Alga Chlorella Vulgaris Research Articles

Growth of tomato plantlets in soilless culture, enriched with egg shell waste and algae

In this research, it was aimed to use the Chlorella Vulgaris algae, and eggshell waste (ESW) as different mineral sources for tomato plant nutrition in soilless culture. Algae is seen as safe, sustainable energy source. Egg shell waste is known to be valuable for high calcium content and minerals therefore, has been considered as mineral enrichment source. Although there are several papers on the soil nutrition, there is not as much information on eggshell waste and algae use for plant production in soilless culture. In the controlled atmosphere of the laboratory, a set-up was constructed for pumping the liquid medium (hydroponics) circulating in the tubes holding the tomato plantlets. The liquid nutrient solutions used for soilless culture treatments were media enriched with algae, enriched with ESW and blank (hydroponic only). Research was conducted for 3 months, the final weight of harvested tomatoes and mineral uptake of the plant (stalk and tomato) for different treatments were measured. Algae added medium gave higher results in tomato weight, than ESW added and blank treatments. Results showed that algae and ESW addition led to increased Ca content in harvested tomato, as well as minerals such as B, K, Mg, and Zn. The results were as expected in terms of increase in mineral contents, but the statistics showed no significant difference between treatments.

Mathematical modeling to simulate the adsorption and internalization of copper in two freshwater algae species, <i>Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata</i> and <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>

Prediction of the behavior of heavy metals over time is important to evaluate the heavy metal toxicity in algae species. Various modeling studies have been well established, but there is a need for an improved model for predicting the chronic effects of metals on algae species to combine the metal kinetics and biological response of algal cells. In this study, a kinetic dynamics model was developed to predict the copper behavior (5 μg L-1, 10 μg L-1, and 15 μg L-1) for two freshwater algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris) in the chronic exposure experiments (8 d and 21 d). In the experimental observations, the rapid change in copper mass between the solutions, extracellular and intracellular sites occurred within initial exposure periods, and then it was slower although the algal density changed with time. Our model showed a good agreement with the measured copper mass in each part for all tested conditions with an elapsed time (R 2 for P. subcapitata: 0.928, R 2 for C. vulgaris: 0.943). This study provides a novel kinetic dynamics model that is compromised between practical simplicity and realistic complexity, and it can be used to investigate the chronic effects of heavy metals on the algal population.

Characterization and Anticancer Activity of Biosynthesized Au/Cellulose Nanocomposite from Chlorella vulgaris.

Therapeutic selectivity is a critical issue in cancer therapy. As a result of its adjustable physicochemical characteristics, the Au/cellulose nanocomposite currently holds a lot of potential for solving this challenge. This work was designed to prepare a Au/cellulose nanocomposite with enhanced anticancer activity through the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway. Nanocellulose, nanogold (AuNPs), and a Au/cellulose nanocomposite were biosynthesized from microgreen alga Chlorella vulgaris. Using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), zeta potential analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed and characterized. In human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells), the selectivity and anticancer activity of the produced nanoparticles were evaluated. The cytotoxicity results revealed that the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the Au/cellulose nanocomposite against A549 cancer lung cells was 4.67 ± 0.17 µg/µL compared to 182.75 ± 6.45 µg/µL in the case of HEL299 normal lung fibroblasts. It was found that treatment with nanocellulose and the Au/cellulose nanocomposite significantly increased (p < 0.05) the relative expression of tumor suppressor 53 (p53) in comparison to control cells. They also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the relative expression of the Raf-1 gene. These findings indicate that nanocellulose and the Au/cellulose nanocomposite regulate cell cycles mostly via the motivation of p53 gene expression and reduction of Raf-1 gene expression.

Effects of Temperature and Nitrogen Concentration on Growth and Lipid Accumulation of the Green Algae Chlorella vulgaris for Biodiesel

This study investigated the effect of different temperatures and different nitrogen concentrations on the lipid content and biomass of Chlorella microalgae. In this study, algae were cultured in five media with different amounts as 3, 1.5, 0.80, 0.40 g/L, and three temperatures (10, 20, 30 °C). The results of the experiments showed that the optimal temperature and nitrogen concentration for the biomass increase in Chlorella vulgaris are 30°C and 3 g/L, respectively. It was observed that biomass decreased and lipid amount increased due to the decrease in nitrogen concentration. The high lipid amount of 20.80% dry weight (DW) was obtained from the algae produced at 30°C in the free-nitrate medium. The contribution of temperature change to lipid production was not as effective as nitrogen deficiency in the study. According to the fatty acid analysis results made by GC-FID, C. vulgaris seems suitable for biodiesel production because it contains medium-length (C16-C18) fatty acid chains.

Examining the impact of carbon dioxide levels and modulation of resulting hydrogen peroxide in Chlorella vulgaris

The eukaryotic green alga Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 395 was cultured under carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations ranging from 0.04% to 15% in order to examine the effect of CO2 on algal growth, biomass composition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in the culture medium. Supplying 5% CO2 yielded the highest biomass growth rate (μ = 0.35 day−1) compared with 0.04% (μ = 0.15 day−1) and 15% (μ = 0.19 day−1) CO2 conditions. Experimental evidence showed that increasing CO2 levels from 0.04% to 2% and above did not alter overall protein content significantly but did enhance C16:1 and C18:1 monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) composition by 3.5 and 2 fold, respectively, reducing C18:3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels. Interestingly, bubbling 5% and 15% CO2 increased one type of ROS, H2O2 levels, in sterile medium by 1.8 to 2 μM while growing C. vulgaris substantially lowered these H2O2 levels. The ability to lower H2O2 levels, which was reduced for non-viable algal cells, was also observed with C. protothecoides UTEX 29 and C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230. In order to understand the impact of H2O2 directly, 10 μM and 25 μM H2O2 were added daily to 0.04% CO2-bubbled C. vulgaris cultures. Periodic H2O2 addition did not affect the growth of C. vulgaris or change its biomass composition. These findings demonstrate C. vulgaris can thrive at elevated concentrations of CO2 and also showed the capacity of microalgae to reduce the ROS level, specifically H2O2, present in a CO2 bubbling environment.

Biosorption of zinc from aqueous solution using algae and plant biomass

In the present study, the sorption capacity of plant biomass has been studied; particularly the ability of biomass algae Chlorella vulgaris, filamentous green algae Spirogyra sp. and roots, stems and leaves of an invasive plant Reynoutria japonica to bind up Zn2+ ions. The results of this biosorption study revealed that the rate and extent of uptake were affected by pH level, contact time and initial metal concentration. The maximum uptake of metal ions was obtained at pH 6.0. The equilibrium sorption data for metal system at pH 6 were described by the Langmuir isotherms model. For Zn2+, sorption capacity qmax of 17 mg/g was achieved using biomass from leaves. Removal of Zn2+ with 1g of biosorbent from leaves was almost 77% when present in low concentrations, whereas it is lower at higher concentrations.

Algae-derived hard carbon anodes for Na-ion batteries

In this work, the production of low cost and environment friendly anodes for sodium ion batteries is investigated. Algae are selected as bio-source of non-graphitic Hard Carbon (HC) with open structure acting as intercalation active material for Na ions storage. Chlorella vulgaris algae were pyrolyzed at temperatures comprised between 800 and 1100 °C. The decomposition products have been characterized with Scanning Electrode Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses and their structure compared to one of the synthetic commercial HC. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) allowed to assess the decomposition process throughout the selected temperature scan. The obtained algae-derived HC is tested as anodic material for Na-ion battery, investigating the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the electrochemical behaviour. Their performances are compared with respect to a commercial synthetic HC active material. The results allow to consider algae as an environmentally benign and sustainable high added-value material for the production of HC anodes for Na-ion batteries.Graphic abstract

Effect of cathodic culture on wastewater treatment and power generation in a photosynthetic sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC): Canna indica v/s Chlorella vulgaris

The aim of this work was to compare the performance of the two types of photosynthetic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) fed with real wastewater- one having plant Canna indica (PMFC) and the other having alga Chlorella vulgaris (AMFC) at the cathode. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, and nitrate removal stood at 57.16% 88.81%, 59.82% for PMFC and 65.27%, 95.59%, 66.61% for the AMFC. While AMFC was slightly superior in water treatment, the power output was 6 times higher in PMFC (22.76 mW m−2) than the AMFC (3.64 mW m−2). The biomass growth was good in both systems, with biomass productivity of 0.031 Kg m−3 day−1 in AMFC and a leaf area index of 0.006 in PMFC. The study's findings suggest that PMFCs are equally good or even better than AMFCs when the goal is simultaneous water treatment and power generation.

Toxicity of a Binary Mixture of TiO2 and Imidacloprid Applied to Chlorella vulgaris

Nanoparticles have applications in various fields such as manufacturing and materials synthesis, the environment, electronics, energy harvesting, and medicine. Besides many applications of nanoparticles, further research is required for toxic environmental effect investigation. The toxic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the physiology of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris was studied with a widely used pesticide, imidacloprid (IMD). Chlorella vulgaris was exposed for 120 h in Bold’s basal medium to different toxic compounds, such as (i) a high concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles, 150–2000 mg/L, usually optimised in the photocatalytic degradation of wastewater, (ii) an extremely toxic pesticide for the aquatic environment, imidacloprid, in concentrations ranging from 5 to 40 mg/L, (iii) TiO2 nanoparticles combined with imidacloprid, usually used in a photocatalytic system. The results show that the TiO2 nanoparticles and IMD inhibited Chlorella vulgaris cell growth and decreased the biovolume by approximately 80% when 2 g/L TiO2 was used, meaning that the cells devised a mechanism to cope with a potentially stressful situation; 120 h of Chlorella vulgaris exposure to 40 mg/L of IMD resulted in a 16% decreased cell diameter and a 41% decrease in cell volume relative to the control sample, associated with the toxic effect of pesticides on the cells. Our study confirms the toxicity of nanoparticles through algal growth inhibition with an effective concentration (EC50) value measured after 72 h of 388.14 mg/L for TiO2 and 13 mg/L for IMD in a single-toxic system. The EC50 of TiO2 slowly decreased from 258.42 to 311.11 mg/L when IMD from 5 to 20 mg/L was added to the binary-toxic system. The concentration of TiO2 in the binary-toxic system did not change the EC50 for IMD, and its value was 0.019 g/L. The photodegradation process of imidacloprid (range of 5–40 mg/L) was also investigated in the algal medium incubated with 150–600 mg/L of titanium dioxide.

The fate of nitrogen and sulphur during co-liquefaction of algae and bagasse: Experimental and multi-criterion decision analysis

The removal of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) from biocrude oil produced using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), is important for the production of high quality renewable fuels. Here the effect of co-liquefaction of bagasse and algae was analysed. Algae (Chlorella vulgaris and Cyanobacteria) were mixed with bagasse (1:1) subjected to HTL at 250–350 °C for 10–60 min. Higher HTL temperatures had a positive effect in increasing the biocrude yield and slightly reduced N content; S did not show a consistent trend. Most of the nitrogen (~66%) and sulphur (~80%) were recovered in the aqueous phase rather than in the biocrude phase, opening the opportunity to recycle these nutrients for algae cultivation. Co-liquefying bagasse with algae improved the biocrude yield (54 wt%) compared to pure Cyanobacteria (47.5 wt%). It also reduced N content from 7 wt% (Cyanobacteria biocrude) to 4.2 wt% (Cyanobacteria: Bagasse) and S from 0.7 wt% to 0.4 wt%. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis identified that biocrude yield is positively correlated with the initial lipid content and anti-correlated with the carbohydrates fraction. Biocrude N content is closely related to the initial amount of proteins in the algae. The Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations and its descriptive complement Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid (PROMETHEE and GAIA) analysis ranked the co-liquefaction of Chlorella vulgaris and bagasse (1:1) at 350 °C and 60 min as one of the best overall combination in terms of biocrude yield, N and S content.

New Naturally Occurring Compounds from Sarcophyton trocheliophorum

Corals are rich sources of secondary metabolites used as chemical defense compounds against predators. The production of diverse metabolites has characterized soft corals belonging to the genus Sarcophyton. However, phenolic compounds are slightly rare in soft corals. Through a further bioassay-guided fractionation for the chloroform-soluble extract of soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum, collected from the Red Sea, three closely related phenolic compounds: 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-nitro-phenol (1), 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (2), and 2,4-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-phenol (3), along with the wax tricosyldocosanoiate (4) were isolated herein for the first time from nature in addition to cholesterol. Structures of the isolated compounds 1-4 were identified by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 1H,1H COSY, HMQC and HMBC) and mass spectrometry (EI, HRESI-MS) for the first time so far. The antimicrobial activities of the soft coral extract, along with the isolated compounds, were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis ATCC6051, Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü 57, Escherichia coli, Mucor miehei Tü 284, Candida albicans, and the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. The crude extract exhibited a moderate activity against Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü 57 (12 mm) at a concentration of 400 µg/disc, while the reported compounds 1-4 showed no activity against the reported test microorganisms at a concentration of 40 µg/disc.

The Microalga Chlorella vulgaris as a Natural Bioenergetic System for Effective CO2 Mitigation—New Perspectives against Global Warming

In the present contribution, the differentiation in the molecular structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus of the unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris was studied at several light intensities (0–400 μmol m−2 s−1) and various CO2 concentrations (0.04–60% CO2), in completely autotrophic conditions. Asymmetries that occur by different light intensities and CO2 concentrations induce metabolic and functional changes. Using chlorophyll fluorescence induction techniques (OJIP test), we showed that Chlorella vulgaris tolerates extremely high CO2 levels and converts them photosynthetically into valuable products, including O2 and biomass rich in carbohydrates and lipids. Interestingly, the microalga Chlorella vulgaris under extremely high CO2 concentrations induces a new metabolic state intensifying its photosynthetic activity. This leads to a new functional symmetry. The results highlight a potent CO2 bio-fixation mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris that captures up to 288 L CO2 L PCV−1 day−1 under optimal conditions, therefore, this microalga can be used for direct biological CO2-reducing strategies and other green biotechnological applications. All of the above suggest that Chlorella vulgaris is one of the most prominent competitors for a closed algae-powered bioreactor that is able to consume huge amounts of CO2. Thus, it is a sustainable and natural bioenergetic system with perspectives in dealing with major environmental issues such as global warming. In addition, Chlorella vulgaris cultures could also be used as bioregeneration systems in extraterrestrial missions for continuous atmospheric recycling of the human settlements, paving the way for astrobiological applications.

Effect of pH variation on the activity of green algae (Chlorella Vulgaris) and bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) in remediation of toxic dye (Congo red)

The present study used two species of microorganism, algae (Chlorella Vulgaris) and bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), in the removal of toxic industrial dye(Congo red) and deal with the effect of pH variation on the activity of these organisms to remediation and reduces of dye in vitro. Algae (C.vulgaris) also bacteria(B.subtilis) isolated from habitats and cultured under controlled laboratory conditions and using different concentration of dye (50, 150 and 250 mg/l) used in different pH (4, 7 and 9) during different period times (3, 7, 9, 11 and 13 days) to algae and 7 days to bacteria to testing the ability of bioremediation. The results showed that the best pH for removal by Chlorella Vulgaris was (7) for a period of (13 days) at concentration (150)mg/l and with the complete removal (75%) and Bacillus subtilis best pH(7) complete removal(98%) at concentration (50)mg/l. The efficiency of the Chlorella Vulgaris and Bacillus subtilis in the removal of pollutants increased with the high value of many environmental factors such as pH.

Antioxidant system biomarkers of freshwater mussel (Unio tigridis) respond to nanoparticle (Al2O3, CuO, TiO2) exposures

Purpose Mussels are known as the natural filters of the aquatic systems and are accepted as one of the best bioindicator organism. There is no data on the response of Unio tigridis to metal-oxide nanoparticle (NP) exposures. This study aimed to investigate the response of the antioxidant enzymes of U. tigridis following exposure to NPs. Materials and methods The mussels were exposed to different concentrations (0, 1, 3, 9 mg NP/L) of Al2O3, CuO and TiO2 NPs for 14 days and subsequently, the activities of CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), GST (glutathione S-transferase) and GR (glutathione reductase) were measured in the gill and digestive gland. Mussels were fed with cultured unicellular algae (Chlorella vulgaris) during experiments. Results Data showed that algae consumptions of mussels were not significantly (p>0.05) altered by NPs. However, all enzyme activities in the digestive gland and gill altered significantly (p<0.05) after NP exposures. The activities of CAT and SOD decreased, while the activities of enzymes belonging to glutathione metabolism (GPx and GST) increased in both tissues. Conclusion This study representing the first record on the antioxidant system response of U. tigridis toward NP exposures suggests that NP toxicity should be investigated thoroughly in organisms and some regulations must be done on their usages.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and high CO2 modulate photosynthesis, biomass and lipid production in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris.

Climate change could impact nutrient bioavailability in aquatic environment. To understand the interaction of nutrient bioavailability and elevated CO2, Chlorella vulgaris cells were grown in ambient air or 5% CO2 in different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in a photobioreactor. The chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and respiration rates increased in 5% CO2 to support higher biomass production. The nutrient limitation in the growth media resulted in reduced photosynthetic rates of the algal cells and their PSI, PSII, and whole chain electron transport rates and biomass production. Conversely, their lipid content increased partly due to upregulation of expression of several lipid biosynthesis genes. The order of downregulation of photosynthesis and upregulation in lipid production due to nutrient limitation was in the order of N > P. The N-50 and 5% CO2 culture had only 10% reduction in biomass and 32% increase in lipids having 85% saturated fat required for efficient biofuel production. This growth condition is ideal for generation of biodiesel required to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel and combat global warming.

Influence of pH, pesticide and radiation interactions on the chemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris algae

The objective of this study was to stimulate the chemical content (protein, lipids, carbohydrates, gross energy, fatty acid, chlorophyll) of Chlorella vulgaris algae by pH manipulation, acetamiprid, and radiation exposure of Chlorella vulgaris algae. The results showed that the pH, acetamipride and radiation period could negatively affect the biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris algae.

Microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck) alleviates drought stress of broccoli plants by improving nutrient uptake, secondary metabolites, and antioxidative defense system

Microalgae, such as Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (green algae), are beneficial microscopic organisms that may help plants to improve nutrient uptake, growth, and abiotic tolerance to stressors. The current study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of algae (Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck) foliar applications [1%, 3%, or 5% (v/v)] on mitigation of drought stress in broccoli plants subjected to water deficit at 25% of field capacity. The results showed that the broccoli plants grown under drought stress alone exhibited severe disturbance in growth with considerable reductions in the shoot length, and fresh and dry weights, leaf area, relative water content, leaf water potential, and photosynthetic pigment contents and elevated levels of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde in the leaves. Additionally, the foliar application of microalgae mitigated the detrimental effects of drought, leading to better growth performance (increase of 9%–132%) when compared with the drought-stressed plants that had not received an application of microalgae. Microalgae-mediated beneficial effects were particularly evident in the enhancement of the photosynthetic pigment contents, including chlorophyll-a (6%–60%), chlorophyll-b (19%–55%), and total carotenoids (26%–114%). Exogenous microalgae also contributed to the reduction of membrane damage, as proven by significantly decreased levels of malondialdehyde (10%–39%) in the leaves of the broccoli plants exposed to drought stress. The application of microalgae increased the total flavonoid and phenolic contents, and nutrition uptake. Furthermore, the activities of enzymatic antioxidants like ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase increased in response to mediation, resulting in significant alleviation of drought-induced oxidative damage. The most effective application concentration of microalgae was determined as 5%. Overall investigations revealed that the foliar application of microalgae could be recommended as a sustainable strategy to improve the defense system of drought-stressed broccoli plants.

Impact of diesel – Algae biodiesel- Anhydrous Ethanol blends on the performance of CI engines

Green biofuels are potential suggested solutions to pollutant emission issues and society’s dependence on fossil derivatives for some time. Ethanol and biodiesel are renewable commercial fuels that are candidates for substituting fossil sources, especially in diesel engines, which are typically more efficient than spark-ignition engines. Ternary blends of diesel, biodiesel, and Ethanol form partial diesel replacement strategies applicable to diesel engines without the need for major adaptations. In this study, experimental evaluations were carried out in a multi-cylindrical diesel engine, supplied with diesel blends, Chlorella Vulgaris algae biodiesel (up to 20% in volumetric content), and anhydrous Ethanol (up to 20% in volumetric content). Each ternary blend is composed of different alcohol proportions and always with a volumetric concentration of 1% of a blend stabilizing additive. Therefore, the tests associate partial substitutions of diesel for biofuels with evaluations of engine performance and combustion of the blends under some load conditions, rotation regimes, and fuel injection instants. However, the search for optimized instants in fuel injection brought improvements to the engine’s performance, allowed more advantageous energy conversions from Ethanol in diesel compared to spark ignition, in addition to minimizing the effects of Ethanol in delaying the beginning of combustion. To determine the effects of different ethanol proportions on efficiency when the CI engine is supplied with DBE mixtures, specific conditions of rotation, torque, and fuel injection moments were considered in the tests’ planning.

The chloroplast genetic engineering of a unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris with two foreign peptides co-expression

The purpose of this study was to establish a chloroplast transformation system in Chlorella vulgaris for expressing recombinant proteins. The 16S-trnI/trnA-23S in the inverted repeat region of C. vulgaris chloroplast genome was used as the flanking fragments in the homologous recombination vector. Meanwhile, the selectable marker aadA gene was promoted by the endogenous 16S promoter, and two codon-optimized antimicrobial peptide NZ2114 and Piscidin-4 genes linked by endogenous ribosome binding site (RBS) in a polycistron were regulated by the rbcL promoter of C. vulgaris. The plasmid was transformed into the chloroplast of C. vulgaris via microparticle bombardment and the transformants were screened using spectinomycin. After multiple rounds' selection, the homoplastic transformants were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting, and Western blotting. This research provided an efficient chloroplast genetic system for C. vulgaris, and will be benefit for the algal further research and application.

New Antiadhesive Hydrophobic Polysiloxanes.

Intrinsic hydrophobicity is the reason for efficient bacterial settlement and biofilm growth on silicone materials. Those unwelcomed phenomena may play an important role in pathogen transmission. We have proposed an approach towards the development of new anti-biofilm strategies that resulted in novel antimicrobial hydrophobic silicones. Those functionalized polysiloxanes grafted with side 2-(carboxymethylthioethyl)-, 2-(n-propylamidomethylthioethyl)- and 2-(mercaptoethylamidomethylthioethyl)- groups showed a wide range of antimicrobial properties towards selected strains of bacteria (reference strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and water-borne isolates Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila), fungi (Aureobasidium pullulans) and algae (Chlorella vulgaris), which makes them valuable antibacterial and antibiofilm agents. Tested microorganisms showed various levels of biofilm formation, but particularly effective antibiofilm activity was demonstrated for bacterial isolate A. hydrophila with high adhesion abilities. In the case of modified surfaces, the relative coefficient of adhesion for this strain was 18 times lower in comparison to the control glass sample.