Water-alcohol Extracts Research Articles

Comparative Characteristics of Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Sea Buckthorn Fruits by Various Methods

Introduction. Recently, much attention has been paid to the primary assessment of the pharmacological effect of various drugs using in vivo and in vitro tests. It is known that such a medicinal plant as sea buckthorn, in its phytochemical composition is rich in natural antioxidants: carotenoids, tocopherols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, etc. In some publications there is information about the antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn and fatty oil based on them. However, information on the comparative characteristics of the use of various methods for determining the antioxidant activity of this type of medicinal plant material and the results obtained are not found in the scientific literature.Aim. The aim of this work was a comparative determination of the antioxidant activity of medicinal plant material of buckthorn fruits of various species of buckthorn.Materials and methods. The total antioxidant activity of water and water-alcohol extracts from the fruits of sea buckthorn fruits was determined using various techniques recommended in the literature. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by permanganometric titration, in vitro inhibition of adrenaline autooxidation, and also in a biological model, Parametium caudatum cell culture.Results and discussion. The effect of the extractant polarity on the value of antioxidant activity was studied. It was found that the highest content of antioxidants in the extraction is observed when using 96 % ethanol as an extractant.Conclusion. Using three methods, the prospects of using sea buckthorn fruits and preparations based on them as a source of antioxidants are shown.

Антиексудативні властивості рідкого спиртово-водного екстракту листя аїру звичайного (Acorus calamus L.)

Мета дослідження – вивчення антиексудативних властивостей рідкого спиртово-водного екстракту листя аїру звичайного (Acorus calamus L.) (РСВЕЛА). РСВЕЛА був отриманий на кафедрі ботаніки НФаУ під керівництвом професора Т. М. Гонтової. Протизапальні властивості РСВЕЛА досліджені на білих безпородних щурах на моделях карагенінового та гістамінових набряків. Досліджуваний РСВЕЛА (0,5 мл / кг) і препарати порівняння, а саме: диклофенак натрію (у дозі 8 мг / кг), кверцетин (у дозі 11 мг / кг) і лоратадин (у дозі 1 мг / кг), на моделі карагенінового та гістаміновими набряків застосовували в лікувально-профілактичному режимі: внутрішньошлунково одноразово щодня протягом 5 діб до моделювання запалення й за 1 год до ін'єкції флогогену (карагеніну або гістаміну відповідно). Розвиток набряку спостерігали в динаміці за показником об'єму лапи, який визначали за допомогою цифрового плетизмометра. Через 24 год після введення флогогену в тварин визначали кількість лейкоцитів і ШОЕ. Встановлено, що на моделі карагенінового та гістамінового набряку РСВЕЛА чинить протинабрякову дію. Антиексудативна активність РСВЕЛА склала 68,9 % (р < 0,05) на 120 хв запалення та 79,5 % (р < 0,05) на 180 хв у разі карагенінового набряку. На моделі гістамінового набряку антиексудативна дія РСВЕЛА склала 50,8; 27,7 і 50,0 % відповідно на 30, 60 і 90 хв набряку. За виразністю антиексудативної дії, ступенем зниження ШОЕ та показника лейкоцитозу РСВЕЛА не поступається всім трьом препаратам порівняння: диклофенаку натрію, кверцетину і лоратадину. Таким чином, встановлено, що РСВЕЛА має антиексудативну дію, що є обгрунтуванням подальших досліджень з перспективою створення на його основі нових ефективних фітопрепаратів для профілактики та фармакокорекції запальних процесів.

Effects of four faba bean extracts on growth parameters, textural quality, oxidative responses, and gut characteristics in grass carp

Faba bean (Vicia faba) is proven to improve muscle textural quality in fish, but also causes growth retardation possibly inducing oxidative damage and/or nutritional disturbances. Here we used ultrasonic processing to isolate four faba bean extracts (FB water extract, alcohol extract, proteins, and residues), and then these extracts were mixed with commercial feed. Whole faba bean and commercial feed were used as controls. After grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) were fed with the six experimental diets for 100 d, their growth, textural quality, oxidative response, and gut characteristics were analyzed. Results showed that whole faba bean and FB water extract significantly increased textural parameters (hardness, springiness, and chewiness), collagen content, and fiber density in grass carp muscle (P < 0.05). Also, the whole faba bean and FB water extract contained similar contents of vicine, a pro-oxidant that has been supposed to improve the textural quality, suggesting that vicine may be responsible for the improvement of textural quality in grass carp. However, importantly, vicine was not likely to be the growth inhibitor in faba bean because the growth rate of the FB water extract group was much higher than that of the whole faba beans group (P < 0.05). The presence of other oxidative substance(s) and anti-nutritional factors was suggested because both FB water and alcohol extract groups showed reduced intestinal oxidative damage and improved hematological indexes compared with the whole faba beans group (P < 0.05); indeed, FB residues group showed the worst oxidative responses and the lowest growth rate among all group tested. Taken together, this study highlights the potential usefulness of FB water extract in aquaculture and warrants further identification of functionally active component of faba bean.

STUDY OF NEPETAE CATARIAE HERBA FRUITS AS PROMISING MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIAL

Nepetae catariae herba is used in the Russian Federation as spice. The chemical compounds of herb have been studied. This plant has been introduced into the culture. There are its domestic varieties. The fruits of the plant accumulate up to 25% of fatty oil and contain specific laballenic acid, which has a wide range of antimicrobial and fungicidal actions. The yield of fruit crops is 5–6 c/ha.The aim is to study some criteria for the standardization of the quality of Nepetae catariae herb as a new medicinal plant raw material.Materials and methods. The studied fruits are from the biological collection of Federal State Budgetary Institution of All – Russia Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Binocular magnifier brand MBS-10 and Axioplan 2 imaging microscope by Carl Zeiss were used. The sample preparation was carried out according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (XIV edition). Anatomical diagnostic features were studied in powder and cross section with staining reagents for the presence of some biologically active substances. Qualitative reactions were carried out with water and alcohol-water extracts from the fruits. The content of the lipid complex according to pharmacopoeia monograph 2.5.0035.15 has been determined.Results. A description of the external and diagnostic anatomical features is given. The main groups of biologically active substances and the content of the lipid complex in a possible new material – the fruits of Nepeta cataria – have been identified.Conclusion. The description of the external features of the fruit has been specified. For the first time, crushed fruits have been characterized. It has been established that the morphology of endocarp cells and seed embryo cells are best preserved in a mellow fruit. Physico-optical properties of cellular structures and the ability for basic microchemical reactions are preserved in all zones of pericarp and seeds. Qualitative reactions showed the presence of the following components in the fruits: saponins, flavonoids and a lipid complex. A dispersion composition has been studied. The yield of the lipid complex and its appearance have been determined. Fruits can be used as promising fat-oil raw materials. The results of the study can be used in drafting Pharmacovigilance Reference Document considering a promising type of medicinal plant raw material on the basis of Nepetae catariae herba fruits.

Creating functional foodstuffs from high-technological larval raw materials

The possibility of using the apiproducts of the larval origin from the drone larvae in the production of functional foodstuff, such as bakery, confectionery and honey products enriched with high-grade protein, biologically active high-functional substances and complexes that gave them therapeutic and prophylactic, and immune-modulating properties is substantiated in the paper. The recipes for the functional foodstuffs, such as the “Bilar-api” bread, “Pchelka” api-dragee, “Bilar” api-honney, “Bilar” api-honney with bee glue (propolis), enriched with apiproduct from the drone larvae have been developed. To impart an immune-modulating and functional effect to the products, the “Bilar” api-product with a high content of SH-groups, decenoic acids, vitamins, as well as flower pollen, honey, and bee glue in the form of a water-alcohol extract have been used. Preference for these substances has been given because phenolic compounds with P-vitamin activity, unsaturated compounds of isoprene nature, have antioxidant, and fungicidal impacts. They are manifested in their ability to protect the body from the destructive effect of various damaging factors (ionizing radiation, free oxidation radicals, reactive oxygen species, etc.). The “Bilar” powder has a major content of high-grade protein (50-51%), which contains all essential amino acids, and on lysine, tryptophan and histidine exceeds the level of ideal protein on the FAO/WHO scale by almost two times, on the fatty acid composition practically corresponds to the formula of balanced nutrition, vitamins, and decenoic acids (7.9%), as well as sulfhydryl compounds (1160.1 mg/%). Decenoic acid has pronounced antibiotic properties and antitumor effect, exerting an inhibitory effect on the malignant tumors. New functional food products were manufactured on the basis of traditional production technologies using sparing technological regimes and with utilization of apiproducts (the “Bilar” powder, pollen, etc.). Based on the results of the comprehensive study, the increase in the quality and quantity indicators of functional foodstuffs in comparison with control, the increase in biological and nutritional value, as well as improved organoleptic and physics and chemical parameters have been established.

Pharmacological properties of endemic plants growing in the steppes of Kazakhstan

The number of people who suffer from secondary immunodeficiency diseases is increasing. Secondary immunodeficiency diseases develop due to environmental degradation, abuse of various preservatives, stabilizers in foods and long-term storage products, abuse of the use of drugs with a cytostaticeffect, the use of antibiotics in the cultivation of cattle and poultry. The compoundswere obtained fromplants of the Halostachys caspica (Pall) C.A.Mey.ex Schrenk,Suaeda microphylla Pall., Climacoptera obtusifolia (Schrenk) Botsch.Plant extracts were investigatedon myelostimulating activity. The compoundobtained from plants of the Halostachys caspica (Pall) C.A.Mey.ex Schrenk by means of water-alcoholextractionwithout heating showed high myelostimulating activity. It effectively stimulated erythro-,thrombocyto- and leukopoiesis, and in stimulating the leukocyte population, it equally effectively increased the values of granulocyte and agranulocyte leukocytes. The compounds derived from the Suaedamicrophylla Pall. and Climacoptera obtusifolia (Schrenk) Botsch.showed low myelostimulating activity.It should be noted that the water-alcohol extracts of plants without heating showed higher activity thanthe extracts that have undergone thermal heating.Key words: myelostimulating activity, endemic plants, steppes of Kazakhstan.

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE SUM OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN FRUIT OF RHUS TYPHINA(L.)

The genus Rhus of the Anacardiaceae family includes about 120–150 species of small trees, bushes, and lianas. The chemical composition of the sumac fluffy Rhus typhina (L.) is almost unknown. Previously, some phenolic compounds (rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, tannin, gallic acid) were identified in the fruits of the plant. To quantify the amount of phenolic compounds in the raw materials studied, a method based on the complexation reaction of phenolic compounds with a phosphomolybdic-tungsten reagent (Folin-Denis reagent) in an alkaline medium was chosen. The optimal conditions for the complexation reaction are selected: the ratio of the solution of gallic acid and Denis-Folin reagent is 0.06 mg / 1.6 ml, respectively. For the quantitative determination of the amount of phenolic compounds for the aqueous extraction of sumac fluffy must be added 1.1 ml of Denis-Folin reagent, to alcohol-water extraction – 1.2 ml of Folin-Denis reagent. The maximum value of optical density in aqueous and alcohol-aqueous extractions is observed at a wavelength of 720 nm. In alcohol-water extraction, more phenolic compounds (A = 0.8683) pass into the alcoholic water than to the aqueous one (A = 0.6346). The method used is valid and can be used for quantitative determination of the amount of phenolic compounds in fruits of sumac fluffy. To evaluate the linearity, the regression equation is calculated y = 941.67x + 0.0725 and the correlation coefficient r = 0.9895. The concentration of phenolic compounds in alcohol-water extraction was determined from the calibration graph. The average content of the sum of the phenolic compounds in terms of the gallic acid in the alcohol- water extraction was 10.04 ± 0.17%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is 2.61%.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR OBTAINING OF TENESTROL SUBSTANCE OF ESTROGENIC AC-TION FROM THE AERIAL PARTS OF FERULA TENUISECTA

Extraction of the sum of esters of the sesquiterpene alcohols from the aerial part of Ferula tenuisecta and purification of obtained extract were studied, allowing in following to get the final substance without green coloration. It was determined the optimum adsorbent – actuated coal and its amount for removing the green coloration of water-alcohol extract from used raw materials. It was found that for the purification of the bottoms of water-alcohol extract, five-fold treatment with extractive petrol in a volume ratio of water solution – solvent 2:1 is necessary, and for extraction esters from a purified water solution – three-fold extraction with ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of water solution – solvent 2:1.&#x0D; It was used a filler to effective drying the substance of Tenestrol. The microcrystalline cellulose in a weight ratio from 1:8 to 1:10 to the raw material was chosen as the optimum filler.&#x0D; Technology for obtain of substance of esters of sesquiterpene alcohols with estrogenic action from the aerial part of Ferula tenuisecta was developed and called “Tenestrol”. From this technology substance "Tenestrol" with yield of 3.8% by weight of the raw material is obtained, which contains not less 20% of the esters.

Investigation Effects of Lavenders Flowers Extracts on Catalase Activity and Some Microorganisms.

The present study was proposed to examine one of the important herbal plant is known Lavender and study the interaction of its extracts with enzymatic oxidation reduction process and anti microorganism. The catalase assay in vitro was implied in this work. Lavender flower containing on essential oils has been many uses for disease treatment, this plant bring from the trading market in Iraq. The current study involved biological activity on two ways; alcoholic extract on enzymatic activity, other way hot water extract and alcoholic extract on four isolate of bacteria and one type fungi. (The weight of flower is equal to 1gm/50ml for two extracts). The results of this study demonstrated effect of lavender to be activator agent of catalase enzymatic activity and Vmax was calculated without and with extract that equal to (88.6, 208)Ku/L and km equal to (53.5, 72.4)mM respectively by Line weaver-Burk plot. The activation percentage was calculated by using different volume of Ethanolic extract, that maximum activation is recorded equal to 133.6% at substrate concentration 60 mM and 100µl alcoholic extract. On the other hand their effects on microorganism obvious in the present study that showed not effect began.

LIPID COMPOSITION AND MEMBRANOPROTECTIVE ACTION OF EXTRACT FROM MARINE GREEN ALGAE ULVA LACTUCA (L.)

The object of the present study was a water-alcohol extract obtained from the dried thallus of the marine green alga Ulva lactuca (L.) (syn.: Ulva fenestrate P. et R.) – ulva lettuce. Glycolipids (40.6%) and neutral lipids (34%) prevailed in the lipid fraction of the extract; phospholipids contained 13.4% of the total lipids. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was 50% of the total amount of fatty acids, among which PUFA of the n-3 family predominated (37.43%). On the model of toxic hepatitis induced by the introduction of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (50% solution in olive oil, subcutaneously 2 ml/kg for 4 days), we study the effect of the lipid fraction of U. lactuca extract and the commercial reference preparation Essentiale® on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of erythrocytes and lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes in rats. The introduction of the lipid fraction from the ulva (dose 80 mg of total lipids per kg of body weight) to the animals intragastrically for 7 days after withdrawal of CCl4 exerted a protective effect, which was manifested in the restoration of the erythrocyte size characteristics (average volume and diameter), their osmotic resistance to hemolysis, levels of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione, as well as maintaining of the ratio of phospholipid fractions. Under the damaging effects of CCl4, the lipid fraction from the green alga U. lactuca was not inferior to the effectiveness of reference preparation Essentiale® in restoring of the physiological characteristics of erythrocytes and the phospholipid composition of its membranes.

Fucoidan-rich Sargassum wightii extract supplemented with α-amylase improve growth and immune responses of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings

Fucoidan-rich seaweed extract (FRSE) was prepared from Sargassum wightii by modified alcohol-water extraction method. A 45-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the individual and combined effect of fucoidan-rich seaweed extract (FRSE—20 g kg−1) and exogenous α-amylase (100 mg kg−1) on the growth response, metabolic enzymes, immune parameters, and amylase gene expression of Labeo rohita. Four purified iso-nitrogenous diets (350 g CP kg−1 feed) with different combinations of α-amylase were prepared. Among the various treatment groups, the group fed with FRSE along with amylase group exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) weight gain, SGR, PER, liver metabolic enzyme activities, and lower FCR than the control group. The hematological and serum parameters such as NBT, erythrocyte count, plasma protein, albumin and globulin values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the FRSE fed groups. LDH activities and antioxidant enzyme activities reduced significantly in FRSE fed groups, whereas activities were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the α-amylase fed and control groups. The intestinal amylase activities were significantly higher in the α-amylase fed groups, while expression of amylase gene mRNA was significantly lower in the α-amylase-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between control and FRSE fed groups in both, intestinal amylase activities and amylase gene mRNA expression. Overall results confirmed that FRSE extracted from S. wightii enhances immune responses, but not the growth. Further, it does not show any evidence of an inhibitory effect on intestinal amylase activity as well as on the mRNA levels. Hence, the α-amylase supplementation at 100 mg kg−1 with 20 g kg−1 FRSE in L. rohita fingerlings diet provides growth-promoting effect without compromising its immune-modulating effect.

Method of obtaining of extract by the method of Modified Maceration

This article describes an effective method of modified maceration to obtain of the extract of Frangula alnus, which can later be used for various dosage forms. The study used four methods for extracting: method of modified maceration, method of maceration, method of percolation, method of repercolation. When using the modified maceration method, the maximum yield of anthracene derivatives from the medicinal plant materials was observed. The method of obtaining of medicinal product in the form of Frangula alnus bark extract, obtained by water-alcohol extraction is characterized in that water-alcohol extraction of Frangula alnus bark is done by dividing the material into 3 equal parts, 40% ethyl alcohol is added to each part at a ratio of raw materials-extractant 1: 10, and then the first part insist for 48 hours, the second-12 hours, the third-30 minutes in a boiling water bath; then the material is squeezed out, the extraction is settled for 2 days in the cold (at a temperature of 8°C) for precipitate the ballast substances, then it is filtered out. The obtained wateralcohol extraction of Frangula alnus bark is brittle evaporated to a thick extract with a moisture content of not more than 25% (registration number of the patent application no 2019106226).

Mitigating Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Using a Water-Alcohol Extract of Phellinus caryophylli (Agaricomycetes) in a Murine Model.

This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect of a water-alcohol extract of the medicinal mushroom Phellinus caryophylli (Racib.) G. Cunn. (PCE) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. The mice orally received APAP (150 mg/kg body weight), followed by PCE extract (250 or 500 mg/kg body weight). The liver damage induced by APAP was analyzed on the basis of blood serum parameters (glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase), antioxidant assays (reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase), and tissue peroxidation based on malondialdehyde level. The molecular mechanism underlying the prevention of APAP-induced damage by PCE was also analyzed. Liver damage was confirmed on the basis of increased serum parameter values, decreased antioxidant levels, and cellular and molecular alterations, which PCE restored in a dose-dependent manner. At a transcriptional level, PCE downregulated expression of the preapoptototic gene Bax and the inflammatory gene Cox2 but upregulated the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 in the mice that received APAP. PCE exerted a hepatoprotective effect by preventing apoptotic and inflammatory events caused by APAP. Thus, this study demonstrates a hepatoprotective effect of PCE, which could be explored further for managing hepatopathy.

ПРОТИВООПУХОЛЕВАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ СУХОГО ЭКСТРАКТА PADUS GRAYANAE MAXIM IN VITRO

Objective: To study the antitumor activity of dry extract Padus Grayanae Maxim in vitro conditions. Methods: The object of the study was dry extract Padus Grayanae Maxim, obtained by lyophilic drying method from water-alcohol extraction of plant medicinal raw materials and standardized in content chlorogenic and coffee acids. The study of the cytotoxicity of Padus Grayanae Maxim dry extract conducted on cultures of tumor cells that were derived from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Cell mortality was assessed using the MTT test to form a non-soluble formazan. Results: It has been established that the studied phytoextraction an antitumor effect in relation to the lines of tumor cells of human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), stomach adenocarcinoma (AGS), human pancreatic carcinoma (MiaPaCa2) and rhabdomyosarcoma of mice (RD). At the same time, fairly high specificity of the action of the studied phytoextraction revealed in relation to the tumor cells adenocarcinoma of the human stomach (AGS). The cell line of tumor cells of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) has shown resistance to dry extract Padus Grayanae Maxim. Conclusion: The antitumor effect of the dry extract Padus Grayanae Maxim in vitro conditions has been revealed. At the same time, a specific action against various tumor strains may be due to flavonoids, chlorogenic and coffee acids, which have a wide range of cytotoxicity. Keywords: Dry extract Padus Grayanae Maxim, antitumor activity, flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, coffee acid.

Ocena potencjału allelopatycznego Solidago gigantea Aiton w odniesieniu do suchej masy Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. oraz Amaranthus retroflexus L.

Laboratory analyses using the 1st generation bioassay were conducted in the years 2013-2014 to investigate the allelopathic potential of wateralcoholic and aqueous extracts from dry weight of rhizomes and roots as well as stems and leaves of Solidago gigantea. Analysed acceptors were two weed species, i.e. monocotyledonous Echinochloa crus-galli and dicotyledonous Amaranthus retroflexus. When the acceptors (E. crus-galli and A. retroflexus) reached the 2-leaf stage (BBCH 12) they were sprayed with wateralcoholic and aqueous extracts (at concentrations of 12.5%, 10%, 5% and 2.5%) obtained from the donor, i.e. S. gigantea. Results indicate an inhibitory effect of wateralcoholic extracts from aboveground parts (leaves and stems) of S. gigantea in relation to dry weight of E. crus-galli and A. retroflexus. The volume of dry weight reduction in acceptors was dependent on the concentration of extracts produced from the donor plant S. gigantea. Dry weight of E. crus-galli and A. retroflexus was reduced most effectively by two concentrations: 12.5% and 10%. In turn, aqueous extracts from rhizomes and roots of S. gigantea, irrespective of the applied concentration, caused an increase in dry weight of E. crus-galli and A. retroflexus. Only aqueous extracts produced from leaves and stems of S. gigantea, irrespective of their concentration, reduced dry weight in only E. crus-galli.

On the possibility of using biologically active substances of aspen bark in brewing

The integrated use of aspen biomass can ensure the effective development of forestry and timber processing industries, reduce the share of waste. From the bark of aspen we obtained aqueous and water-alcohol extracts containing a complex of extractive substances possessing biological activity and representing practically all classes of organic compounds found in plants (vitamins, enzymes, proteins, fats, essential oils, etc.). As a raw material, a crushed aspen bark with a moisture content of 5% and an equivalent particle diameter of 2 mm was used. Extractants – water distilled and water-alcoholic solution 1:1. Extraction conditions: hydromodule– 10 g/g, temperature – 40°C, ultrasound frequency – 44 kHz. The effect of water-alcohol extracts on the fermentation of sucrose by beer yeast S-33 was studied. The expediency of using water-alcohol extract of aspen cortex at a dosage of 1% of the nutrient medium is shown. At the same time ferment activity of yeast increases, sugar consumption decreases by the side processes of fermentation, the economic coefficient showing the yield of ethanol from a unit of substrate is increased by 5,5% in comparison with the control. The kinetic characteristics of the fermentation process are calculated. The maximum specific growth rates of yeast and sugar consumption are observed when using water-alcohol extract of bark of aspen at a dosage of 1% and are 0,0052 h-1 and 0,049 g/(g-h), respectively. On the basis of the conducted studies, it can be concluded that the water-alcohol extract of the aspen bark should be used at a dosage of 1% of the nutrient medium. At the same time ferment activity of yeast increases, sugar consumption decreases by the side processes of fermentation, the economic coefficient showing the yield of ethanol from a unit of substrate is increased by 5,5% in comparison with the control. Industrial use of this extract in the production of beer will shorten the duration of the main fermentation for 1 day, increase the capacity of the fermentation unit and reduce the specific rates of energy consumption.

DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRAPE SEED POWDERS BY GC-MS ANALYSIS

Substantiation of the expedience of using of natural antioxidants for inhibiting of oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity in confectionary industry is an urgent direction. The offered way of solving the problem is to use a fat-less grape seed powder, a product, obtained as wastes of vine-making as a source of antioxidants. For this aim, there were realized experimental studies of water-alcohol extracts (ethanol, isopropanol) by the method of gas chromatography with mass-spectroscopic detection (CG-MS) of the chemical composition of grape seed powders under industrial conditions. The obtained data allowed to establish that the studied extracts contain an essential amount of phenol compounds of the different origin: aromatic acids – gallic and egallic acids; resveratrol; flavonoids – quercetin and its derivatives, catechine, epicatechine, campferol and others alongside with esters of fatty acids. These components are strong antioxidants, and their introduction to a grape seed powder must favor inhibition of the oxidizing process of fats in fat-containing confectionary products, so increasing shelf-life of products.

Comparative cardio and developmental toxicity induced by the popular medicinal extract of Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. detected using a zebrafish Tuebingen embryo model

BackgroundSutherlandia frutescens is one of the most promising commercialized, indigenous and medicinal plants of South Africa that is used as an immune-booster, and a traditional treatment for cancer. However, few studies report on its toxicology and dosage in vivo. There is still room to better understand its cytotoxicity effects in animal systems.MethodsWe prepared two extracts, one with 80% (v/v) ethanol, and the other, with water. Both were studied to determine the maximum tolerable concentration when extracts were applied at 0 to 200 μg/ml to a Tuebingen zebrafish embryo line. The development of zebrafish embryos after 24 h post fertilization (hpf) was studied. A concentration range of 5 μg/ml to 50 μg/ml was then chosen to monitor the ontological development of cultured embryos. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to study the differences of the two experimental extracts. Chemical variation between the extracts was illustrated using chemometrics.ResultsBoth extracts led to bleeding and pericardial cyst formation when applied at high concentrations to the zebrafish embryo culture. Chronic teratogenic toxicities, leading to pericardial edema, yolk sac swelling, and other abnormal developmental characteristics, were detected. The aqueous extracts of S. frutescens were less toxic to the larvae than the ethanol extracts, validating preference for aqueous preparations when used in traditional medicine. Chemical differences between the water extracts and alcoholic extracts were analysed using LC-MS/MS. A supervised metabolomics approach, targeting the sutherlandiosides and sutherlandins using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), illustrated that sutherlandiosides were the main chemical features that can be used to distinguish between the two extracts, despite the extracts being highly similar in their chemical constituents.ConclusionThe water extract caused less cytotoxic and abnormal developmental effects compared to the ethanolic extract, and, this is likely due to differences in concentrations of extracted chemicals rather than the chemical profile per se. This study provides more evidence of cytotoxicity effects linked to S. frutescens using the zebrafish embryo bioassay as a study tool.

The antiulcer effect of the thick water-alcohol extract from unripe walnut fruits on the model of acute alcohol-prednisolone ulcer of the rat’s stomach in different modes of administration

The importance of herbal medicines cannot be overestimated. The presence of the walnut nut in the composition of BAS causes a large number of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, membrane- stabilizing, reparative, softening, astringent and antimicrobial, and it makes a thick extract of unripe walnut fruits a promising remedy for the treatment or prevention of stomach ulcer. Aim. To study the antiulcer activity of a thick extract from unripe walnut fruits in different modes of administration on the model of alcohol-prednisolone ulcer in rats. Materials and methods. The study object is a thick water-alcohol (30 % ethanol) extract from unripe walnut fruits (EIWF 30). The antiulcer properties of EIWF 30 were studied on the alcohol-prednisolone model of experimental ulcers. The thick extract was administered in preventive, curative, therapeutic and prophylactic modes intragastrically in the dose of 25 mg/kg. The intensity of ulcerative lesions and the antiulcer activity was assessed by macroscopic indices of the intensity of ulcerative defects in the coolant. Gastrointestinal parameters and the coolant state were evaluated. Results. The antiulcer activity of EIWF 30 in the dose of 25 mg/kg on the alcohol-prednisolone gastric ulcer in rats in the preventive mode of administration exceeds the activity of the reference drug by 16.67 %, in the therapeutic mode by 15.30 %, in the therapeutic and prophylactic mode by 15.38 %. The results obtained confirm the morphological studies. The administration of EIWF 30 in the dose of 25 mg/kg in the therapeutic and prophylactic mode contributed to a significant improvement in the state of the gastric mucosa structures, ulcerous lesions were absent, and the histological pattern corresponded to a mildly expressed reactive gastritis. Conclusions. The introduction of the alcohol-prednisolone mixture led to development of acute ulcerative lesions of the stomach as evidenced by the data from the macroscopic study of the coolant. EIWF 30 in the dose of 25 mg/kg for this pathology in various modes of administration shows the antiulcer activity, which is not inferior to the activity of the reference drug.

Study of anti-inflammatory activity and acute toxicity of common pine extracts

For pharmacological correction of inflammation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are traditionally used. The mechanism of action of most of these drugs is related to the ability to suppress the synthesis of prostaglandins by blockade of cyclooxygenase enzymes. Because the world is saved increased interest in finding new drugs, possibly with unconventional mechanism of action and, of course, with minimal side effects. Perspective in this respect are substances of vegetable origin - pine extracts of ordinary.&#x0D; Objects of the study: water extract from pine sylvestris, alcohol extract (70%) from pine sylvestris. Acute toxicity of dry extract of common pine was determined according to toxicological classification of Sydorov K. K. (1973). Experimental research of acute toxicity was performed according to the method of Prozorovskii V. К. and co-authors (1983). Nonlinear rats of both sexes were involved in the experiment. Observation of the animals was conducted during 14 days. According to the results of research the extract of common pine is classified as the substance of the 5-th toxic class practically non-toxic. The anti-inflammatory activity of common pine extracts was determined on the model of inflammation of the rat paw. For morphological studies were carried fence organs: heart, liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs. Preparation of organs for the research was performed according to the generally accepted in morphology. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Research results were processed using the statistical package of program «STATISTICA® for Windows 10.0» (StatSoft Inc.). The estimation of authenticity of differences of average value was conducted using the Student’s t- criterion. Changes were considered reliable at р ≤ 0.05. The results of the study of acute toxicity of dry extract of Scots pine (LD50 &gt; 6 000 mg/kg). Allowed to carry this extract, according to the generally accepted classification of K. Sidorov's toxicity to the fifth grade - practically non-toxic. When conducting histological studies it was found that the surface of the liver, kidneys and adrenals is smooth. Color, shape, size of organs is normal. Pancreas is grayish-pink in color. The spleen is full-blooded, supple. Slime shell of the stomach with a pronounced relief of the folds. The intestinal mucosa is unchanged. In the thoracic cavity, all the organs of sowing are anatomically correct. The heart muscle on the incision is dark red, the airway sheets of the pleura are not changed. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was shown is manifested by the water-alcoholic extract of common pine, which suppressed the inflammatory reaction on 6,5% after 5 hours.