Alcohol Rehabilitation Research Articles

Positive Psychology Intervention (PPI) Program for Persons Who Use Drugs (PWUDS): A Pilot Study.

Building on the premises of Positive Psychology, this undertaking conducted a pilot study of the designed 14-session Positive Psychology Intervention (PPI) program established based on the character strengths and virtues (CSV) of persons who use drugs (PWUDs) to assess its usefulness, delivery details, and impacts. Conducted in one of the biggest Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in the Philippines, 24 PWUDs were randomly selected by the program staff to participate in its pilot run while securing all necessary ethical guidelines and requirements. Via within-subjects pretest-posttest experimental design, the especially adapted and developed tools were used to assess the PWUDs' progress as they were facilitated by the said program. Results yielded significant improvements in the PWUDs' mental wellbeing (M = 1.29, SD = 0.35; t(21) = 9.30, P < .00001), life satisfaction (M = 1.82, SD = 0.24; t(21) = 9.89, P < .00001), and psychological functioning (M = 1.65, SD = 0.19; t(21) = 8.58, P < .00001). Moreover, the PWUDs regarded the designed PPI program very highly and experienced it with positive outcomes, especially for their CSVs. Further improvement of the said program centers around proper time allotment, number of participants in the program sessions, appropriate activities per session, including specific ice breaker games, activity materials needed, and the proper sequencing of each session. These data are used to improve the PPI program structures and components. Pertinent conclusions about the gathered data were drawn, and relevant recommendations were also thereby provided.

The effectiveness of court-mandated compulsory treatment in promoting abstinence among people with substance use disorders in Iran

BackgroundIn Iran, people living with substance use disorders who engage in public drug use may be subjected to court-mandated treatment in compulsory drug detention and rehabilitation centers (CDDRC). This study aims to assess residential CDDRC's effectiveness in promoting sustained abstinence among people who use drugs (PWUD) in Kerman, Iran. MethodsBetween October 1, 2021, and September 30, 2022, 1,083 adult male PWUD with a diagnosis of substance use disorders and a history of engagement in public drug use were admitted to the CDDRC in Kerman. They were followed-up for 12 months after discharge. The relationship between baseline variables and abstinence, assessed using rapid urine tests, was examined using crude logistic regression models. ResultsMost PWUD were 30 or older (n = 876, 80.9 %) and had a history of previous CDDRC admission (n = 638, 58.9 %). At the end of the 12-month follow-up, only 2.6 % (95 % confidence intervals: 1.7–3.7) were abstinent. Individuals with limited education (Odds ratio [OR] = 3.43; 1.50–7.95) and those with a prior history of admission to the CDDRC (OR = 3.73; 1.55–9.89) had increased odds of relapse. ConclusionsThe effectiveness of CDDRC in promoting abstinence among the participants was minimal. This highlights the necessity of reassessing support and investment in these interventions and considering more evidence-informed alternative approaches in Iran.

Managing Opioid Addiction in Adolescents in the Community: Experiences from Two Cases

Abstract Introduction: Adolescent opioid use in India has emerged as a critical public health concern, with a 2018 survey revealing 1.8% of adolescents aged 10–17 years as past-year opioid users. We present here the experiences of two cases of adolescent opioid users from a community-based drug treatment clinic in Delhi. Case Description: Case 1 involved a 17-year-old male suffering from opioid and tobacco dependence. His treatment, starting about 3 years back, showcased challenges in withdrawal management, leading to successful opioid agonist treatment (OAT), employment, and positive social reintegration over follow-up. Case 2 was a 15-year-old male with opioid, cannabis, tobacco, and volatile solvent dependence who presented about 2.5 years back to us. Despite treatment initiation in February 2021 and positive strides in OAT, employment, and cessation of injecting drug use, challenges persisted, highlighting the necessity for effective tailored interventions in managing substance use disorder in adolescents. Conclusion: Adolescent opioid use disorder can be managed in the community with OAT, though challenges of dropout do remain.

Effects of Different Exercise Modalities on Sex Hormones and Anxiety and Depression in Female Drug Addicts

To explore the effects of different exercise modes on sex hormones and anxiety and depression of female drug addicts. METHODS: A random sampling method was used to include 30 female drug addicts who met the criteria from the Female Compulsory Drug Rehabilitation Center in Nanan District, Chongqing, China, who were randomly divided into a yoga group (n=10), a physical fitness group (n=10), and a control group (n=10), and underwent intervention training for a period of 12 weeks, 3 times per week, 1 h each time. The subjects' serum luteinizing hormone (LH), pituitary prolactin (PRL), and estradiol (E2) levels were quantitatively detected and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Changes in sex hormone levels of female drug addicts showed that serum luteinizing hormone (LH), pituitary prolactin (PRL), and estradiol (E2) levels were reduced compared with those of the control group. 12 weeks of different training interventions were able to regulate sex hormones, and hormone levels of the Yoga group and the Physical Fitness group were all significantly reduced (P&lt;0.01), and the Yoga group was significantly lower than the Physical Fitness group and the control group (P&lt;0.05); and reduced anxiety (HAHA), and reduced anxiety (HAHA). And reduce anxiety (HAHA) and depression (SDS) status.

Drug Rehabilitation in Egypt: Achievements, Challenges and Research Needs

It is estimated that more than 800 drug rehabilitation centres are operating in Egypt now, with a total of around forty thousand beds. Almost all of these centres apply a 12-Step Therapeutic Community Philosophy. The first steps of this approach can be traced to the year 1989 and along these 34 years, the estimate of clients who achieved stable abstinence is about 120 thousand clients who had a diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder (SUD), with or without a concomitant other psychiatric diagnosis. In this article we shall report on history, development, structure, processes and some highlights of published and original research, and the achievements, challenges and research gaps of this psychosocial approach in this country. Regional and international connections and contexts will also be mentioned.

Caregiver Burden in Substance Use Disorders Patients

Background: Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) impose significant challenges not only on individuals grappling with addiction but also on the caregivers who provide support and care. The caregiving role is associated with multifaceted burdens that require understanding and targeted interventions. Recognizing the diverse dimensions of caregiver burden is crucial for offering effective support. Objective: The study aimed to find out the caregiver burden in substance use disorder patients, examining severity and socio-demographic correlations, contributing insights into effective support strategies. Methodology: The cross-sectional observational study took place at Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College's Psychiatry Department and a private psychiatric and drug rehabilitation center in Sylhet from September 1, 2018, to August 31, 2020. The research focused on substance use disorder patients and their caregivers, involving 50 eligible patients selected through inclusion and exclusions criteria. Diagnoses followed DSM IV criteria. Socio-demographics were gathered via semi-structured questionnaires. Caregiver burden was assessed using the Bengali Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) scale through approximately hour-long interviews, with 1-2 daily. Ethical procedures encompassed informed consent and confidentiality assurance. Result: The study included 50 male participants. Patients mean age was 31.92 (±8.21) and caregivers mean age was 41.68 (±12.89). Mainly, caregivers were mothers (40%) and wives (34%). Caregivers experiencing moderate to severe burden were 58%, mild to moderate burden were 26%, and severe burden were 16%. Mean ZBI score was 48.22±13.55. Higher burden correlated with illiteracy, low family income, excessive drug spending, prolonged substance use, and multiple drug usage. Alcohol users faced more burden than other substance users. Female caregivers, younger age, and housewives experienced heightened burden. No burden links were found with marital status, habitat, religion, family type, or drug administration method. Conclusion: This study concluded that Substance use heightens caregiver burden, notably among female, young, and housewife caregivers. Addressing these trends is vital for effective care of substance use

Determinants of Contraceptive Discontinuation among Homeless Women in Kenya

This paper examines factors affecting contraceptive discontinuity among homeless women in Kenya, using data from a sample of 384 homeless women. The findings were estimated using logistic regression. The estimated results from regression analysis show that living with a partner, drug use, health facility delivery, and knowledge of female sterilization and previously emigrating from an urban area, strongly encourage contraceptive discontinuation. The estimated results further show that being assisted by a midwife during delivery, earning above a dollar a day, and going through neonatal or pregnancy loss reduces incidences of contraceptive discontinuation. The study concludes with implications for policies that will encourage consistent use of contraceptives. These policies include the establishment of family planning programs to curb drug abuse and setting up family planning programs to educate women on the importance of initiating a form of contraception after incidences of abortions, stillbirths, or miscarriages. Other policy recommendations include the establishment of drug rehabilitation centers for women struggling with drug abuse and the provision of alternative sources of income. The government is also advised to train more midwives who can offer home based care for homeless women who cannot visit health centers.

Reading comprehension evaluation by means of the NEUROPSI assessment tool in patients attending “alcoholics anonymous” due to alcohol consumption

Alcohol drinking negatively affects the reading skill. The article addresses the prevalence of reading difficulties in alcohol rehabilitation patients by applying the neuropsychological assessment tool NEUROPSI. Methodology: non-experimental, exploratory, and observational study based on the Neuropsychological assessment tool NEUROPSI in Spanish (brief version). Findings: In a sample of 20 participants, the results indicate that only 40% fall within the normal values, whilst 60% exhibit low scores in reading comprehension, concentration, and attention. Lastly, 60% of the participants presented alterations in neurocognitive functions, with 25% indicating moderate alterations, 20% revealing severe alterations, and 15% exhibiting mild alterations.

Pengembangan Kapasitas Residen dengan Metode Therapeutic Community di Panti Rehabilitasi Narkoba Ar-Rahman Palembang

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Drug abuse, psychotropics, and other addictive substances have increased in Indonesia. Drug abuse can pose a serious threat to social life and health in society. The National Narcotics Agency of South Sumatra Province recorded that the prevalence of drug abuse throughout 2021 reached 5.5 percent or as many as 359,363 people from the total population of South Sumatra Province. This figure is the second highest in Indonesia. There is a need for a social movement from the government or society to overcome the problem of drug abuse. An independent society is a society that has good capacity. Capacity building to develop the quality of personal characteristics to be more effective and efficient both in the entity and global scope. The research aims to determine the process of capacity building of residents with the Therapeutic Community method at the Ar-Rahman Palembang Drug Rehabilitation Center. Qualitative research method with descriptive qualitative type through phenomenological research strategy. Research informants consist of key informants, key informants and supporting informants. The residents become the unit of data analysis. Data collection techniques through observation, documentation, and interviews. Technical data analysis through the process of data collection, data coding, data presentation and conclusions. The process of the Therapeutic Community Method focuses on coaching which includes 4 main things, namely: (1) changing behavior, (2) controlling emotions and thoughts, (3) growing spiritually and intellectually, and (4) being able to survive and be independent&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Improving substance use disorder care: Service providers' perceptions on barriers to drug use treatment in the Western Province Sri Lanka

The increasing prevalence of drug use as well as a large number of drug users not seeking treatment is a major concern in Sri Lanka. Drug abuse treatment providers are in a unique position to identify barriers that deter drug users from accessing their services. Hence this study aimed to explore the service providers' perceptions of the barriers to drug users accessing treatment services. A qualitative study was conducted with 12 purposely selected service providers from drug treatment centres representing government, non-government, health and non-health sector institutions in the Western Province. In-depth interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire were used as the data collection method. All interviews were conducted by the Principal Investigator and were manually and digitally recorded. Interview data were transcribed and analysed using the inductive thematic analysis method. Five main themes emerged from the data. The main themes were easily identified as being drug user-related factors and service provider-related factors. Poor drug-related health literacy and negative environmental influences were drug user-related factors which service providers perceived as barriers. Service providers perceived that poor provider training, bureaucratic challenges and poor interagency cooperation are barriers within their own programmes that act as barriers for drug users when accessing treatment services. Service providers perceived that drug users who require treatment confront numerous barriers when accessing the help, they need. It is important to address these barriers in order to improve treatment services for this marginalized group.

“They are survivors”. Violence against women drug users: a qualitative analysis of the professionals’ narratives

Background Women who use drugs are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence (GBV), with serious psychological, social, physical and inter-generational consequences. The professionals who attend to the women who seek help when they have a problem with a psychoactive substance are an essential group for detecting and intervening in cases of GBV against women who use drugs. Methods We have conducted a qualitative investigation. Our sources are eight focus groups with Spanish professionals from all the disciplines involved in the field. The total sample was purposive in nature and comprised 55 professionals from the field of drug dependence. Results Both the invisibility of women who use drugs as victims of GBV and the androcentrism present in drug treatment centers define the institutional violence that appears in the professionals’ narratives. According to professionals, being a victim of GBV can increase the use of psychoactive substances, while the latter in turn makes women more vulnerable to GBV. Conclusions In order for the treatment of drug dependence to be sensitive and successful, it needs to include the different forms of GBV suffered by women who use drugs, alongside the effective coordination of resources and support networks.

Healthcare Management and Future Prospects Using IBM SPSS Statistics

Healthcare management hospitals, clinics, drug rehabilitation, and treatment centers for all kinds of health the smooth functions of the facility are health management in ensuring all work involved in health management, and nursing homes and the well-being older care facilities like that. Mba healthcare management is a 2-year course experts for in the health industry focusing on creating. Bachelor of morality graduates and activists national level syndicate 50% of the university% accumulated score, for the course can apply. Health expertise in management a master of business administration (MBA) in health management or management to pursue a career standard for those who want to graduate. A MBA is a business degree this is a business manager finding success information and skills provides for students. healthcare management is by nurses and doctor’s various patient care a wide range of opportunities consideration. Work stability as far as it is concerned, the public and private health departments experts in the long run appoint. So, getting a job to get expertise there is a chance. Health for management professionals demand is much higher than average, between 2021 and 2031 employment will increase by 28 percent expected, 56,600 openings per year expected. Health management professionals include hospitals, medical centers, and physician offices better care for the community, and medical products, and act with services they also have to serve. In the administration of health care, the industry in the industry is the best revenue potential, a person in people's lives opportunity to make a difference, and with high demand for health management professionals popular choices. Health for security management the guide is here, in it to consider a profession including five reasons. Health in industry in management is broad there is scale. In various organizations the availability of opportunities, stock topics, and responsibilities are different. A director or ventry from b level there are levels in position management. This means your experience regardless of size, with opportunities to advance into the field, you usually have plenty there are job options. spss statistics is a data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation developed by ibm for a statistical software package. A long time, spa inc. Was created by, ibm purchased it in 2009. The brand name for the most recent versions is ibm spss statistics. medical devices, biotechnology industry, pharmacies, nursing homes, diagnostics, pharmaceutical industry, hospital industry the cronbach's alpha reliability result. The overall cronbach's alpha value for the model is .703 which indicates 69% reliability. From the literature review, the above 70% cronbach's alpha value model can be considered for analysis.

Prevalence of Symptoms of PTSD among Inpatients with Substance Use Disorders in Drug Rehabilitation Centres in Nairobi, Kenya

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) are two mental conditions that often coexist and can exacerbate each other's effects. The study aimed to establish the prevalence of symptoms of PTSD in a sample of 178 individuals undergoing substance use rehabilitation in Nairobi, Kenya. This study employed a quantitative, correlational approach. Data was collected using a customized socio-demographic questionnaire and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist (PCL 5). Analysis used the Statistical Package for Social Scientists Version 28 (SPSS v. 28). The results indicated that 42.7% of participants exhibited symptoms of PTSD. Regarding socio-demographic characteristics, the prevalence of PTSD was higher in females (50.0%) in those aged between 18 -27 years (50.0%) in the widowed (50.0%), those who had completed college (50.0%) and the unemployed (48.3%). A further analysis to determine whether the prevalence is associated with various socio-demographic characteristics; gender, age, marital status, level of education, and employment status showed no statistically significant association. Consequently, the study recommends ongoing PTSD screenings for individuals in inpatient treatment centres to enhance the likelihood of successful treatment outcomes.

Complimentary Addictions: Pharmaceutical Experimentalism and the Problem of Recovery in Baltimore

ABSTRACT In Baltimore, clients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) experiment with prescription medicine and in doing so face new risks of noncompliance as they tread this blurry line between medical and illegal. This can potentially lead to suspension from drug treatment programs, resulting in clients finding the next most suitable treatment center to enroll into. I argue that the close interaction between drug treatment centers and illegal markets results in new pharmaceutical dependencies, forms of self-care as well as suspicions toward, but also among clients, about their intentions to recover.

The impact of perinatal maternal alcohol intake on lactation: Results from a Greek survey during the COVID-19 pandemic

Aim: The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of perinatal maternal alcohol intake on lactation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: This is a prospective, descriptive cohort study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece. Women were recruited from five tertiary maternity hospitals during January-December 2020. A total of 847 mothers participated and data were collected during their hospitalization in the maternity hospital using a structured questionnaire. Follow-up included an interview via telephone, at 1, 3 and 6 months postpartum. Results: We report significantly lower alcohol intake during the antenatal period (3.4%), lactation period (3.1%) and after cessation of breastfeeding (5.1%) in comparison with the pre-pregnancy period (22.4%, p&lt;0.001 for all correlations). Rates of alcohol intake during pregnancy, lactation and after breastfeeding discontinuation had no significant difference (p=0.848). Mothers who consumed more alcohol after discontinuation of breastfeeding (AOR = 11.51; 95% CI: 2.80 ─ 47.32, p&lt;0.001) were significantly more likely to cease breastfeeding. Furthermore, lower weekly alcohol intake after breastfeeding cessation (β= -31.81, SE: 6.47, p&lt;0.001) was associated with longer breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: Perinatal maternal alcohol intake was reduced in comparison to the pre-pregnancy period. This downward trend, compared to Greek studies carried out before the COVID-19 pandemic, indicates that this unprecedented pandemic might have contributed to the reduction of addictive substance use, possibly due to fear of illness during the vulnerable perinatal period. The involvement of spouses/partners and families in alcohol rehabilitation and abstinence programs would possibly increase the effectiveness of these programs and therefore improve overall public health.

Cost-effectiveness of integrated treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people who inject drugs in Norway: An economic evaluation of the INTRO-HCV trial.

The INTRO-HCV randomized controlled trial conducted in Norway over 2017-2019 found that integrated treatment, compared with standard-of-care hospital treatment, for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) improved treatment outcomes among people who inject drugs (PWID). We evaluated cost-effectiveness of the INTRO-HCV intervention. A Markov health state transition model of HCV disease progression and treatment with cost-effectiveness analysis from the health-provider perspective. Primary cost, utility, and health outcome data were derived from the trial. Costs and health benefits (quality-adjusted life-years, QALYs) were tracked over 50 years. Probabilistic and univariate sensitivity analyses investigated DAA price reductions and variations in HCV treatment and disease care cost assumptions, using costs from different countries (Norway, United Kingdom, United States, France, Australia). PWID attending community-based drug treatment centers for people with opioid dependence in Norway. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of cost per QALY gained, compared against a conventional (€70 000/QALY) willingness-to-pay threshold for Norway and lower (€20 000/QALY) threshold common among high-income countries. Integrated treatment resulted in an ICER of €13 300/QALY gained, with 99% and 71% probability of being cost-effective against conventional and lower willingness-to-pay thresholds, respectively. A 30% lower DAA price reduced the ICER to €6 900/QALY gained, with 91% probability of being cost-effective at the lower willingness-to-pay threshold. A 60% and 90% lower DAA price had 36% and >99% probability of being cost-saving, respectively. Sensitivity analyses suggest integrated treatment was cost-effective at the lower willingness-to-pay threshold (>60% probability) across different assumptions on HCV treatment and disease care costs with 30% DAA price reduction, and became cost-saving with 60%-90% price reductions. Integrated hepatitis C virus treatment for people who inject drugs in community settings is likely cost-effective compared with standard-of-care referral pathways in Norway and may be cost-saving in settings with particular characteristics.

Alkol Kullanım Bozukluğunun Detoksifikasyon Tedavisi Sırasında Yoksunluk Şiddeti İle İnflamasyon Parametreleri Arasındaki İlişki ̇

Objective: Alcohol withdrawal is a potentially life-threatening condition that could be seen after discontinuation or a decrease in alcohol consumption. Inflammatory processes take part in alcohol withdrawal duration. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between withdrawal severity and inflammation parameters. &#x0D; Method: This retrospective study was performed via electronic health records in an alcohol and drug treatment center between August-2021 and August-2022. One hundred forty-one inpatients with alcohol use disorder and 134 controls were enrolled. Sociodemographic, clinical, and biochemical data of the participants were collected. &#x0D; Results: The patients and the control group were similar in age, gender, and educational status. The patients’ group had higher levels of neutrophils and lower levels of lymphocytes than the control group. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) levels were higher in the patients’ group. The alcohol withdrawal severity of patients was positively correlated with NLR levels, MLR levels, the amount of daily alcohol, and years of heavy alcohol consumption. &#x0D; Conclusion: NLR and MLR are inexpensive and easily accessible markers that could be used to estimate alcohol withdrawal severity.

Association between rumination and drug craving in Chinese male methamphetamine use disorder patients with childhood trauma

BackgroundIn China, males make up the majority of methamphetamine (MA) dependent individuals and the majority of treatment seekers. Childhood trauma (CT) and rumination are associated with an increased risk of MA use. However, the association between CT, rumination, and drug craving remains largely unknown. ObjectiveThe present study aims to explore the association between rumination and drug craving in methamphetamine use disorder (MAUD) patients with CT. Participants and settingThis study recruited 404 male participants with MAUD from a male drug rehabilitation center in Southwest China. MethodsPatients with CT were identified by the short form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF). Rumination and drug craving were assessed by the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) and the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS), respectively. Results188 patients (46.5 %) experienced CT. Patients who had experienced CT showed significantly higher RRS symptom rumination score and OCDUS total score than those who had not. In patients with CT, RRS total and all subscale scores were positively associated with OCDUS interference of drug. Furthermore, the RRS brooding (β = 0.34, p < 0.001) and total scores (β = 0.38, p < 0.001) were determined to be separate contributors to the OCDUS total score in patients with CT. ConclusionsOur study suggests that CT is common in male MAUD patients, and those who have suffered CT may exhibit higher levels of rumination and drug craving. Moreover, CT may play an influential role in the association between rumination and drug craving in patients with MAUD.

The development of a pilot ‘thinking about relationships prompt sheet’ within an alcohol and other drugs rehabilitation programme

AbstractThis paper documents the development of a programme component within an alcohol and other drugs residential service. Designed to improve relational competence, this pilot component was designed to have multiple levels of function: from the specific, for example, stimulating residents to formulate and monitor relationally oriented goals, to the more pacific, for example, embedding relationally focused learning as an ongoing rehabilitative concern. Development of the component began with a literature review. After finalising a set of relationship types (friends, siblings, etc.), this review identified three domains: ‘values’, ‘knowledge’ and ‘skills’. To create an initial draft, these categories were populated by items selected from a multi‐stage inspection of the relevant literature. This draft was then reviewed by multiple stakeholder groups. Feedback from these consultations resulted in substantial modifications to the initial draft. In addition to the component having a broad‐spectrum interventive purpose, the authors propose that this component could play a role in (i) pre‐admission assessment and (ii) programme evaluation insofar as data concerning individual residents are aggregated and analysed.

A Testimony of Christian Drug Rehabilitation: Transformed by the Power of God.

Drug addiction is at crisis level in the United States. Nurses caring for persons affected by substance use disorder (SUD) have a resource in Mr. Ming Ho Liu's testimony on Good TV (Taiwan)-translated and summarized in this article-of his addiction experiences and successful treatment at Operation Dawn, a Christian drug rehabilitation center. Recovery from SUD is possible by God's power. In Mr. Liu's case, his recovery was accomplished without medication.