Algerian Cities Research Articles

The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Application in the Evaluation of Sanitary Services in the Big Algerian Cities Empirical Study on the City of Annaba

The GIS is one of the empirical scientific methods that are applied in many studies related to the infrastructure. Particularly the distribution of services whether in terms of spatial distribution or ways of present and future work. Moreover, it helps to provide a real picture about distribution and the nature of its connection with the residents’ distribution, density, road network and the existing imbalance in these relations. The present intervention provides an applied study about the GIS upon the sanitary services in the city of Annaba (the fourth Algerian city) to illustrate the reality of the sanitary equipments distribution and to know the deficiencies by determining their adequacy and efficiency in presenting the sanitary services. This is done by mapping maps (Digital ones) in order to clarify the distribution of sanitary equipments according to its ordinal system (hospitals, clinics, treatment rooms). In addition, there are maps for densities’ distribution, road network, the prominent distances between sanitary equipments with certain dimensions by specifying a service area for each category of sanitary services, by which it can be analysed to reach the perception of new sites that are considered for the sanitary equipments. This perception is based on the program of ArcGIS10.3. Hence, the applied studies of Geographic Information Systems on the sanitary services have unlimited potentials to reach the exact scientific results, so that, it can obtain the necessary information for enhancing and developing that kind of services in the city of Annaba (Algeria).

Seasonal Regional Differentiation of Human Thermal Comfort Conditions in Algeria

The thermal conditions of the bioclimate of Algeria are investigated applying especially the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) seasonal variability of five main Algerian cities representing different climate and geographical conditions: coastal region, highland region, and Sahara zone. The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) calculated for this study at 12.00 UTC (13.00 local time) is used to emphasize the impacts of climate on human heat stress in different seasonal and regional regimes. This study is important since it is performed for the first time in Algeria using a deterministic approach through the calculation of PET based on the body-atmosphere energy balance using the Munich Energy-Balance Model for Individuals (MEMI). Applying PET is a new feature in assessing the bioclimate of Algeria and serves the touristic and the health sector in particular. For touristic purposes, it is part of the new internationally introduced climate touristic/transfer information scheme (CTIS) enabling the Algerian results to be paled in comparison to other countries. Considering climate change, the study shows as a new feature a significant increase in the number of days with strong and extreme heat stress within the last three decades and discusses the risks and advantages for future tourism in Algeria.

Focus: “Now it is a question of dignity”: A dark year for Algerian unions

8 | International Union Rights | 24/3 FOCUS | FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION “Now it is a question of dignity”: A dark year for Algerian unions It was just before midnight when union leader, Raouf Mellal, heard banging on the door of his hotel room in the Algerian city of Tizi-Ouzo. It was the police. They demanded that he get dressed and come down to the local police station immediately. They had no arrest warrant and no legal right to seize him but it would have been pointless to resist. Mellal is President of the independent national union of electricity and gas workers, (Syndicat National des Travailleurs de l’Électricité et du Gaz, SNATEGS). He was not the only one to be seized on the night of 20 March 2017. Nine other colleagues, including five members of the union’s leadership committee staying at the hotel, were also taken into custody. Down at the police station they were grilled about their union activities. Mellal was repeatedly told he was not a legitimate union leader, even though he had been elected in July 2016. They weren’t released until 2pm later that afternoon. Mellal and the SNATEGS leadership had travelled to Tizi-Ouzo on the eve of a planned march in the city, part of the actions for a three day national strike against the state owned energy provider Sonelgaz. Workers were fed up with low pay, bad management and lethal working conditions at the company. Over the course of the next three days from 21 to 23 March 2017, the police went to extraordinary measures to stop a series of sit-ins and rallies across the country. While the march at Tizi-Ouzu was prevented by blockades and the arrest of the union leaders, police attacked peaceful protestors including women at a sitin at Sonelgaz’s distribution centre in Bejaia the next day. On the third day of the strike, police arrested some 400 trade unionists who attempted to protest outside the Sonelgaz headquarters in Algiers. Despite the violence and intimidation, SNATEGS recorded a spike in union subscriptions and thousands of workers took part in the strike. Propping up the Algerian economy Sonelgaz is the second largest enterprise in Algeria, employing more than 87,000 workers. It provides gas and electricity to the nation and for export across Africa and Europe. Its contribution to the Algerian economy, which is heavily dependent on oil and gas, is immense. However, as the government grapples with an economic slump due to the global drop in oil and gas prices, attacks on democratic unions in Algeria have increased. SNATEGS, as the only independent union representing workers at Sonelgaz, has faced some of the worst oppression by authorities. “Sonelgaz is the sole provider of gas and electricity in Algeria. It is a vital sector but workers’ basic salary is only 200 euros a month. In contrast, the basic salary in Morocco is 600 euros, even though Algeria exports electricity to Morocco and is the main provider of energy in North Africa”, says Mellal. SNATEGS, which was registered in 2013, has succeeded in rapidly boosting membership to more than 35,000 workers, the large majority of whom are under 35 years old. Its president, at age 37, is one of the youngest union leaders in the Arab world. But his success as a union leader has had a heavy toll. “As president of our union I am suffering. I am totally repressed. My career is destroyed. I lost my job three years ago”, Mellal recalls. He began working in the legal department at Sonelgaz in 2013. Just a year later he was fired for his union activities but worse was to come. Sentenced for whistleblowing In December 2016, Mellal was sentenced in absentia to six months in prison and a fine of 50,000 Algerian Dinars (US$455), after being accused of illegally obtaining documents. These documents, which were freely available online, exposed the inflation of electricity bills by Sonelgaz over a tenyear period affecting eight million households. Mellal has already lost an appeal against his sentence, and will be allowed one final chance to clear his name before his freedom is denied. Mellal also faces a further...

A linear Fresnel reflector as a solar system for heating water: Theoretical and experimental study

This work is concerned with assessing the thermal performances of a solar water heating system which is dependent on a linear Fresnel receiver (LFR) as a solar energy converter. The main objective of this paper is validation the experimental work carried out in the winter of 2015 on the concentrator in the climatic conditions of Algerian city “Blida” by a numerical simulation, where the tap water used as a heat carrier fluid. This simulation was used to solution of the energy balance equations of the absorber tubes and the water, where the solution is based on the finite difference method with an implicit scheme. After the solution of nonlinear equations, the program performed by using the MATLAB language gives the thermal efficiencies, the absorber temperatures, the water temperatures at the absorber tubes outlet, and thermal losses coefficients. The thermal efficiency of the reflector is exceeded 29%. The results obtained proved the existence of substantial convergence between the experimental and the numerical results, where in all cases the water temperature exceeded 347K.

First Detection of VIM-4-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and OXA-48-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Northeastern (Annaba, Skikda) Algeria.

The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular support of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacilli clinical isolates collected between March 2013 and March 2015 in three cities (Annaba, Skikda, and Guelma) in northeastern Algeria. One hundred eighty-six isolates were identified as Enterobacteriaceae (161), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18), and Acinetobacter baumannii (7). Thirty-six of 186 (19.3%) were resistant to carbapenems. Among them, 11 harbored carbapenemase genes, including blaOXA-48 (2 Klebsiella pneumoniae), blaVIM-4 (2 P. aeruginosa), blaNDM-1 (2 A. baumannii), and blaOXA-23 (5 A. baumannii). In addition, other β-lactamases were detected: blaCTX-M-(15/66/139), blaSHV-(28/85/1/133), and blaTEM-1. All imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa displayed OprD mutations. Multilocus sequence typing demonstrated the presence of ST 404 and ST 219 in K. pneumoniae, ST 2 and ST 85 in A. baumannii, and ST (244, 1076, 241, 227, and 233) in P. aeruginosa. In this study, we report the first detection of P. aeruginosa ST 1076 harboring the blaVIM-4 gene in African countries in two cities (Annaba and Skikda) in northeastern Algeria. Additionally, we report the first detection of blaOXA-48 in K. pneumoniae ST 404 and ST 219 in Algerian cities (Annaba and Skikda).

Remembering French Algeria. Pieds-Noirs, Identity, and Exile

Algeria is the symbol of the collapsing French colonial empire. Its past under French colonial rule therefore is mostly discussed as a story of fighting oppression. The idea of Algeria as a lost French department is still a taboo. In her work Remembering French Algeria. Pieds-Noir, Identity, and Exile, Amy L. Hubbell attacks this blind spot in French History and sheds light on a total different narrative: the one of a lost home to many French citizens who left independent Algeria to ‘the Hexagon’ in 1962, a move which they themselves perceived as ‘exile’. This literary study depicts how French Algeria has been remembered in literature and film since 1962. Hubbell aims to analyse the construction of a collective identity through memory of those so-called Pieds-Noirs, and their oscillation between the feeling of exile and the desire to return to a (forever lost) Algerian past. In contrast to the understanding of ‘Pieds-Noirs’ as French compatriots living in Algeria under French colonial rule, Hubbell defines the repatriation of the Français d’Algérie to the Hexagon after Algerian independence as the key moment for a collective identification. An (originally pejorative) appellation became particularly relevant and almost a sacred affiliation for those coerced to leave their trans-Mediterranean homeland. Suffering from Nostalgérie (‘references to the sun, the heat, the winds, the sea, and the different parts of the largest cities, such as Algiers or Oran’ to describe the repatriates’ nostalgia) constituted the main element for a strong Franco-Algerian double-bind collective identity. The ‘dual trauma of leaving Algeria and being rejected in France’ was then passed on from generation to generation. Hubbell uses the concept of ‘postmemory’ to explain why it is obvious to analyse the memory of French Algeria from its origin in 1962 to the present, when Pieds-Noirs descendants born in the Hexagon still cling to this identity of a ‘paradise lost’ like to a ‘phantom limb’. Interestingly, instead of former ethnic origins, in France, the specific Algerian city they had left became the new origin, the ‘paradisiacal [geographical] point of reference’; unfortunately, Hubbell does not explore this any further.

Industrial Risks Impacts on Urban Ecosystems of Algerian Cities, Case of Study: Skikda City

The day after the independence, Algeria has faced the problems of underdevelopment and consequently the choice of model economic and social development. Through the exceptional resources hydrocarbons, the country has opted for a basic industry in which the petrochemistry and steel industries are the backbone.This work is in the field of research on the link between architecture, urban and industrial risks. Where we will discuss the report and the link between urban forms, architectural ones and urban industrial risks.The city of Skikda is our case of study with the implantation of petrochemical pole that has been done next to the city, at a time when the concept of industrial risks does not exist and where urbanization is carried out under conditions that do not take into account the impact of the petrochemical industry on humans and the environment.In fact, the impact of urban forms on insecurity is high. Shape influences security issues and industrial risks, not only by how it takes. However, it also determines the options.

Instruments of Urban Planning in Algerian City: Reality and Challenges

Instruments of Urban Planning in Algerian City: Reality and Challenges

Improvement of Thermal Comfort Conditions in an Urban Space (Case Study: The Square of Independence, Sétif, Algeria)

Several studies all around the world were conducted on the phenomenon of the urban heat island, and referring to the results obtained, one of the most important factors that influence this phenomenon is the mineralization of the cities which means the reducing of evaporative urban surfaces, replacing vegetation and wetlands with concrete and asphalt. The use of vegetation and water can change the urban environment and improve comfort, thus reduce the heat island. The trees act as a mask to the sun, wind, and sound, and also as a source of humidity which reduces air temperature and surrounding surfaces. Water also acts as a buffer to noise; it is also a source of moisture and regulates temperature not to mention the psychological effect on humans. Our main objective in this paper is to determine the impact of vegetation, ponds and fountains on the urban microclimate in general and on the thermal comfort of people along the Independence square in the Algerian city of Setif, which is a semi-arid climate, in particularly. In order to reach this objective, a comparative study between different scenarios has been done; the use of the Envi-met program enabled us to model the urban environment of the Independence Square and to study the possibility of improving the conditions of comfort by adding an amount of vegetation and water ponds. After studying the results obtained (temperature, relative humidity, PMV and PPD indicators), the efficiency of the additions we've made on the square was confirmed and this is what helped us to confirm our assumptions regarding the terms of comfort in the studied site, and in the end we are trying to develop recommendations and solutions which may contribute to improve the conditions for greater comfort in the Independence square. Keywords: microclimate, vegetation, water ponds, simulation, Envi-Met software, comfort.

Assessment of different methods of treatment for an integrated municipal waste management for an Algerian city

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide suitable solutions to the management system of the municipal solid waste in an Algerian city. Design/methodology/approach – The adopted approach focussed on the evaluation of different methods concerning the Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), by analyzing methods of solid waste management hierarchy which constitutes appropriate tools in the MSWM. Findings – One pillar of sustainable solid waste management is strategic planning, and links to guidance are provided. Another pillar is cost analysis of solid waste options, and links to useful analytical tools are also provided. Research limitations/implications – This research has limitations that the paper plans to study in perspective: assessment of citizen perception of waste and its practical implications in the management of municipal solid waste as well as involvements of other agents or structures. Practical implications – Results investigations conducted in this study allows to the municipality for solving city problems of MSW with priority to the environmental and public health protection. Originality/value – The interest is carried, here, with the success of the different methods concerning the solid waste management hierarchy, which conditions mainly the success of the improvement of the waste management system.

Introducing the best model for estimation the monthly mean daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface (Case study: Algeria)

Abstract In this study, 11 empirical models are developed correlating the monthly mean daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface with monthly mean sunshine records and air temperature data for six Algerian cities (Algiers, Oran, Batna, Ghardaia, Bechar, and Tamanrasset). In order to indicate their performance, seven statistical parameters were introduced; coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), mean percent error (MPE), mean absolute percent error (MAPE), mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute bias error (MABE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The results obtained in this study confirm the previous studies, which have indicated that the sunshine based models are generally more accurate than air temperature based models. According to the results, the best performances are obtained by the cubic and the quadratic regression models for the six Algerian stations. Moreover, these two regression models can be used for the proposed generalized models for predicting the monthly mean global solar radiation in other Algerian locations in the absence of the measured solar radiation data.

Domestic water conservation practices in Tlemcen City (Algeria)

During the last three decades, citizens of an Algerian city are concerned with the problem of drinking water supply. Time discontinuation service became the rule. The central idea of the analysis based on interviews is to assess the role of water in the organization of the relationship between habitat and users. The fundamental question is how users, in particular women, incorporate water in their daily lives due to rationing. Having to deal with the discontinuous and frequent weak water supply, the inhabitants of the city of Tlemcen who are connected to the water supply system, as well as those connected to the water system of all Algerian towns, have developed an internal water storage system to sort out this problem. The imposed rationing has proved to be expensive for consumers. The water shortage pushed the consumers to invest in relatively expensive storage and pumping facilities to satisfy their domestic needs. As the frequency of the water supply is on a two times per week basis, the survey reveals a discrepancy in terms of volumes consumed and stored by each household. The use of water depends on the individual storage facility and the frequency of the supply. The life of the households, particularly that of the housewives, depends on the availability of water and thus on the schedules of the Company of Production of Water “Algerian Des Eaux’’ (ADE). This is particularly the case when they are supplied during the night.

Assessment of the Contribution of Road Traffic to Greenhouse Emissions: A Case of an Algerian City

Rapid urbanisation brings about increase in air pollution. These emissions are generally linked to the production of energy, to industrial activities and to transport in the densely inhabited areas. Estimating the pollutants quantities released in the air is an important stage in the evaluation of air quality. However, the problem of air pollution in urban areas is a problem in all Algerian cities. Similar to all Algerian big cities, the city of Batna has become a major urban area with an ever increasing fleet of motor vehicles most of which are practically old ones. This state of affairs increases the demand in fuel consumption and undeniably intensifies polluting emissions. As the situation goes, it has become the utmost urgency to wonder about a possible support that may be given to this sector in order to evaluate how air quality is managed in a durable way. The main objective of this study is to assess the quantity of CO2 pollutant known as the most significant greenhouse gas emission from traffic. The approach used is mainly based on a number of assumptions, which allows us to find the amount of 192 g/km/day CO2 released into the urban atmosphere of the city of Batna.

Investigating the Blusa: The Cultural and Sartorial Biography of an Algerian Dress

This essay describes the evolution of the garment known as a blusa, worn by urban women in north-western Algeria. The blusa, a full-length dress with short sleeves, was conceived and developed in the cities of Tlemcen and Oran. It incorporates locally meaningful traditions as well as fashion styles in conjunction with different cultures. Its transformation illustrates how Algerian women resisted cultural assimilation through dress while creatively appropriating western European textiles, techniques and aesthetics in their clothing, during the French colonial period (1830–1962) and its aftermath. The exploration of the contemporary blusa variations reveals how the relationship between clothing and identity is still highly complex in Algerian cities. To date, the invention, the rituals, the design, and the production of the blusa dress has been little studied. This paper reconstitutes an historical puzzle based on recent object-based research and anthropological investigations. It seeks to interpret the blusa as an interface between tradition and modernity.

Physical knowledge of household waste in Algeria: Generation and composition in the town of Annaba

We investigated the physical composition of household waste in the town of Annaba, Algeria. The study was based on an adequate sampling protocol that takes into account the constraints of Algerian cities. Annaba was taken as a case study to check the situation in Algeria. Ninety to 120 kg was sorted for each type of habitat in the city during four seasons, from 2010 to 2011, according to 11 components of household waste. Variations in the production ratio and percentages of all components were recorded according to the seasons and the type of habitat during the four campaigns of characterization. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference of the waste composition by habitat type. A pairwise multiple comparisons using the Tukey test of the sampled habitat types was also carried out, which indicated no significant differences between the habitat type concerning paper, plastic, composite and glass variables. But for the remaining components, the study revealed, with a significance limit of 0.05, a clear difference in the average composition of the waste according to the type of habitat.

SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF ALGERIAN BUILDINGS IN URBAN AREA

The recent earthquakes in Algeria have caused significant human and economic losses. The frequent occurrence of damaging earthquakes clearly demonstrates the urgent need of study on seismic risk assessment methods of buildings to effectively reduce the impact of earthquake in Algerian cities. This article contributes to the development and the application of a seismic risk method, appropriate to Algerian building specificities. This method considers five damage levels, defined accordingly to macroseismic intensity and the seismic quality of the building by means of a vulnerability index. The present paper summarises the development of a tool to integrate seismic hazard and structural information and support the decision making process in identification of seismic risk. This tool could be used in the inspection of buildings and the optimal prioritisation of strengthening and preventives remedial actions that are necessary prior to a major earthquake event.

Philosemitism and the mission civilisatrice in Gautier's La Juive de Constantine

Theophile Gautier's play La Juive de Constantine was not a success. Cowritten with Noel Parfait, (1) the play opened at the Porte-Saint-Martin Theater on November 12, 1846 and closed after a mere 20 performances. (2) Reviewers seemed to take a perverse pleasure in attacking one of their own, devoting uncharacteristically long articles to skewering the play after lamenting how sorry they were to do so: Certes j'aurais ete heureux de raconter le succes [...] de cette soiree, wrote the legendary critic Jules Jan in in the Journal des debats: mais en presence de ces huees, de ces cris, de cet ennui [...] en presence de cette action noire, plate, et sans genie [...] il faut bien etre vrai avec nos deux confreres, si nous voulons conserver le droit d'etre justes et sinceres avec tout le monde. (3) So awful did the critic for Le Constitutionnel find the play that he sarcastically suggests it must have been written not by Gautier at all but rather by the Algerian rebel Abd El-Kader in order to discourage the French from further colonization by boring them to tears. (4) It is tempting to follow these critics in dismissing the play as a badly constructed compendium of cultural cliches and threadbare theatrical conventions. In what follows, however, I want to suggest that despite its dramatic shortcomings, La Juive de Constantine merits closer attention for the insights it provides into the ideology of the French colonial endeavor at a key historical moment. For we find here, amid the cliches and conventions, a roadmap to what would become France's strategy in managing the indigenous population of Muslims and Jews in Algeria. Twenty-five years before the Cremieux Decree would enfranchise Algeria's Jews while continuing to consign Muslims to second-class status, the play articulates a rationale for this hierarchy based on the relative capacity of these groups to assimilate French legal norms. As Joshua Shreier has recently argued, Algeria served as a crucible for the development of France's civilizing mission, the justification of colonization on moral grounds that would come to dominate French colonial policy during the Third Republic. (5) Gautier's play provides a remarkably prescient formulation of this ideology, one that lays bare its political and social stakes, as well as its racializing logic, with instructive clarity. First, a short summary of the rather complicated action of the play. The curtain opens on the eastern Algerian city of Constantine dans les deux premieres annees de l'occupation francaise. (6) At the start of the play, Dominique, a French soldier, is keeping watch on the shop of a Jewish merchant named Nathan for his superior officer, Maurice d'Harvieres, who is in love with the Jew's beautiful daughter, Lea. Maurice and Lea plot to run off to France to get married, but their plans are foiled when a Muslim woman, Kadidja, who is in love with Maurice, betrays their intentions to Lea's father, Nathan. When Nathan confronts his daughter about her illicit love for the Frenchman, she reveals that she has already converted to Christianity. A rabbinical scholar in addition to being a merchant, Nathan knows that the Talmud commands him to treat his apostate daughter as if she has died or face the censure of the Jewish community. But the wily Jew concocts a plan: he will give Lea a sleeping draught in order to fake her death, allowing her to escape with Maurice and save his honor. (7) At the start of the third act, Maurice has been captured by Ben Aissa, the brother of Kadidjah, who is also in love with Lea. The jealous Ben Aissa wants to kill Maurice, but then hears that the belle juive they both love is dead. Kadidjah arranges for Maurice to escape. Act Four takes place at the Jewish cemetery as Nathan frees his daughter from her tomb and bids her farewell, refusing her entreaties to join her and her Christian lover in France. Both Maurice and Ben Aissa come to the cemetery to see Lea's grave for themselves, and discover she is in fact still alive. …

Les « nouveaux riches » du commerce mondialisé et leur rôle dans la transformation urbaine Le cas de Sidi Mabrouk (Constantine, Algérie)

The aim of this paper is to présent the results of an investigation managed in Sidi Mabrouk, a western outlying area inside the algerian city of Constantina. In a garden city built during the 1930’ s, some countryside investors connected to the trade globalisation mainstreams buy real estate properties since the middle of the 1990s’. Those transactions turn this quiet residencial area into a commercial centre, attractive for young, affordable and trendy customers. Rapidly expanding in social and economic terms, those “ nouveaux riches” who had made a lot of money in a short time become very activ agents of an urban renewal and a modernization in this Constantina’s suburb.

Study of Physic-Chemical Quality of Wastewater Discharged into the Natural Environment the Case of Bechar River Algeria

In urban environment, the increase in population generates considerable quantities of waste water which is treated in the purification plants to specialize or reject directly without control in the courts of water case of Bechar river. Because of their various origins (domestic rejections), this water is generally charged in organic, mineral elements and in micro-organisms of which some could be harmful with health and strongly takes part in the degradation of the tablecloths which could be irreversible.The town of Bechar (Southern Algerian West) which is in an arid Saharan area, knows like all the Algerian cities of the problems of surface and underground pollution the waters, whose main causes are: the discharge of waste water in nature without purification and the absence of the systems of purification and depollution of waste water. The present study is undertaken on the course of Béchar River, carried out in April 2011 revealing a polluting load: (Nitrate 7.94mg/l, Nitrite 0.6mg/l, Ammonium 26.60mg/l, NTK 62.18mg/l).In April 2011, of samplings of waste water noted Wi were realized according to the recommendations of WHO. The choice of the sites was fixed according to the direction of flow. The results obtained according to the study analyzes physic-chemical samples of the rejections testify in their majority that a contamination of subterranean water of the tablecloths by waste water of the river according to a process of infiltration which depends on several environmental and climatic factors is extremely probable and which an urban treatment of the rejections is paramount to protect the tablecloth and the ecosystem.

Problematic of Environment Protection in Algerian Cities

Today, innumerable damages caused by the city and the action of a man on built and natural environments, are recorded in majority of developed countries and also under development ones, which had created in the last few years, complex problems difficult to solve like: pollutions, destructions of natural and rural landscapes, uncontrolled rejections of waste, problems of water and frequent variations of the climate.Algerian cities haven’t escaped to this truth and this situation is related with the history of the development process adopted in Algeria, during the years of post independence. The development of these cities was done without looking for or respecting environmental requirements.Theoretically, Algeria has a complete building formed by different plans and schemes covering environment, land use planning and urbanism fields to raise this challenge and avoid errors of the past, particularly before nineties and after, by adopting a holistic approach and giving a broadest sense of environment protection. But until now, just a few great actions recently carried out by the ministry of land use planning, environment and tourism are registered, and the rest confirms that these tools don’t have any effect suspected on ground, for various causes.The most important causes can be resumed in the lack of dialogue and coordination efforts between concerning actors and theirs institutions, and the absence of an explanation relating to the whole approach able to make these tools even they were appeared in different laws, working as a united body. That's why these instruments were ineffective and the situation became difficult and critical. The present paper will focus on this reality.