Alien Elements Research Articles

The Traditional System of Qur’anic Education in Northern Nigeria (Tsangaya): Recipe For A Feasible and Sustainable Reform

Succumbing to absolute neglect, the Tsangaya system faces many avoidable problems. Most of the attempts made by some administrations to address these problems appeared to have been narrowed down to either abolishing the system or blending it with alien elements. The beautiful aspects of the system appeared to have been ignored. This paper, generating data from interviews and document analyses, attempts to bring out some of the ignored features of the Tsangaya system, the problems it faces and suggestions for a sustainable reform. The aim is to bring into light some aspects of the system which risks being lost amidst the blind attacks against Tsangaya and the way for a feasible and sustainable reform. The reason for selecting this topic is the present attempts being made to reform the Tsangaya system in Nigeria. The paper reveals that aspects such as student/teacher relationship, class management and control, assessment of student's academic performance, etc. are beautiful features of the system which the conventional education system could borrow and integrate. A holistic approach, including recognising the noble status of the system as the custodian of the Qur’an, its teachers and students, is suggested in order to realise a sustainable and feasible reform.

Surface phase stability of high-nickel layered oxides by titanium and sulfur co-modifications

High-nickel layered oxides are promising cathodes for lithium-ion batteries due to relatively high capacity and low cost, which however are still faced with safety issues because of poor stability against cycling. Herein, a facile one-pot solid-state method is employed for preparation of trace Ti/S co-doped LiNi0.98Co0.02O2. Ti and S co-doping enhances both rate capability and intrinsic stability greatly in a mutually promoting manner compared with individual Ti and S doping. The co-doped samples show excellent rate capability with 170.9 mAh/g at 5 C and superior intrinsic stability with a capacity retention of 88.6% at 1 C after 200 cycles at room temperature, in sharp contrast with 132.2 mAh/g and 61.6% for the pristine samples. Full cells achieve excellent long-term stability with a retention of 92.7% after 400 cycles at 1 C. The improved performance can be ascribed to the formation of stronger Ti–O bonds and of a thin rock-salt protective layer enabled by sulfur with the stability enhanced by Ti modifications, and the activation of extra redox reactions triggered by sulfur. The mutually promoting enhancement effect by doping different alien elements opens a new and unique design strategy for performance improvement of electrode materials.

ЖИЗНЬ И СМЕРТЬ ВЛАДИМИРА ЗАЗУБРИНА

The purpose of research is to study the life and work of the first Soviet writer Vladimir Yakovlevich Zazubrin. His biography is described in detail and a brief description of his works is given. It is shown that the life of this person was full of bright and dynamic events. Zazubrin managed to be an underground revolutionary, a participant in the Civil War on both sides, a political worker and a Soviet writer. Impressed by the events of the Civil War, Zazubrin published his first novel, “Two Worlds,” which immediately gained popularity among Red Army soldiers, workers and peasants. After this, the writer becomes the editor of the Sibirskie Ogni (Siberian Lights) magazine and heads the Simbirsk Writers Union. However, in his works the writer tried to raise pressing problems of our time and, being a convinced communist, he remained an artist, trying to capture and show the unsightly picture of Soviet reality during the NEP (New Economic Policy) period. Many of his works, such as Shchepka (Sliver) and Blednaia Pravda (Pale Truth) raised the question of the appropriateness of revolutionary terror, the problem of unresolved social problems after the revolution, as well as the place and role of man in a post-revolutionary society. Unfortunately, the realistic picture of the post-revolutionary world by V.Ya. Zazubrin was negatively perceived by many Soviet party leaders, writers and literary critics. This became the reason for constant attacks on the writer’s work. In addition, in 1928, Zazubrin became a victim of group intrigues in the writing community and the beginning of the fight against the opposition, because of which he lost his post as editor of the Sibirskie Ogni (Siberian Lights) magazine and was expelled from the party. In all subsequent years, Vladimir Yakovlevich tried to rehabilitate his name before the party. Thanks to the intercession of M. Gorky, he managed to become a member of the USSR Writers' Union and publish his novel Gory (Mountains) about collectivization. However, despite his efforts, Zazubrin was never able to fit organically into the Soviet system, and then was crushed by it as an alien element.

ҚАЗАҚ ТАРИХЫНЫҢ АҚТАҢДАҚ БЕТТЕРІ: ОҚУ ОРЫНДАРЫН ӘЛЕУМЕТТІК-ЖАТ ЭЛЕМЕНТТЕРДЕН ТАЗАРТУ НАУҚАНЫ

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Communists aimed to create a new Soviet man and fought intensively against “socially alien elements”. Party purges were carried out in universities, institutes, academies, technical colleges and schools, and the social background of teachers, employees and stu-dents was checked. Those who were categorised as “socially alien elements” were excluded from Party ranks, positions and studies.The study examines the impact of Goloschekin’s major revolutionary campaigns (village councils, distribution of agricultural and pasture land, confiscation of the rich and the semi-feudal), intensified in the period after his arrival in the Kazakh Obkom in the autumn of 1925, on the sphere of education, the fate of Kazakh youth studying not only in their own country, but also in other educational institutions such as Moscow, Leningrad, Tashkent, Saratov, Orynbor, Ombi. How was the campaign to purge edu-cational institutions of children and close relatives of wealthy people, merchants, priests, people who worked in tsarist institutions before the revolution, who was the expelled and exiled people? Their names were identified and new data were introduced into the scientific turnover.

SELF-DISCREDITING TACTICS IN A SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUE

The article is about the expansion of the boundaries of a scientific communication as well as with the penetration of elements of other types of discourse into the scientific sphere. The paper recognizes and substantiates that some reflexive-evaluative and reference speech actions which are usually not attributes of a persuasive communication (including a scientific communication) can be supposed to be such alien elements. On the one hand, these actions temporarily lower their sender’s professional status (which may seem to contradict the tactics of a scientist’s positive self-presentation), but on the other hand, they are focused on performing a number of important functions, for example, the function of avoiding criticism, which justifies their use in a scientific speech.

Effective regulation of Li2MnO3-like single-component in high-nickel Li-rich layered oxides by trace Sb doping for remarkable performance improvement

The exact roles of LiNiO2-like R—3m and Li2MnO3-like C2/m components in performance of Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) still remain elusive which is precluded predominantly by simultaneous modifications of or doping of alien elements into two components normally. Herein, we propose a strategy of employing trace Sb to regulate the Li2MnO3-like C2/m single component (SCR) only to effectively stabilize the structure of High-nickel Li-rich layered oxides based on the far lower doping potential of Sb into the Li2MnO3-like C2/m phase than that into the LiNiO2-like phase. The SCR realized using a facile expanded graphite template-sacrificed approach significantly improves the lattice oxygen reversibility and restrains structural degradation via lowering the unhybridized O 2p orbitals. This enables an extraordinarily steady voltage with a decay rate of 0.87 mV per cycle, a capacity retention as high as ∼85.5% after 300 cycles at 1 C and thus a steady energy density against cycling. This work opens a new avenue for regulating the individual C2/m or R—3m phases to enhance the performance of LLOs via alien element doping and provides the possibility of exploring the mechanisms of single component influencing the performance.

Ultrafast Non‐Equilibrium Phase Transition Induced Twin Boundaries of Spinel Lithium Manganate

AbstractDefect engineering is demonstrated to be an important factor in enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium‐ion batteries by improving structural stability and ion diffusion. However, conventional synthetic methods have long and complicated processes, making it challenging to effectively and easily introduce defects into electrode materials. In this work, a high‐temperature shock technique (HTS) with an ultrafast heating and cooling process that can quickly introduce twin boundaries (TBs) into phase‐pure spinel LiMn2O4 in seconds is reported. Various ex situ techniques reveal the crystallization mechanism of LiMn2O4 during ultrafast synthesis. LiMn2O4 with TBs exhibits a higher rate performance than that obtained from the traditional method. Additionally, alien elements can be evenly incorporated into LiMn2O4 in seconds, resulting in excellent cycling performance. For instance, 2% Ni‐doped LiMn2O4 shows an initial capacity of 121 mAh g−1 and retention of 86.5% after 500 cycles at 1 C.

Biomorphological structure of Kemerovo city’s flora

The article presents a range of types of life forms for the flora of the city of Kemerovo and its functional zones, including both native and alien elements. The perennial polycarpic plants have dominated in city’s flora, this tentation is common in Western Siberia. An increase in the proportion of monocarpic plants was revealed with an increase in anthropogenic factor on parts of the city. Human activity changes life expectancy and the number of fruiting as an adaptation to extreme growing conditions. The largest proportion of monocarpic grasses (50.61%) was noted on highways and tramways - the main migration corridors of plants, the proportion of monocarpics above 30% was noted in waste grounds, industrial zone, on railway tracks and stations. The largest proportion of polycarpic grasses was found on rocky outcrops and steppes (68.02 %), as well as on the territory of weakly transformed forests (65.98 %). Rocky outcrops and steppes have the largest proportion of semi-woody life forms (3.55 %) and shrubs (1.52 %) in the flora. The materials obtained during the collection by the method of model areas allow to identify the distinctive features of some functional zones of the city, to identify the most common patterns for the departments of suburban flora and urban flora.

TRAINING OF ARCHITECTS AT THE DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL ARCHITECTURE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

This article, as well as the two previous ones for 2021 and 2022, highlights the topics of bachelor's and master's theses completed at the Department of Landscape and Tourism and Recreation Architecture. The choice of topics for diploma projects is related to the extremely difficult period in the country and is aimed at finding answers to mostly social issues. The state of society during the war and what it will be like after the victory, how the demographic composition of the population will change, what will be most needed to be done in the first place, how young professionals are aware of the complexity of professional tasks in the future. A society that will be divided into many types according to the requirements for the space in which it will live, work, rest, etc. And this main task seems to us to have been successfully completed, because in all the projects, the main focus was on the person of a free and independent Ukraine, regardless of age, status, education, or profession. A person who is a small part of the society where they live, rest, work, respect history, appreciate nature, love others, care for others, and value everything they have inherited.
 Such works are the hallmark of the department, because all the life processes of the space in which a person lives will be created tomorrow by these graduates, and their teachers will continue to teach the next ones. And the department's theme will always be based on the search for concepts of combining history, nature and man - to remember, preserve, respect. In their works, the students respected the recreation of the disturbed symbiosis of architecture and nature. Preserving the natural resource as the main one for architectural creativity, trying not to repeat, but to try to understand natural creativity and variety of forms, so that a person can get maximum pleasure from being in such an environment without feeling like an alien element.
 The testing of the topic of socialisation of social processes has shown the importance and necessity of this approach - man, nature, architecture.

Alienation in the Plastic Arts: Ceramics as a Model

The current research is concerned with studying (alienation in the plastic arts (ceramics as a model), as alienation was studied in terms of its effect on the artist, which in turn had its effect on the artistic work in formation, to be spatial discrepancies and displacements whose vocabulary is mixed with oppositions, disruption, and displacement, which create an apparent formal defect according to the contemporary perspective, with The development of technology and technique. Alienation appeared to be found in form in the plastic arts in general, and one of these arts is ceramics. Alienation in ceramics broke the traditional pattern and transcended the vocabulary of work associated with intellectual and conceptual transformations that resulted in the elements of alienation, including the art schools that brought about a shift in the artist’s concepts toward rejection. Everything that is familiar and traditional, as the artist sought to search for the idea that is different from the concept through the influence of the potter, which was achieved as a result of communication between art and society, which gives renewed concepts to the idea to achieve alienation according to the transformations of ceramic art, and the idea from which the potter started and developed treatments for reality through research was adopted.

THE WISE MAN AND THE SEA: EPICUREANS ON SEA STORMS, SHIPWRECK, AND CHANCE

The idea that the sea is a dangerous and alien element in which one is at the mercy of higher powers, is deeply imbedded in Mediterranean culture, and has many parallels in Greek and Roman literature. From an Epicurean point of view, however, such higher powers belong to the realm of irrational beliefs which could threaten one's ἀταραξία (‘peace of mind’). What counts in Epicureanism is the rational calculus of all factors in order to minimize the influence of τύχη (‘chance’) on one's endeavours. This article explores how the Epicureans thought about the sea and its many dangers. It tries to establish under which circumstances the sage will travel by sea and gives special attention to Diogenes of Oenoanda's letter (fr. 71 + NF 214 + fr. 72 + fr. 70) about the shipwreck of Niceratus and his friends’ failure to minimize the agency of chance.

ON THE ORIGIN OF NOVGOROD. 862–1136 – PRINCELY TOWN OF RURIKIDS

Archaeological discoveries of recent decades have formed the basis for the development of a new concept of Novgorod origin. This study is the first to consider the problem through the prism of contacts between the Slovenes and Scandinavians and to associate it with the patrimonial land ownership of the Rurikids. In 862, this Varangian clan was summoned under an agreement to reign in the union of tribes and received a land area (volost) from the Ilmen Slovenes in the upper reaches of the Volkhov River. This is evidenced with12 toponyms of the 10th–12th centuries AD on the territory of Novgorod and its vicinity. The core of the volost is a river island between the Volkhov and Volkhovets rivers with adjacent lands. On this land of the Rurikids, the princely fortresses found by archaeologists were erected at different times (862, 940s, and 1044). All of them were named identically – Novgorod, as well as the volost itself. Novgorod with its vicinities within the boundaries of the ancient volost was ruled by the prince as a princely town. This was due to the fact that the inclusion of the Scandinavian Rurik’s clan in the tribal structure of the tribal union resulted in recognition of the clan by the Slovenes as the dominant and ruling one. Led by the ruling prince Rurik, Novgorodians began to consider themselves as originating from the Varangian family. In case of the Ilmen Slovenes this tribal identity manifested itself most clearly in high burial mounds which became very common. At the same time, the ethnic structure of the early city-state, formed in 862, which was called the Novgorod volost according to chroniclers, turned out to be multiple, claiming the Slavic-Finno-Scandinavian unity. The Varangians were not seen as an alien element in the Slovenian environment. Therefore, Scandinavian finds are common in the lower layers of Novgorod estates of the 10th–11th centuries AD. They testify to the free residence of the Varangians in the Volkhov region. The same is true for Pskov, where Scandinavian burials were found. The Rurikid volost ceased to exist as a single whole in 1132/1136 with the expulsion of the prince. Expanding urban communities (in terms of streets and town districts) began to claim its lands and shrink its territory. But even at a later time, certain fragmented areas of the Novgorod vicinity still belonged to the prince.

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

A model for representing the semantics of MWEs: From lexical semantics to the semantic annotation of complex predicates.

Multiword expressions (MWEs) are sequences of words that pose a challenge to the computational processing of human languages due to their idiosyncrasies and the mismatch between their phrasal structure and their semantics. These idiosyncrasies are of lexical, morphosyntactic and semantic 11 nature, namely: non-compositionality, i.e., the meaning of the expression cannot be computed from the meanings of its constituents; discontinuity, i.e., alien elements may intervene; non-13 substitutability, i.e., at least one of the expression constituents is lexicalized and therefore, does not enter in alternations at the paradigmatic axis; and non-modifiability, in that they enter in syntactically 15 rigid structures, posing further constraints over modification, transformations, etc. The paper presents a model for representing MWEs at the level of semantics by taking into account all these inherent idiosyncrasies. The model assumes the form of a linguistic ontology and is applied to Greek verbal multi-word expressions (VMWEs); moreover, the semantics of the lexical entries under scrutiny is also represented via the semantics of their arguments based on corpus evidence. In this regard, modeling the semantics of VMWEs is placed in the lexicon-corpus interface.

Советская репрессивная система 1918–1954 гг.: становление, развитие, правовая сущность

The article examines the political and legal foundations of the organization and activity of the Soviet repressive system, determines its place and role in the state mechanism of the Soviet state. The features of the interaction of the bodies protecting the revolutionary (socialist) legality at various stages of the formation of the Soviet state are considered. The mechanism of execution of punishments is analyzed, with emphasis on its functional orientation combining punitive and educational effects on convicts, divided into politically loyal to the new government (‘stumbled’) and class alien elements (‘enemies of the people’).

In-modified Sn-MOFs with high catalytic performance in formate electrosynthesis from aqueous carbon dioxide.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2ER) has become an effective solution to relieve the energy crisis and tackle climate change. In this study, a series of tin-based organic frameworks modified by In (Sn-MOF/Inx) were successfully synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method and explored for high formate-selective CO2ER. The pure Sn-MOF exhibits maximum formate selectivity with a faradaic efficiency (FEformate) of approximately 85.0% and a current density of 15 mA cm-2 at -1.16 VRHE, while the In (6%)-modified Sn-MOF (Sn-MOF/In6) delivers a much higher maximum FEformate (around 97.5%) and a current density of 16 mA cm-2 at -0.96 VRHE. Remarkably, the Sn-MOF/In6 exhibits a significantly larger specific surface area (183.3 m2 g-1) compared to the Sn-MOF (65.2 m2 g-1). These findings indicate that introducing In, an alien element with a slightly different outer orbital electron number from that of Sn, can significantly boost the selectivity and activity for CO2ER to formate. This study presents an efficient way to modify MOF catalysts through a well-designed introducing process.

The Fragmented Self: An Analysis of Raskolnikov's Dualistic Nature in Crime and Punishment

In Dostoevsky's masterpiece Crime and Punishment, the character of Raskolnikov stands out as one of the most complex and enigmatic figures in all of literature. A brooding, intelligent, and deeply troubled young man, Raskolnikov embodies a range of contradictory impulses and emotions that make him both fascinating and disturbing. At the heart of Raskolnikov's character is his belief in his own superiority. He sees himself as a man of great intelligence and talent, one who is destined to make his mark on the world. This sense of superiority leads him to believe in his own right to commit murder, and it is this belief that ultimately drives the plot of the novel. Yet at the same time, Raskolnikov is also haunted by a sense of guilt and self-doubt. He cannot fully justify his actions to himself and is plagued by the fear of being caught and punished for his crime. This internal conflict leads him to a state of near-madness, and he becomes increasingly erratic and unpredictable as the novel progresses. This paper attempts to make a psychological study of the character of Raskolnikov by focusing on the element of dualism, mental anguish, alienation or monomania, morality, crime, suffering, and redemption.

Reshaping Textiles: An Inspiration from Wassily Kandinsky

There will be several elements discussed in this article regarding my design inspiration from a renowned painter Wassily Kandinsky. Wassily was an eminent Russian painter and art theorist who is considered as the father of the abstract art. In this research, I endeavored to introduce alien elements in the domain of textiles by merging abstract concepts of Kandinsky’s painting with my textile products. Keeping in view the modern art, I have created my designs that could reshape the concept of textile décor regarding wall panels, setae and side-panels. In later sections, we will transit towards our design compositions, techniques and other mediums that have been incorporated within. The aim of this report article is concluded by my endeavor to justify as to how I came up with the innovative textiles ideas by extracting an inspiration from Kandinsky’s work which in the end is left up to the critiques and readers to decide as to how much I have succeeded.
 Index Terms: Abstract art, Compositions and Impressions, Expressionism, Spirituality, Textiles, Wassily Kandinsky.

The Spread of the Post-Industrial Islamism in the Russian Federation

Radical Islam as a political phenomenon has undergone significant changes during the first decades of the 21st century. This process was accompanied, firstly, by the strengthening unification trends in the ideological field, and secondly, by the development of a specific “Jihadi Cool” subculture that combined the features of the consumer society (modern music, stylish clothes, Islamic merch, youth magazines, etc.) and jihadist agenda. These factors, in combination, form a new version of religious radicalism - post-industrial Islamism, which poses a significant threat to international security. Questions regarding the degree and the nature of post-industrial Islamism in the Russian Federation have not yet been scrutinized in academic literature. The article is the first attempt to understand this problem, which exists in a complex socio-economic and ethno-confessional environment of Russia. The theoretical framework of the study was the works of leading domestic Islamic scholars dealing with the problems of Islamic radicalism. In the indicated paradigm, the authors made an attempt to give their own definition of radical Islam, to identify the characteristic features of the phenomenon, to separate religious extremism from fundamentalism. Work with the empirical base was carried out through the methods of descriptive statistics, as well as the use of qualitative and quantitative content analysis. It was made on the basis of Google Trends data, cross-checked through the Wordstat.yandex system. In conclusion, the team of authors came to conclusions regarding the spread of post-industrial Islamism in Russia. There is an increase in the activity of radicals in the Internet space, their work to expand the base of support for the movement, based on knowledge of the algorithms of social networks. Also, elements of the ‘jihadi cool’ have been identified too. It is important to note that all the trends listed above originated outside the Russian Federation and were borrowed by the radicals. In general, this only confirms the idea of the peripheral nature of Russian Islamic radicalism, which throughout its history has been an alien element on the national ethno-cultural environment.

Opyt primeneniya administrativnoj vysylki dlya bor'by s «chuzhdymi elementami» v sovetskom Turkestane-Uzbekistane (1918 – 1930-e gg.)

This article, based on applying new archival sources reveals one of the mechanisms of the repressive politics of the Soviet government against “alien elements", “former people” in Soviet Turkestan-Uzbekistan, as administrative expulsion. The author represents the official Soviet discourse related to administrative deportation in Turkestan-Uzbekistan, characterizes the category of persons who have been expelled, as well as the associated hardships affected family members of the deported and the attempts of the expelled to restore their civil rights.