Carboxymethyl Cellulose Alginate Research Articles

Regeneration of the skin wound by two different crosslinkers: In vitro and in vivo studies.

For designing a suitable hydrogel, two crosslinked Alginate/ Carboxymethyl cellulose (Alg/CMC) hydrogel, using calcium chloride (Ca2+) and glutaraldehyde (GA) as crosslinking agents were synthesized and compared. All samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Blood compatibility (BC), Blood clotting index (BCI), weight loss (WL), water absorption (WA), pH, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Cell viability and cell migration were investigated using the MTT assay and the wound scratch test, respectively. Besides, the wound healing potential of prepared hydrogels was evaluated on the rat models with full-thickness skin excision. To further investigation, TGF β1, IGF-I, COL1, ACT-A (alfa-SMA), and GAPDH expression levels were also reported by RT-PCR. Water absorption and weight loss properties were compared between different crosslinker agents, and the most nontoxic crosslinker concentration was determined. We have shown that GA (20 µl/ml) and Ca2+ (50 or 75 mM) enhanced the physical stability of Alg-CMC hydrogel, and they are nontoxic and suitable crosslinkers for wound dressing applications. Although in vivo assessments indicated that the GA (20 µl/ml) had a cytotoxic effect on tissue repair, Ca2+ (75 mM) boosted the wound healing process. Further, RT-PCR results revealed that TGF β1, IGF-I, COL1, ACT-A (alfa-SMA), and GAPDH expression levels were increased in GA (20 µl/ml). Moreover, this trend is the opposite in the Ca2+ (75 mM) treatment groups. This research shows that Ca2+ (75 mM) boosts tissue regeneration and wound healing process.

Enhanced wound healing properties by sodium alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel enriched with decellularized amniotic membrane.

Skin, as the primary interface with the external environment, is susceptible to damage, posing a formidable challenge for complete restoration in adult skin injuries. Wound healing remains a clinical challenge, necessitating advanced biomaterials to support cell proliferation, modulate inflammation, and combat infections. Among several options, hydrogel can be a capable contender for biological dressings. Here, we developed and evaluated a novel hydrogel composed of sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), enriched with decellularized extracellular matrix of amniotic membrane (dAM), using calcium chloride (CaCl2) as a crosslinker. An incorporation of dAM imparted biomimetic qualities, as evidenced by SEM, showing a fibrous extracellular matrix-like structure. Rheological studies demonstrated the optimal viscosity of SA-CMC-dAM for cell proliferation and adhesion, overcoming limitations of SA and CMC alone. The hydrogel exhibited the highest moisture absorption (12.27±0.59 %) and enhanced hydrophilicity, as confirmed by the contact angle assay, ensuring suitability for wound applications. Biological assessments revealed superior fibroblast migration in scratch assays and significant anti-biofilm activity (∼70 % reduction in E. coli biofilms) alongside antimicrobial efficacy, supported by FDA/PI assays. The zebrafish embryo studies validated its biocompatibility (20 μg/ml) and demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects, with a marked reduction in neutrophil recruitment (∼25 %) in tail transection models compared to controls. These findings suggest that the SA-CMC-dAM hydrogel synergises structural, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a promising candidate for wound healing applications. The biomimetic and multifunctional design provides a strong basis for further translational studies in mammalian systems.

Investigation study of methyl violet photodegradation over alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose/titanium(IV) oxide/covalent organic frameworks bio-nanocomposite beads under ultraviolet irradiation

Concerned about water treatment, it is of great importance to present new approaches for improving photocatalytic activity. Since photocatalysis is ubiquitous in almost all chemical manufacturing processes, the development of photocatalytic systems carries significance for our environment. In this regard, three different amounts of covalent organic frameworks decorated with titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles (TiO2/COF hybrids) in Alginate-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Alg-CMC) blend matrix were prepared under ultrasound irradiation, which Citric acid and Calcium chloride acted as two green cross-linkages. Based on the physio-chemical analyses of these bio-nanocomposite (bio-NC) beads, the Alg-CMC blend polymer appeared to be the best candidate for a disparity of TiO2/COF hybrids. Not only did COF aid to increase the distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles, but it declined the bandgap energies. The resultant Alg-CMC/TiO2/COF (TiO2/COF = 15:6) bio-NC beads demonstrated efficient photodegradation activity towards Methyl violet (MV) under Ultraviolet light. The obtained results of scavenger studies indicated that superoxide radicals and electron agents played a major role in MV degradation. Further investigation confirmed that single oxygen addition and N-de-methylation could be two important pathways for the decomposition of MV by these bio-NC beads.

The effects of chitosan biofilm in combination with vinegar, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose on the transformation of biochemical and physiological indexes of pears during storage

Pears have a characteristically delicious taste and are rich in nutritional value, especially sugar, vitamin C, vitamin A, and minerals. This study aimed to determine the amount of chitosan-derived probiotics that can be combined with edible vinegar and sodium alginate carboxymethyl cellulose to create a pear preservation process. Formulated chitosan in combination with table vinegar, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose at a rate of 160 g chitosan/160 mL table vinegar/7,000 mL water, 4 g sodium alginate, and 0.5 g carboxymethyl cellulose to preserve 180 kg of pears. In 5 preservation test formulations, it was determined that the content of probiotics at 1.0% is suitable for preserving pears. When stored in the content of this probiotic, it has limited the transformation of biochemical and physicochemical indexes. Especially by the fourth week of storage, pears still retained their characteristic values; the natural loss rate was only 5.23% and the rot rate was 5.07%, both lower than when stored in other biological products. In comparison to fresh pears before being put into storage, the change in biochemical and physicochemical indexes of preserved pears with a biological content of 1.0% is only a little.

Biological study of skin wound treated with Alginate/Carboxymethyl cellulose/chorion membrane, diopside nanoparticles, and Botox A

A hydrogel-based wound dressing with desirable properties is necessary for achieving functional skin integrity post-injury. This study focuses on preparing a hydrogel using Alginate/Carboxymethyl cellulose (Alg/CMC) as a base material. To evaluate its regenerative effects on full-thickness wounds, diopside nanoparticles and Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) were incorporated into the hydrogel along with chorion membrane. The diopside nanoparticles (DNPs) act as a proangiogenic factor, promoting proliferation and regulating inflammation, while the chorion membrane facilitates these processes. Additionally, BTX-A prevents scar formation and aids in wound closure. The nanoparticles and hydrogel were characterized using various techniques, and their cytocompatibility was assessed. In vivo studies and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that wound area reduction was significant after two weeks of treatment with the Alg/CMC/ChNPs/DNPs/BTX-A hydrogel. Overall, this scaffold demonstrated potential for promoting tissue regeneration and new epithelization formation, making it a promising candidate for enhancing skin restoration in wound treatments.

Fe2O3-NiO embedded calcium alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose composite as an efficient nanocatalyst for 4-nitrophenol reduction

Fe2O3-NiO embedded calcium alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose composite as an efficient nanocatalyst for 4-nitrophenol reduction

Functional orange juice with Lactobacillus casei and tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil co-encapsulation: Physicochemical properties, probiotic viability, oxidative stability, and sensorial acceptability

This study aimed to co-encapsulate Lactobacillus casei and tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil in calcium alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel beads (CA-CMC) for application in orange juice. Physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptability of control orange juice (without beads) and the juice containing L. casei, flaxseed oil, tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil, L. casei and flaxseed oil and L. casei and tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil beads were assessed. A synergism between the viability of L. casei and the oxidative stability of oil with/without tocotrienol was found in co-encapsulates during storage in orange juice. Juices with beads were not significantly varied for pH, acidity, total soluble solid, turbidity and browning index than control during 30 days of storage. Juices with beads have lower sensory acceptability scores than the control. About 54% of panellists preferred orange juices with functional ingredients. Co-encapsulated CA-CMC beads may have utility in functional orange juice formulations to deliver multiple bioactives in a single food system.

Effect of calcium chloride on physical properties of blended alginate carboxymethyl cellulose wound dressings

Effect of calcium chloride on physical properties of blended alginate carboxymethyl cellulose wound dressings

Magnetic alginate–carboxymethyl cellulose to immobilize copper nanoparticles as a green and sustainable catalyst for 4-nitrophenol reduction

In the present work, sustainable green catalysts with high activity, and excellent stability were prepared and thoroughly characterized by XRD, FT-IR, BET, VSM, SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, and TGA techniques. The combined sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) biopolymers were functionalized with Fe3O4 nanoparticles to immobilize copper nanoparticles to form Fe3O4@SA–CMC–CuNP nanocomposites in batch experiments. Furthermore, the Fe3O4@SA–CMC–CuNP nanocomposites were utilized as the heterogeneous catalyst for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the presence of NaBH4, and the progress of the catalytic reaction was monitored using UV–visible spectrophotometry. The Fe3O4@SA–CMC–CuNP nanocomposite exhibited much higher catalytic activity for the 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction than individual components Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SA–CMC. The effect of parameters such as the amount of catalyst was evaluated and 30 mg of the catalyst amount with a 95.0% reduction of 4-nitrophenol for 1.5 min was obtained. The effect of reaction temperature was also investigated to find out the activation energy. The analyses of kinetics and thermodynamics were carried out to understand the catalytic behavior. Furthermore, the catalyst can be separated from the reaction system through the usage of a magnet and recycled up to five times without any loss of activity. Therefore, the development of sustainable green catalyst biopolymer-based nanocomposites is promising for new catalysts in the future for treating organic wastewater.

Encapsulation of Tocotrienol-Enriched Flaxseed Oil in Calcium Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel Beads for Improved Oxidative Stability and Release Profile

The objective of this study was to encapsulate tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil in calcium alginate–carboxymethyl cellulose (CA-CMC) hydrogel beads by an extrusion-dripping technique. Two polymeric blends of sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were selected to emulsify with flaxseed oil (10–50% v/v) depending on the sphericity and swelling behavior of the unloaded beads. One selected emulsion with a high stability, narrow particle size distribution, and small droplet mean diameter was used to prepare tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil beads. The beads were approximately 1.7 mm in diameter with a high encapsulation efficiency of approximately 87%. The beads swelled more in the intestinal fluid than the gastric fluid, allowing sustained and higher oil release in the intestinal fluid. CA-CMC beads protected the oxidation of tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil during storage at 4 and 65 °C, improving the oxidative stability of the enriched oil. CA-CMC beads have a good potential to preserve and deliver tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil.

Sustainable alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose superabsorbents prepared by a novel quasi-cryogelation method

Sustainable alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose superabsorbents prepared by a novel quasi-cryogelation method

Effective photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye by Fe(III)-Cross-linked Alginate-Carboxymethyl cellulose composites

Fe(III) ion cross-linked alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose composite beads (Fe@(Alg-CMC)) were prepared and used as a novel photocatalyst for the degradation of malachite green (MG) dye. Fe (III) ions bound to the carboxyl groups of the biopolymer composite provided reactive radicals under UV light, and degradation of the dye in an aqueous solution occurred at a high percentage and in a short time. Unlike Fenton’s reaction, effective degradation of the dye was carried out without adding H2O2 to the medium. Optimum conditions of dye degradation were investigated. Under UV-A light, 98.8%±0.7% dye degradation was achieved at pH 4 of 10 ppm MG solution with 0.1 g of Fe@(Alg-CMC) beads in 30 min. Experimental results fitted Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic modeling, which explains the kinetics of the heterogeneous catalytic processes. A rate constant (k) of 0.115 ± 0.001 min−1 and correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9628 was obtained. Hereby, we offer Fe@(Alg-CMC) beads as a promising, environmentally friendly, easy to prepare, and low-cost catalyst for the degradation of dyes and organic substances under UV light.

Removal of some hazardous ions using titanium oxide and Cunninghamella elegans immobilized in alginate–carboxymethyl cellulose beads

Removal of some hazardous ions using titanium oxide and Cunninghamella elegans immobilized in alginate–carboxymethyl cellulose beads

Magnetic Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose to Immobilize Copper Nanoparticles as a Green and Sustainable Catalyst for 4-Nitrophenol Reduction

Magnetic Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose to Immobilize Copper Nanoparticles as a Green and Sustainable Catalyst for 4-Nitrophenol Reduction

3D Bio-Printability of Hybrid Pre-Crosslinked Hydrogels.

Maintaining shape fidelity of 3D bio-printed scaffolds with soft biomaterials is an ongoing challenge. Here, a rheological investigation focusing on identifying useful physical and mechanical properties directly related to the geometric fidelity of 3D bio-printed scaffolds is presented. To ensure during- and post-printing shape fidelity of the scaffolds, various percentages of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) (viscosity enhancer) and different calcium salts (CaCl2 and CaSO4, physical cross-linkers) were mixed into alginate before extrusion to realize shape fidelity. The overall solid content of Alginate-Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) was limited to 6%. A set of rheological tests, e.g., flow curves, amplitude tests, and three interval thixotropic tests, were performed to identify and compare the shear-thinning capacity, gelation points, and recovery rate of various compositions. The geometrical fidelity of the fabricated scaffolds was defined by printability and collapse tests. The effect of using multiple cross-linkers simultaneously was assessed. Various large-scale scaffolds were fabricated (up to 5.0 cm) using a pre-crosslinked hybrid. Scaffolds were assessed for the ability to support the growth of Escherichia coli using the Most Probable Number technique to quantify bacteria immediately after inoculation and 24 h later. This pre-crosslinking-based rheological property controlling technique can open a new avenue for 3D bio-fabrication of scaffolds, ensuring proper geometry.

Encapsulation of bromelain in alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose microspheres as an antiplatelet agent

Bromelain isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus) can be an excellent phytotherapeutic agent for cardiovascular treatment as it can inhibit platelet aggregation. However, if it is used orally, it can be easily degraded in an acidic pH environment due to enzymes secreted during the digestion process. Its instability under a certain condition will reduce its pharmacological activity and, as a result, will reduce its health benefit. Therefore bromelain needs to be encapsulated in a matrix such as alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) microsphere cross-linked to Ca2+ ion, which will act as a carrier agent. In this research, bromelain encapsulation is done by in situ encapsulation. Particle size analyzer (PSA), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscope are used as characterization instruments to investigate the encapsulation of bromelain into the alginate-CMC microsphere. PSA analysis showed that the molecular size of the alginate-CMC microspheres was in the 496.05±2.72 and 629.65±8.70 nm. Encapsulation study using the Bradford method showed that the highest encapsulation ratio was achieved at alginate-CMC ratio of 1.5:0.5 (% w/v:% w/v). These results demonstrated that the alginate-CMC microsphere had potential to be an effective matrix for bromelain encapsulation.

A double-layer hydrogel based on alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose and synthetic polymer as sustained drug delivery system

A new double-layer, pH-sensitive, composite hydrogel sustained-release system based on polysaccharides and synthetic polymers with combined functions of different inner/outer hydrogels was prepared. The polysaccharides inner core based on sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), was formed by physical crosslinking with pH-sensitive property. The synthetic polymer out-layer with enhanced stability was introduced by chemical crosslinking to eliminate the expansion of inner core and the diffusion of inner content. The physicochemical structure of the double-layer hydrogels was characterized. The drug-release results demonstrated that the sustained-release effect of the hydrogels for different model drugs could be regulated by changing the composition or thickness of the hydrogel layer. The significant sustained-release effect for BSA and indomethacin indicated that the bilayer hydrogel can be developed into a novel sustained delivery system for bioactive substance or drugs with potential applications in drugs and functional foods.

Alginate Carboxymethylcellulose Hyaluronic Acid for Preventing Intrauterine Adhesion After Vacuum Aspiration for First-Trimester Abortion: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives: This trial examined the effectiveness of intrauterine alginate carboxymethylcellulose hyaluronic acid–(ACH) gel application after vacuum aspiration as a treatment in first-trimester abo...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Controlled Release Property Evaluation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Alginate (CMC/Alg) Encapsulated NPK Fertilizers

This work described the successful preparation of encapsulated nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizers with the use of carboxymethyl cellulose/alginate (CMC/Alg) blend employing citric acid (CA) as the crosslinking agent. The study involved the preparation, characterization, release studies, and efficacy evaluation of the said fertilizer system. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopic methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurements showed the successful formation of spherical particles with varying sizes (ranging from 733–1200 nm) via crosslinking. Release profiles of the CMC/Alg NPK conformed to the standards of controlled-release fertilizer with a maximum release rate of 50% for CMC/Alg NPK in 30 d. Investigation of the release mechanism using the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model showed that the release of nutrients is governed by both coating material relaxation and diffusion processes. Controlled release behavior was demonstrated as confirmed in the efficacy evaluation of the prepared fertilizer in a 2-mo pot experiment using mung bean.

Effective removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution over graphene oxide encapsulated carboxymethylcellulose-alginate hydrogel microspheres: towards real wastewater treatment plants.

In the current study, the graphene oxide (GO) encapsulated carboxymethyl cellulose-Alginate (CMC-Alg) hydrogel microspheres were prepared via ionotropic gelation method and characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM-EDS and surface charge by determining pHpzc. The adsorption of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solution on the graphene oxide embedded CMC-Alg was studied under different experimental conditions, and the results showed that embedded beads had high adsorption capacity compared with pure CMC-Alg beads due to synergetic effect between functional groups GO and CMC-Alg matrix. Adsorption capacities at equilibrium were calculated experimentally as 22.10, 39.96, 41.72 and 64mg/g for pure CMC-Alg, CMC-Alg/GO 1%, CMC-Alg/GO 3% and CMC-Alg/GO 5%, respectively. The adsorption kinetics were found to follow the pseudo-second-order, and the equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Moreover, the intraparticle diffusion model has been inspected pointing that the adsorption process was found to be sequence of surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion (IPD). The results suggest that graphene oxide embedded CMC-Alg bead matrix can be efficiently used as an adsorbent for metal ions removal from wastewater.