Albumin Denaturation Assay Research Articles

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Terminalia arjuna.

Terminalia arjuna is one of the important herbal plants with cardioprotective, antihyperlipidemic activity and many more applications. In the present investigation, In order to find out the protective role, we prepared aqueous and ethanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna. The objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna and to compare between the two. Antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was assessed by using agar well diffusion method against oral pathogens. The anti-inflammatory activity of prepared Terminalia arjuna plant extract was analyzed using egg albumin denaturation assay. The results of this study, showed that both aqueous and ethanolic extract had very good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species followed by Escherichia coli. However, the aqueous extract showed higher anti-inflammatory activity when compared with ethanolic extract. So it can be concluded that aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna could be used as a local drug delivery agent in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Preparation of Camellia sinensis (Green Tea) and Acacia nilotica (Babul) Herbal Formulation and its Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,2,255-257.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.2.027Published:February 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Amirtha Varshini, Anju Cecil, and S. Rajesh Kumar Author(s) affiliations:Amirtha Varshini1, Anju Cecil2,*, S. Rajesh Kumar3 1Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. 2Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. 3Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Abstract:Introduction: Acacia nilotica is otherwise called Babul is multipurpose nitrogen fixing tree legume. Its roots are beneficial in treating tumors, cancer, and tuberculosis. One of the most consumed beverages in the world, green tea (Camellia sinensis) has been researched for its potential health benefits in treating conditions like cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and neurological illnesses. The aim of this present study is to assess the combined effects of green tea and babul herbal formulation as an anti-inflammatory agent. Materials and Methods: Green tea and Babul extract was prepared. Albumin denaturation assay and egg albumin denaturation assay were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity. Results: Both assays showed that Green tea and babul extract was effective in inhibiting the albumin denaturation at different concentrations. Conclusion: We conclude that green tea and babul herbal formulation can be a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Keywords:Anti-inflammatory activity., Babul, Green tea, Herbal extractView:PDF (168.07 KB)

In-vitro Cytotoxicity, Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ecklonia radiata and Jania verrucosa from Eastern Cape, South Africa

Seaweeds are marine floras constituting in part to over 90% of the oceanic biomass. Despite the enrichments of seaweeds, their potentials are largely unexplored. Hence, this study evaluated the phytochemical screening, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of methanolic extracts of Ecklonia radiata and Jania verrucosa. E. radiata and J. verrucosa were collected from sites on the rocky shores of the Mbashe and Port St. John rivers on the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa during spring low tides. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocol. The assessment of anti-inflammatory activity was done by inhibition of albumin denaturation assay and antimicrobial analysis was performed against six different pathogenic clinical isolates. The cytotoxicity effect of the methanolic extracts were further investigated on MDA-MB-231, HepG2, CaCo-2 and KMST-6 by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium reduction assay (MTT assay). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, glycosides, and alkaloid for both extracts. The methanolic extracts of both seed weeds also possess anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting albumin denaturation. The average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the plantextracts ranged from 160-10000 µg/mL. J. verrucosa methanolic extract had the most significant biological activity with the lowest MIC value (160 µg/ml). The cytotoxicity result showed that cells treated with the methanolic extracts of E. radiata and J. verrucosa have more cytotoxicity effect on MDA-MB-231 treated cells followed by HepG2 and CaCo-2. Non-cancerous cell line (KMST-6) however showed some selectivity in their activities. Among the cancer cell lines, HepG2 treated cells were significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) with both extracts compared to 5µM camptothecin (standard drug). In conclusion, E. radiata and J. verrucosa have potential for chemoprevention of human breast, good anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LITSEA GHATICA STEM BARK

Litsea belonging to the family Lauraceae, is among the most diverse genera of evergreen shrubs and trees. Litsea is distributed majorly in the Western Ghats of India. Litsea are traditionally used to treat cold, fever, bruises, insect bites and other diseases. The objective of this study was to understand the phytochemistry of the methanol extract of Litsea ghatica stem bark and evaluate it for potential antioxidant activity in an effort to understand the nature of phytoconstituents present in the stem bark. Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract indicated the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and carbohydrates. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanol extract was determined by Folin Ciocalteau’s and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power and NO radical scavenging assays. The methanol extract showed significant potential antioxidant activity, namely 93.08 and 95.1 % radical scavenging activity in DPPH assay at 100 ppm for the methanol extract and ascorbic acid, respectively. In FRAP and NO radical scavenging assay, the methanol extract showed dose dependent antioxidant activity reaching maximum at 100 ppm concentration. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by in vitro albumin denaturation assay using naproxen as the reference standard. The results indicated encouraging anti-inflammatory activity with 18.53% inhibition at 60 ppm of the methanol extract. This preliminary anti-inflammatory data needs to be substantiated with additional in vitro and in vivo studies for conclusive evidence

Novel ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate rich Kaempferia galanga (L.) essential oil and its pharmacological applications: special emphasis on anticholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, α-amylase inhibitory, and genotoxic efficiencies.

Kaempferia galanga (L.) is one of the prospective therapeutic plants with an aromatic rhizome, and belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. This herb is commonly used by local practitioners in traditional Asian medicine. In the present investigation, the novel Kaempferia galanga rhizome essential oil rich in ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate (EMCKG) was evaluated using GC/MS for chemical composition analysis. EMCKG was analyzed for its possible antimicrobial, neurodegenerative inhibitory, acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities as well as for the genotoxic effects using the standard methodologies. ANOVA and post hoc was performed to test the statistical significance of the study. GC/MS analysis identified ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate as the major component of EMCKG essential oil with an area percentage of 66.39%. The EMCKG exhibited moderate (DPPH assay IC50 = 15.64 ± 0.263 µg/mL; ABTS assay IC50 = 16.93 ± 0.228 µg/mL) antioxidant activity than standard ascorbic acid (DPPH assay IC50 = 21.24 ± 0.413 µg/mL; ABTS assay IC50 = 21.156 ± 0.345 µg/mL). Similarly, EMCKG showed comparable activity in albumin denaturation (IC50 = 2.93 ± 0.59 µg/mL) and protease inhibitor assay (IC50 = 17.143 ± 0.506 µg/mL) to that of standard sodium diclofenac (IC50 = 23.87 ± 0.729 µg/mL and IC50 = 19.18 ± 0.271 µg/mL, respectively). The EMCKG exhibited a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity pattern with the highest inhibitory activity at 500 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and considerable anticholinesterase activities (IC50 = 21.94 ± 0.109 µg/mL) compared to the standard galanthamine (IC50 = 27.18 ± 0.511 µg/mL). EMCKG also showed strong anti-diabetic activity (IC50 = 18.503 ± 0.480 µg/mL) and anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 = 14.756 ± 0.325 µg/mL) as compared to the standards used (acarbose IC50 = 20.39 ± 0.231 µg/mL and kojic acid IC50 = 17.73 ± 0.192 µg/mL) in the study. Genotoxicity analysis of EMCKG revealed that at 1 µg/mL concentration has no toxic effects in mitosis of Allium cepa roots (Mitotic Index MI = 13.56% and chromosomal aberration CA = 07.60%). The ANOVA confirmed that except for the anticholinesterase activity, there is insignificant difference for essential oil and standards used for all the other bioactivities thus confirming their interchangeable applicability. Current research provides the basis for the fact that besides being a rich source of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, EMCKG has the potential for future formulation and development of an inexpensive skin-care agent and for the preparation of anti-diabetic drugs.

Evaluation of the Anticancer Potential of Morus nigra and Ocimum basilicum Mixture against Different Cancer Cell Lines: An In Vitro Evaluation.

Morus nigra (M) and Ocimum basilicum (O) mixture (MO2) extract was extracted using hexane (MO2H), chloroform (MO2C), ethyl acetate (MO2E), and methanol (MO2M) in a Soxhlet apparatus. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The IC50 values of the MO2C-treated cancer cells were 11.31 μg/mL (MDA-MB-231), 15.45 μg/mL (MCF-7), 18.9 μg/mL (HepG2), 26.33 μg/mL (Huh-7), 30.17 μg/mL (LoVo), and 36.76 μg/mL (HCT116). MO2C-treated cells showed cellular and nuclear morphological alterations like chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies as observed using light and fluorescent microscopy. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated in vitro using 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and egg albumin denaturation assays. It was evident that the MO2M extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (18.13%), followed by the MO2E extract (12.25%), MO2C extract (9.380%), and MO2H extract (6.31%). The highest inhibition percentage of albumin denaturation was observed in MO2H (28.54%), followed by MO2M (4.32%) at 0.2 and 0.1 mg/mL concentrations, respectively. The compounds identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for MO2C extract were α-trans-bergamotene, germacrene D, selin-4,7(11)-diene, 2 tridecen-1-ol, and 2-decen-1-ol. The present study reveals that MO2C has promising anticancer activity and may serve as a potent polyherbal extract in cancer treatment.

The Phytochemical assay, and in vitro assessment of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of Beta vulgaris L. (Amaranthaceae), and Corchorus olitorius L. (Malvaceae) crude leaf extracts

Background and objective: The traditional herbs Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius are cultivated in Iraq and recorded in the Kurdish ethnobotany for various health problems including expectorant, laxative, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory and to relieve fever and pain. This study aimed to assess and compare the different biological properties of methanolic leaf extracts of Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius cultivated in Iraq and recognize various classes of phytoconstituents present in each one. Methods: The bioactive entities in the crude methanolic leaves extracts of Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius were subjected to phytochemical evaluations. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and egg albumin denaturation assays, respectively. The leaf extracts were tested for antibacterial properties using the agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results: The crude methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, cardioactive glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. The Beta vulgaris displayed higher gallic acid content 417.90±0.52 mg/gm of the extract compared to 79.85±0.99 mg/gm for Corchorus olitorius with (P <0.001).The antioxidant activity of Beta vulgaris leaves extract was significantly higher with (P = 0.035) in reference to ascorbic acid. Among the selected bacterial species, Klebsiella pneumoniae revealed pronounced sensitivity towards the methanolic extracts of both plants. The Corchorus olitorius leaves extract showed higher antibacterial activity than Beta vulgaris. Beta vulgaris presented greater anti-inflammatory activity at 1000 μg/mL with inhibition of 93.0% compared to 83.2% using acetylsalicylic acid as positive control. Conclusion: The methanolic leaf extracts of Beta vulgaris and Corchorus olitorius possess antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Formulation, Characterization, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxicity Study of Sesamol-Laden Nanosponges.

Sesamol (SES) possesses remarkable chemotherapeutic activity, owing to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. However, the activity of SES is mainly hampered by its poor physicochemical properties and stability issues. Hence, to improve the efficacy of this natural anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic agent, it was loaded into β-cyclodextrin nanosponges (NS) prepared using different molar ratios of polymer and crosslinker (diphenyl carbonate). The particle size of SES-laden NS (SES-NS) was shown to be in the nano range (200 to 500 nm), with a low polydispersity index, an adequate charge (-17 to -26 mV), and a high payload. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the bioactive-loaded selected batch (SES-NS6). This batch of nanoformulations showed improved solubilization efficacy (701.88 µg/mL) in comparison to bare SES (244.36 µg/mL), polymer (β-CD) (261.43 µg/mL), and other fabricated batches. The drug release data displayed the controlled release behavior of SES from NS. The findings of the egg albumin denaturation assay revealed the enhanced anti-inflammatory potential of SES-NS as compared to bare SES. Further, the cytotoxicity assay showed that SES-NS was more effective against B16F12 melanoma cell lines than the bioactive alone. The findings of this assay demonstrated a reduction in the IC50 values of SES-NS (67.38 μg/mL) in comparison to SES (106 μg/mL). The present investigation demonstrated the in vitro controlled release pattern and the enhanced anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of SES-NS, suggesting its potential as a promising drug delivery carrier for topical delivery.

Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanomaterial from Cassia sieberiana and determination of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Utilization of plant extracts for the synthesis of nanomaterials is a green technology that is safe to the environment. In the current study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was synthesised using the methanolic root bark extract of Cassia sieberiana as capping and stabilizing agents for the first time. The ZnO NPs were then characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles were analyzed by egg albumin (EA) denaturation assay and DPPH free radical scavenging assay respectively. The agar well diffusion method was also used to access the antimicrobial activity of the ZnO NPs against S. aureus (gram-positive), E. coli (gram-negative), S. typhi (gram-negative) and C. albicans (yeast). Saponins, anthracenosides, triterpenes and polyphenols were the phytochemicals present in the plant extract. The average particle size (TEM) determined was 12.9 ± 3.1 nm with spherical shapes. ZnO NPs demonstrated good antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.480 ± 0.018 mg mL−1) and dose-dependently inhibited the heat-induced denaturation of egg albumin (IC50 = 0.676 ± 0.000 mg mL−1). In general, the synthesized ZnO NPs showed a positive anti-microbial activity against the selected microbes. The ZnO NPs showed a significant zone of inhibition for S. typhi (20.0 mm), S. aureus (24.0 mm), whereas the zone of inhibition was less for E. coli (13.7 mm) and C. albicans (11.7 mm) at 25 mg/mL. The green synthesized ZnO NPs may be used as an effective drug delivery system.

Bioactive compounds, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antioxidant potentials of ethanolic leaf fraction of Sida linifolia L. (Malvaceae)

This study investigated the bioactive compounds, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and antioxidant properties of the ethanolic leaf fraction of Sida linifolia (ELFSL). The in vitro anti-inflammatory study employed membrane stabilization, phospholipase A2, platelet aggregation, albumin denaturation, and protease inhibition assays. Intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared carrageenan solution (0.1 mL of 0.01 g/mL), undiluted egg albumin (0.1 mL), acetic acid (0.6 % (v/v) (10 mL/kg bw), and formalin solution (0.02 mL of 1 % v/v) into mice hind paw, were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive mechanisms, respectively. In vitro antioxidant potentials were determined using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), ferric reducing power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. Varying quantities of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids, were detected in the fraction. GC-FID phytochemical profiling of ELFSL revealed a high level of epicatechin, moderate levels of catechin, kaempferol, flavone, naringenin, rutin flavanones, tannins, sapogenins, proanthocyanidin, and steroids, and small amounts of sparteine, resveratrol, and lunamarine. The ELFSL exerted excellent dose-dependent in vitro anti-inflammatory activities comparable with standard drugs (aspirin/prednisolone). The LD50 test showed safety up to 5000 mg/kg body weight (per oral) ELFSL. Interestingly, mice pre-administered various doses (200, 400, 600 mg/kg bw, po) of ELFSL showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in edema, writhing, and time spent licking paw in all phases compared with control and were at par with 100 mg/kg bw (po) aspirin. The result also registered good concentration-dependent antioxidant potentials for ELFSL and was comparable to standards (gallic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, and ascorbic acid). These imply that ELFSL possesses excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive potentials mediated by peripheral and central mechanisms.

Bipyridine adducts of Zn(II) and Ni(II) bis (N-methyl-N-phenyl dithiocarbamate): Synthesis, characterization, and biological applications

Substituted bipyridine adducts of Zn(II) and Ni(II) bis (N-methyl-N-phenyl dithiocarbamate) have been synthesized by the reaction of the dithiocarbamate complexes with 4, 4′ bipyridine, 4, 4′-dimethyl- 2,2 bipyridine, 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-ditertbutyl-2,2′ bipyridine. The resulting adduct were represented as [M(L)2(B)], [M(L)2(DMeB)], [M(L)2(DMxB)] and [M(L)2(DTB)] respectively, (where M= Zn/Ni), and characterized using elemental analysis, various spectroscopic techniques and X-ray single crystallography. The spectroscopic data suggest octahedral coordination around the metal center due to the formation of a new M-N bond with the nitrogen of the Lewis bases. A considerable shift occurred in the peaks found in the vicinity of the M-N coordination upon the formation of the adducts. Single crystal data obatined for [Zn(L)2(B)] and [Zn(L)2(DMeB)] revealed a five and six geometry respectively around the Zn center in the adducts. Furthermore, the compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Although all the biological studies conducted generally revealed a concentration-dependent profile, no noticeable trends were found even with the compounds that exhibited structural similarities. Nevertheless, the compounds showed good activity, with IC50 ranging from 0.0003 to 17.38 µg/mL, which was better than the standard 5-Fluorouracil (5 FU) used in the cytotoxicity study. The adducts had a better antioxidant property in DPPH assay than in all the used antioxidant assays. Upon evaluation in a Bovine serum albumin denaturation assay, they also possessed a better anti-inflammatory property than diclofenac.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Properties of Hexane Extracts from the Roots of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata

Background: In herbal medicine, Centaurea is used in the treatment of many diseases such as dizziness, headaches, etc. It also reduces inflammatory pain and is used to treat liver diseases. The roots of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata have not yet been studied for biological properties Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and the antiinflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of hexane extracts of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata roots, and their major component, aplotaxene. Methods: The hexane extract was prepared by the maceration process and identified by GC and GCMS. Aplotaxene was isolated by flash chromatography. The antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2- diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyle DPPH, the β-carotene bleaching, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by egg albumin denaturation assay and the neuroprotective activity was assessed against acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Results: The chemical composition of hexane extract of Centaurea pullata was mainly represented by non-terpenic compounds such as Aplotaxene (80.3%), while, hexane extract of Centaurea acaulis was characterized by high levels of Aplotaxene (56.9%), 9-oxabicyclo(6,1,0)nonane (9.2%), Caryophyllene oxide (8.3%) and Isocaryophyllene (6.0%). The hexane extracts of the two Centaurea showed very good antioxidant activities with all three methods. Aplotaxene has shown excellent antioxidant activity compared to Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid. Centaurea acaulis hexane extract showed very high anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 0.76 mg/L in the egg albumin denaturation test compared to diclofenac (IC50 of 1.01 mg/L). The extract of Centaurea pullata and Aplotaxene showed an interesting anti-inflammatory activity with IC50s of 1.72 and 1.36 mg/L, but which remains lower than that of diclofenac sodium. The neuroprotective activity of Centurea pullata and Centaurea acaulis extracts, and Aplotaxene did not show inhibition against AChE, whereas they inhibited BChE with IC50 values of 92.3, 583, and 81.5 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: Further analysis is still needed to further demonstrate the biological efficacy of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata extracts and Aplotaxene.

Scientific Evaluation of Anti-Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of a Siddha Drug, Sivathai Chooranam

Siddha medicine offers an unceasing development in medical practice for a number of metabolic diseases and lifestyle disorders. The present study was to evaluate the anti analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Sivathai chooranam. The animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each {control, standard – Indomethacin (5mg/kg, i.p), sivathai chooranam 0.108mg/kg(po), Sivathai chooranam 0.44 mg/kg(po) and Sivathai chooranam 2.7mg/kg(po). The analgesic activity of the extracts was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing method and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using HRBC membrane stabilization assay and egg albumin denaturation assay. In acetic acid induced writhing model of analgesia, the number of writhes (in 30 minutes) was highest in control group (49.5±1.707) and lowest in Indomethacin group (26.25±0.629). Analgesic activity in sivathai chooranam at 2.7mg/kg concentration has registered lowest number of writhes (26.25±0.629) compared other drug concentrations tested and it was statistically significant as compared to control group. The concentration of 250µg/ml of Sivathai chooranam has exhibited a maximum percentage of haemolysis (88.24±0.73%) and albumin (protein) denaturation (84.51±0.66%) while the same concentration of standard drug of hydrocortisone represented the haemolysis was 88.94 ± 1.27% and Diclofenac sodium showed the 89.18±0.76 % of protein denaturation. The results of the work indicate that the Siddha medicine, Sivathai chooranam has possessed remarkable anti analgesic and anti inflammatory potential and can be applied as alternative in the treatment of painful conditions and inflammatory complications.

Cyperus iria linn. Roots ethanol extract: its phytochemicals, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity

ABSTRACT Inflammatory diseases are normally treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which may cause adverse effects if used for prolonged periods. Thus, there is a need to search for alternative anti-inflammatory medicine. This study investigated the phytochemical characteristics, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of C. iria Linn. roots ethanol extract. The extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The anti-inflammatory activities were determined using the egg albumin denaturation assay and the human red blood cell membrane stabilization method while the cytotoxic activity was investigated using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and saponins in the extract. Anti-inflammatory assays revealed that the extract has comparable results with the positive control (250 µg/ml Celecoxib) while being non-toxic. These results suggest that the synergetic actions of identified phytochemicals may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect on egg albumin and human red blood cells.

Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Antiangiogenic activities of Methanol extract of Urochloa ramosa

Urochloa ramosa is a plant of the wet, seasonally dry and semi-arid tropics. It is also known as Bracharia ramosa or Brown top millet. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals in methanol extracts were performed by standard methods. Partially purified phenolics from the methanol extract of leaf sample was subjected for different biological activities. In vitro antimicrobial activity was executed on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Proteus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) bacteria and Candida albicans (yeast type fungi). Minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated by Resazurin method. In-vitro antioxidant assay was conducted by DPPH radical, NO. radical, superoxide anion radical scavenging assays and OH radical scavenging activity by DNA protection assay using BHT as the reference compound. IC50 value of methanol extract for each of these assays was calculated. Albumin denaturation assay, antiproteinase activity and membrane stabilization were performed to test the anti-inflammatory potential at various concentrations of methanol extract of U.ramosa. In vivo anti-angiogenesis activity was carried out by shell less chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. In the antimicrobial activity we found that Staphylococcus aureus showed considerable susceptiblity with the MIC value of 145μg and Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most resistant with the MIC value of 378μg/ml. IC50 of 10.10µg/ml, IC50 of 17.32µg/ml and IC50 of 25.12µg/ml demonstrated antioxidant activities of methanol extract of U. ramosa by scavenging DPPH, NO. and superoxide anion radicals respectively. At 100µg/ml concentration, methanol extract significantly protected DNA against the effect of hydroxyl radicals. Protein denaturation was protected between concentrations 100-500µg/ml of methanol extract, maximum proteinase inhibitory activity was significantly found at 500µg/ml concentration and even haemolysis (heat and hypotonicity induced) was prevented considerably at 500µg/ml of methanol extract. Inhibition of proliferation of capillaries was observed in chorioallantoic membrane assay proving methanol extract’s antiangiogenic property. The leaves of Urochloa ramosa are basically enriched with natural phenolics with multitudinous biological potencies that can represent a promising class as bioactive molecules.

Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Brachychiton populneus Leaf Extract

Bionanotechnology is the combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology for the development of biosynthetic and environmentally friendly nanomaterial synthesis technology. The presented research work adopted a reliable and environmentally sustainable approach to manufacturing silver nanoparticles from Brachychiton populneus (BP-AgNPs) leaf extract in aqueous medium. The Brachychiton populneus-derived silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities of AgNPs were brought to light. The synthesis of BP-AgNPs was verified at 453 nm wavelength by UV–Vis spectrum. FTIR analysis revealed that synthesis, stability, and capping of AgNPs depend on functional groups such as alkane, alkene, nitro, flouro, phenol, alcoholic, and flavones, present in plant extract. The SEM analysis revealed evenly distributed cubical-shaped nanoparticles. The average diameter of AgNPs was 12 nm calculated from SEM image through ImageJ software. EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of Ag at 3 keV and other trace elements such as oxygen and chlorine. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited proven antioxidant (DPPH assay), antidiabetic (alpha amylase assay), anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation assay), and cytotoxic (MTT assay) potential against U87 and HEK293 cell lines in comparison to standard drugs. In these assays, BP-AgNPs exhibited inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner and had lower IC50 values compared to standards. All these outcomes suggest that silver nanoparticles work as a beneficial biological agent. The salient features of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles propose their effective applications in the biomedical domain in the future.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the stem bark extract and some constituents of Aidia genipiflora (DC.) dandy (rubiaceae)

Aidia genipiflora (DC.) Dandy (Rubiaceae) is used to treat various microbial and inflammatory conditions by traditional healers in West African countries. However, there is no information on anti-inflammatory potential of A. genipiflora. This work therefore provides information on the anti-inflammatory and the antioxidant activities of the stem bark extracts and some bioactive constituents of Aidia genipiflora. MethodThe anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts and compounds from A. genipiflora were investigated using the carrageenan-induced footpad oedema assay and the egg albumin denaturation assay. The antioxidant activities of the extract and compounds were investigated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the phosphomolybdenum total antioxidant capacity assay. The whole extract of A. genipiflora was also investigated for its acute oral toxicity using the fixed-dose procedure described by the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development guidelines. ResultThe whole extract showed no acute toxicity effect and the LD50 was estimated to be greater than 3000 mg/kg body weight. The whole extract, methanol, and ethyl acetate fractions (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity with respective percentage inhibition of oedema of 45.11 ± 3.41, 31.12 ± 3.42 and 29.28 ± 3.58 (p < 0.001) at the highest dose of 300 mg/kg. Diclofenac, used as a reference drug, gave a % inhibition of 48.94 ± 3.58. The compounds isolated from A. genipiflora demonstrated in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity at the IC50 range (16–96 μg/mL) compared to diclofenac (IC50 of 74.48 μg/mL). Oleanonic acid (AG1) and D-mannitol (AG4) further demonstrated in vivo anti-inflammatory activity (ED50 = 20.61 ± 1.29; 23.51 ± 1.26 mg/kg respectively) which was less potent compared to diclofenac (ED50 = 12.50 ± 1.41 mg/kg) in the carrageenan-induced oedema assay. The whole extract, pet. ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions of A. genipiflora exhibited DPPH scavenging activities with respective IC50 of 222.2, 169.7, 121.5, and 40.7 μg/mL. The whole extract of A. genipiflora exhibited considerable total antioxidant capacity with respective values of 248.5 mg/g of ascorbic acid equivalent. All the compounds exhibited low DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 (64–86 μg/mL), compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 of 3.13 ± 1.20 μg/mL). These results highlight the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Aidia genipiflora stem bark extract and its constituents as evidence to support its traditional uses.

Formulation and Evaluation of in Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Anticoagulant Efficacy of Tulasi Oil – A Siddha Polyherbal Formulation

Inflammation is a normal defensive response to tissue damage caused by physical injury and harmful chemicals and currently, management of this condition is by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which have various adverse effects. Over activity of the coagulation cascade (hypercoagulation) increases the risk of thrombosis formation leading to thromboembolism which in turn leads to ischemia by blocking blood flow and damaging the organs. Siddha formulations afford an incredible improvement in medical practice against various metabolic and lifestyle disorders. Hence, the present study was to evaluate the preliminary phytochemicals and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of Tulasi oil (TO) against the HRBC membrane stabilization assay, egg albumin denaturation assay and the in vitro anticoagulant analysis. Tulasi oil appears to contain chemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, phenols, proteins, anthocyanins and saponins. The concentration of 250 μg/ml of Tulasi oil has exhibited a maximum percentage of haemolysis (86.42 ± 0.25%) and albumin (protein) denaturation (81.15±0.82%) while the same concentration (250 μg/ml) of standard drug of hydrocortisone represented the haemolysis of 88.48 ± 0.33% and Diclofenac sodium showed 87.84±0.67 % of protein denaturation. For anticoagulant activity, the concentration of 20 mg/ml of tulasi oil showed maximum anti-coagulant activity of (1227 sec) and a minimum of 686 sec in 5 mg/ml. The standard drug EDTA and Sodium citrate showed better anti-coagulant activities of more than 30 minutes i,e., 2253 and 2156 minutes, respectively. The result of the work indicates that the polyherbal formulation of Tulasi oil has possessed remarkable in vitro anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant potential and can be applied as an alternative in the treatment of various inflammatory and cardiovascular complications.

Assessing the In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Moringa oleifera Crude Extract

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play a vital role in the pathogenesis of various diseases of the oral cavity including periodontal disease. Phytochemicals present in plants with antioxidant (AO) and anti-inflammatory properties could aid as a therapeutic adjunct in the management of these diseases. To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOL) in an in vitro environment. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. oleifera Lam. were prepared by maceration. Antioxidant activity was assessed by FRAP, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by Albumin Denaturation Assay. Experiments were repeated thrice, and mean and standard deviation were calculated. Both the test substances exhibited significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and aqueous extracts exhibited higher activity than ethanolic extract. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of M. oleifera Lam. could be further explored for the management of periodontal disease as a local drug delivery system with the extract could be developed.

Evaluation of Physiochemical Properties, Thermal Behavior and Phytopharmaceutical Potential of Citrus aurantium’s Essential Oil

The study investigates the therapeutic potential of the Citrus aurantium var. amara essential oil extracted from the blossoms of the bitter orange plant by examining its chemical composition, thermal stability, and potency against infectious disease-causing pathogens. Initially, the volatile components of the essential oil were evaluated by obtaining a chromatographic fingerprint using HPTLC and FTIR spectrum identification. Furthermore, a thermal profile of the essential oil was obtained using the thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. A predetermined set of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms were used to examine the antibacterial activity of the essential oil. Lastly, its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the albumin denaturation assay. The research concluded that the Citrus aurantium var. Amara essential oil exhibits potential therapeutic characteristics which can be further explored through in vivo studies.