eager to highlight environmental factors and social injustices and reluctant to oust some citizens from the community. It seeks to question and shed historical light on the construct that is Britishness in the context of raging debates on identity and nation in post-Brexit Britain.

Lithium Antievaporation-Loss Engineering via Sodium/Potassium Doping Enables Superior Electrochemical Performance of High-Nickel Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes.

Low-cost Mn- and Li-rich layered oxides suffer from rapid voltage decay, which can be improved by increasing the nickel content to derive high nickel Li-rich layered oxides (HNLO) but is normally accompanied by reduced capacity and inferior cycling stability. Herein, Na or K ions are successfully doped into the lattice of high nickel Li-rich Li1.2-xMxNi0.32Mn0.48O2 (M = Na, K) layered oxides via a facile expanded graphite template-sacrificed approach. Both Na- and K-doped samples exhibit excellent rate capability and cycling stability compared with the un-doped one. The Na-doped sample shows a capacity retention of 93% after 200 cycles at 1C, which is quite outstanding for HNLO. The greatly improved electrochemical performances are attributed to the increased effective Li content in the lattice via Li antievaporation-loss engineering, the expanded Li slab, the pillaring effect, the increased C2/m component, and the improved electronic conductivity. Different performances by the introduction of sodium and potassium ions may be ascribed to their different ionic radii, which give rise to their different doping behaviors and threshold doping amounts. This work provides a new idea of enhancing electrochemical performance of HNLO by doping proper alien elements to increase the lattice lithium content effectively.

Поселения крестьян-единоличников в Калмыкии(1930–1991 гг.)

Introduction. The article examines the history of emergence and development of unauthorized settlements of individual peasants in the territory of Kalmykia between 1930 and 1991. The insight into the topic provides an opportunity to learn more about the past of certain social groups, strata, classes — and related state policies during the Soviet era. Goals. The paper primarily aims to show a history of settlements arbitrarily established by individual peasants in Soviet times. The work examines causes and factors to have resulted in new settlements across Kalmykia, analyzes official Soviet policies, relations between government agencies and such settlers. Materials and methods. The study employs the historical comparative and historical genetic methods, analyzes works by previous authors and materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and National Archive of Kalmykia, including new unpublished materials thus to be introduced into scientific circulation. Results. The analysis shows the emergence and development of settlements were determined by such factors as island locations, desolate and undeveloped character of lands, harsh natural conditions, persistence of settlers, and the unspoken support from authorities of Priyutnensky District in earliest years of existence. The paper presumes it be also very important to take into account the fact unauthorized settlements had been initiated by individuals who — unlike kulaks — were considered unconscious, ‘lost’ people, and not socially alien elements. Most of the ‘unauthorized settlers’ were ones to have avoided dekulakization, the wealthiest ones had been able to liquidate their farms before lists of the to be dekulakized were compiled. Authorities identified such settlements as kulak ones, although in formal parameters those were socially different. Conclusions. Unauthorized settlements of individual peasants in Kalmykia appeared as a result of forced collectivization and served a manifested protest against official restriction policies. The collectivization movement and sociocultural ideology kept them under constant pressure, but two settlements did survive to resist for decades to come. In general, the Soviet period witnessed a success in eliminating unauthorized settlements of individual proprietors.

Computer Games with Stories as an Element of Alienation

Computer Games with Stories as an Element of Alienation

The Social Representation of the Volost Clerk in Tomsk Province (Late 19<sup>th</sup> – Early 20<sup>th</sup> Century)

The article analyzes the role of the volost clerk in the system of local peasant self-government, as well as his relationship with state authorities. Based on modern research outcomes, materials of volost boards and data from periodicals, the author reconstructs the social image of the volost clerk. On the one hand, the articles reveals numerous abuses on their part, negligence in the performance of their duties, immorality, arbitrariness and bribery. This behavior obviously did not allow peasants to consider volost clerks as full-fledged members of the community, which even at the beginning of the 20th century still remained a rather closed, with its own foundations and orders. Often the volost clerks were perceived by their status as higher than the volost foremen, to whom they were directly subordinate according to the law. On the other hand, peasants turned a blind eye to minor violations of these officials because of the informal connections of volost clerks with representatives of the highest echelons of power. Peasants often used their services to draw up petitions since they were the most educated and knowledgeable persons in the self-government. In other words, their professional qualities, competence and knowledge of local and all-Russian legislation, their ability to successfully solve the problems of both an individual peasant and the community as a whole, turned rural residents to perceive him as a guardian of the interests of the peasant population. Nevertheless, some favor from the higher authorities did not make a big difference for volost clerk, he remained an alien element both for the system of local selfgovernment and for the system of imperial government.

Aristocratic Enclaves as a Foreign Legal Element in Urban Space

Disciplination of the population in the medieval and early modern city may have been complicated by the presence of an alien element, which in the bourgeois environment was the nobility. In many cases, the nobility was able to acquire town houses and sometimes even managed to have them exempted from the jurisdiction of the municipal authorities and registered in the land tables. Be that as it may, these houses constituted legal enclaves of their kind. The study examines the legal conditions of these enclaves against the background of the legal developments in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia in the fourteenth–seventeenth centuries and tries both to summarize the existing knowledge and to draw attention to some better though lesser-known sources that document this issue. URL: https://www.upjs.sk/filozoficka-fakulta/katedra-historie/10984/

Inclusion of universities, enterprises, and regions of Kazakhstan in the process of technological upgrading of the mining industry: a triple helix approach

This paper investigates universities with educational programs in mining specialties, mining enterprises, and regions with a developed mining industry in developing countries on the example of Kazakhstan. The analysis showed that universities are the weakest link in the chain of universities-enterprises-regions, since their structure is poorly balanced in relation to business: though to a smaller extent, science does cooperate with education, while business in universities remains an alien element and does not generate income on its own. The creation of a mining cluster around a university with mining majors can help multiply collaborative efforts. The involvement of universities in the extraction of mineral resources and the accompanying processes within such a cluster will significantly change the type and role of the regional industry, and as a result, will become a driver of economic growth in the region.

Human Nature

The research-based Danish therapy garden Nacadia, which opened in 2011, can be viewed as a holistically oriented realization of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) broad definition of health from 1948: health is not just the absence of disease, but a state of both physical, mental and social well-being in which individuals may develop their abilities, deal with everyday challenges and stress, as well as socialize with other people. Nacadia’s raison d’être and relevance are indisputable. But the questions this article addresses are what perception of nature the therapy forest garden promotes and what social diagnosis it springs from and reproduces. Nacadia’s interdisciplinary research team provides no explanation, but these questions inform my analysis. Based on Nacadia’s concept manual and the therapy garden itself, as well as some literary accounts of engaging with nature, I develop two answers: First, that the researchers behind Nacadia operate with both a discourse and a physical-aesthetic presentation of nature as a peaceful and accessible place for both self-immersion and connection with ‘something greater’. Secondly, the implementation of such a sanctuary encourages romantically tinted modes of experience which certainly seem invigorating but may also evoke an element of alienation for people in a modern society.

Pacifist Prophet: Papunhank and the Quest for Peace in Early America

Pacifist Prophet: Papunhank and the Quest for Peace in Early America

Pacifist Prophet: Papunhank and the Quest for Peace in Early America

Pacifist Prophet: Papunhank and the Quest for Peace in Early America

Direct Elimination of Detrimental Surface Phases Parasitic to LiNixCo1−xO2 (x = 0.8 and 0.9) with Unique 3D Porous Structures during Synthesis

AbstractDetrimental rock‐salt and/or spinel surface phases parasitic to Ni‐rich layered oxides with high theoretical capacity are quite formidable which are reported to be eliminated only through alien element dopings and/or surface modifications. Herein, these surface phases are directly eliminated successfully during the synthesis of pristine LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 and LiNi0.9Co0.1O2 using an expanded graphites (EGs) template approach, accompanied by the formation of unique 3D porous structures. The elimination of surface phases may be ascribed to the 3D porous structures formed during the calcination processes at both low and high temperatures, which enables the access of sufficient oxygen to individual nanoparticles and thus promotes the oxidization of Ni2+ to Ni3+ to reduce Li/Ni disordering. Both LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 and LiNi0.9Co0.1O2 show excellent rate capability, long‐term cycling stability, and high initial Coulombic efficiencies (ICEs), such as 210.4 (149) and 222.6 (133) mAh g−1, ICEs of 94.9% and 93.8% at 0.1 C (20 C), and capacity retentions of 74% after 500 cycles at 1 C and 76% after 300 cycles at 1 C, respectively, far better than those synthesized using a conventional sol–gel recipe. This study provides a simple and novel platform for directly synthesizing detrimental surface phases free and chemically stoichiometric Ni‐rich layered oxides with high performance.

The Definition of The Psychological Pressure on Children by The Parents at The Post-Divorce Stage

In this article we have tried to present our research in this field, drawing on a parallel with world experience, research and obtained data.It is well known that the innate desire to have a relationship with parents is one of the most powerful instincts of man, perhaps surpassed only by the instinct of survival and the instinct of protection own children. Among normal children, this instinct is rarely suppressed if there is no stimulating influence.In our article we have tried to show that alienation is more widespread and depressing for children and parents than previously thought. It is more important to raise this issue these days because it may seem strange that all over the world, every day, every hour, is expressing their views on the protection of children's rights, many laws and international conventions are being adopted, but the children still remain the vulnerable and defenseless ring.A thorough study of the key elements of parent alienation in research literature has revealed that it contains elements of maltreatment with children. At the same time, our research has shown that the more a child persistently insists on not being in touch with the other parent, the greater the pressure on the child from the other parent. Therefore, parental alienation requires relevant measures for children protection.A notorious factor should be the involvement and taking the responsibility of competent structures, rather than avoiding or ignoring such phenomena.

Meeting at the Philosopher’s Stone: The Encounter of Enlightenment and Indigenous Religion in Maupertuis‘ Expedition to Lapland (1736–1737)

Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis’ famous scientific expedition to Lapland (1736-1737) had a considerable impact on Enlightenment thought, but not only due to its groundbreaking results in the fields of geodesy and physics. Given the popularity of his journey, the few and rather prejudiced references to the Sámi people and their religion also gained some significance. In his reports and in his self-presentations, Maupertuis used certain elements of Sámi life and religiosity in order to communicate his scientific and social message to the academies and the salons of Paris. Accordingly, the references to the Sámi are indispensable elements of the self-representation and self-reference of Enlightenment mind, intended to enhance and clarify its own standing. The article examines a situation of contact of a formally and religiously operating language of scientific polemics with religious phenomena that it interprets as ‘primitive’ or ‘curious’ and that it appropriates to its particular form of discourse. Here, intellectual religion meets a ‘primitive’ one as an object of description, and makes an innovative use of its alien elements. The case study is concerned in particular with a special kind of application of the transcendence-immanence distinction involved in the contact situation, relating to the phenomenon of knowledge in form of the relation of the known and the unknown.

Aflamencado practice in the contemporary piano perfoming

Aflamencado practice in the contemporary piano perfoming

Basic approaches to understanding the concept of the legal system

Introduction. The article analyzes the methodology of the legal system research. The basic approaches to understanding the concept of the legal system as an autonomous, coherent and coherent set of legal phenomena, aiming to comprehend social ideals-values of justice, equality, freedom and humanism and to achieve the end result of its functioning, in particular, the state of law and order. The position of eminent scientists is supported according to which the legal system is considered from the point of view of the functions it performs, and in particular its main function - legal regulation. The legal system is a fundamental category of the theory of law and the state and law in general. Thus, according to some researchers, it includes all legal phenomena, in particular: the system of law and law, justice and legal culture, law and order, etc. In view of this, the legal system has been and is the object of much basic research. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the main approaches to understanding the concept of legal system. Results. An active study of the legal system as a phenomenon began in the 80s of the last century. Since then, several approaches to understanding the legal system have emerged in domestic jurisprudence. Proponents of the first approach include in the concept of the legal system is not an exhaustive list of elements. This position is based on understanding the legal system as a complex of all legal phenomena of a particular society. Representatives of the second approach provide a comprehensive list of elements of the legal system. However, for the most part, such scientists do not specify the criteria for selecting such elements. Today's understanding of the legal system must be free from unnecessary elements that are alien to the legal system. In this case, it is a so-called "legal" or "legal" add-on. It was this alien element that artificially burdened the construction of the legal system as a phenomenon in the Soviet period. However, this element is still included in the legal system in modern scientific literature. Conclusion. The legal system is an autonomous, coherent, coherent set of legal phenomena, the purpose of which is to comprehend the social ideals-values of justice, equality, freedom and humanism and to achieve the end result of its functioning, and in particular the state of law and order.

“Socially alien elements” in the Ukrainian society of 1929–1939 and means of their adaptation to the mechanisms of the social engineering of totalitarianism

The article analyzes particularities of the social situation in the Ukrainian SSR in 1929–1939. The mechanisms of the social engineering of the Stalinist regime, which created special difficulties for citizens with “unclean biography” and social origin, are determined. Archival sources reveal the complexity of such state campaigns as “cleaning”, passportization and verification of party documents in the republic. With the help of these campaigns the authorities identified “unreliable” citizens and created social tensions in society that pushed people to such methods of adap- tation to new conditions and rules that implied insincerity with the authorities. Particular attention is paid to Dnipropetrovsk and Odesa regions, which had certain specificity. Firstly, during the revolution in Ukraine there was an active peasant anti-Bolshevik movement there. Secondly, these were multinational, border and port areas, in which there were plenty of people who had relatives abroad or who were engaged in trafficking, illicit trade, or other “non-Soviet” affairs. The causes, methods and consequences of concealing the facts of one’s own biography (especially information about family ties) by the inhabitants of the republic are determined. Some examples of successful or unsuccessful attempts of document forging, corruption actions of local officials, through which “socially alien” citizens tried to “improve” their lives and their status, are considered. The article focuses on the techniques and methods used by the bureaucratic system to identify “socially alien” personalities in all the spheres of life of Ukrainian society. Such a policy of power was not always successful because of the inability of the system to use the resources necessary for total verification and control. Article received 10.03.2019

From ‘community’ to ‘nation’: indian muslims in the concepts of british orientalists

Indian Muslims were initially viewed by British Orientalists as a foreign and alien element in the Indian society, as cruel invaders who came to spread their religion “at the tip of their swords”. According to these concepts, the Indian population was divided into two homogeneous and hostile “communities”, that is Hindus (including Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, etc.) and Muslims. Such perception ignored two aspects of crucial importance: first, it did not take into consideration various regional, social, ethno-cultural, linguistic and other differences within each of the imagined “communities”; second, the majority of the Indian Muslims were not descendants of the invaders, but local people converted to Islam. Through preservation of many elements of their pre-Islamic past, they were, and still are, closer to the Hindus of their respective regions concerning language, culture and lifestyle, than to their co-believers in other areas of India, or foreign countries. These orientalist concepts served as the basis of British colonial policy; through education system and press they were communicated to the local elites, who not only began to think in terms of homogeneous religious “communities”, but, quite logically, transformed them into the “nations”, thus laying ground for communalist trends in Indian nationalism. In this way, the “two nations theory” was born. Its implementation was the idea of Pakistan and the bloody partition of British India in 1947.