Alanine Phosphatase Research Articles

Investigation on Potential Efficacy of Methanol Extract of Lawsonia inermis L. against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) a pharmacological tool was used to induce liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) and methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn. family Lythraceae (known to possess hepatoprotective compounds) was used to reverse the liver damage caused due to CCl4 (induced toxicity). Hydroalcholic extract of stem bark and leaf of Lawsonia inermis Linn. was evaluated, for its restorative efficacy against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity which was assessed in terms of biochemical and histopathological parameters. CCl4 produce the altitude levels of serum marker enzymes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin in blood serum. Due to the toxicity of CCl4 cause turbine hepatic cell architecture, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and sinusoidal dilatation along with reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) appeared in liver tissue. SOD is the primary step in the defense mechanism involved in the antioxidant system against the oxidative stress. It diminishes by converting the superoxide radical in to peroxide and molecular oxygen. CAT or GPx reactions, also exert a similar effect thereby reducing the level of cellular damage. By oral administration of methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn. plant extracts, i.e., stem bark extract (250 mg/kg b.wt.) and leaf extract (250 mg/kg b. wt.) the levels of these parameters was restored to near controlled (untreated) levels. Thus, the present study revealed that the extracts of stem bark and leaf of Lawsonia inermis Linn. offered protection against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4.

Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 averts free fatty acids deposition in the hearts of oral estrogen-progestin contraceptive-induced hyperinsulinemic female rats.

Free fatty acid (FFA) deposition in non-adipose tissues such as the heart is a characteristic of insulin resistant states which feature hyperinsulinemia and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) activation. Estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives (OC) treatment reportedly increased DPP-4 activity in rat tissue, and DPP-4 inhibitors have anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of DPP-4 inhibition on cardiac FFA deposition in estrogen-progestin-treated female rats. From our data, estrogen-progestin OC exposure in female rats led to elevated plasma insulin, cardiac DPP-4 activity, FFA and triglyceride (TG) accumulation, TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, adenosine deaminase/xanthine oxidase/uric acid pathway (ADA/XO/UA), lipid peroxidation, glycogen synthase activity, and alanine phosphatase; whereas cardiac glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Na+/K+-ATPase and nitric oxide (NO) were decreased. However, DPP-4 inhibition resulted in decreased plasma insulin, cardiac DPP-4 activity, FFA, TG, TG/HDL-C ratio, and alkaline phosphatase. These were accompanied by reduced ADA/XO/UA pathway, lipid peroxidation, and augmented NO and Na+/K+-ATPase in estrogen-progestin OC-treated rats. DPP-4 inhibition attenuated cardiac lipid deposition accompanied by reduced activity in the ADA/XO/UA pathway in estrogen-progestin OC-treated female rats. DPP-4 is therefore a plausible therapeutic target in cardiometabolic disorders.

Hepato-toxicological and lipid profile of male Wistar rats following chronic carbamazepine, gabapentin, and carbamazepine-gabapentin adjunctive treatment

Aim: This study evaluated the hepatotoxicity and lipid profiles of male Wistar rats following chronic carbamazepine (CBZ), gabapentin (GBP) and carbamazepine-gabapentin (CBZ+GBP) adjunctive treatment.
 Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups (n = 7) to receive daily oral administration of normal saline (0.2ml), or CBZ (25 mg/kg), or GBP (50 mg/kg), or the sub-therapeutic dose of CBZ (12.5 mg/kg) and GBP (25 mg/kg) combination for 56 days. Thereafter, blood and liver homogenate were subjected to biochemical analysis, while liver tissues were processed for the histomorphological investigation. Data were analysed statistically, while p< 0.05 was taken as level of significance.
 Results: Activities of alanine phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase significantly increased in the CBZ and CBZ + GBP treated rat. CBZ and CBZ + GBP treatments increased the plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol. The liver concentration of malondialdehyde increased significantly in all the treated groups relative to control. There were severe vascular congestions in theliver of the CBZ treated rats, this was moderate in the GBP and CBZ + GBP treated rats.
 Conclusion: Chronic use of CBZ may induce hepatotoxicity and lipid profile derangement, GBP and CBZ + GBP adjunctive treatment may be saver than treatment with CBZ.

Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) leaves.

The sugarcane leaf is rich inphytochemical content. It is rarely used because it is a waste although it has potential activity as antimutation, anti inflammation, and antioxidation. There is no study about its hepatoprotective activity yet. This study was conducted to determine the hepatoprotection of sugarcane leaves in tested animals with liver acute injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Twenty-four Wistar strain rats were divided into three groups of experimental animals (dose 300, 400, and 500mg/kg) and three control groups (normal, positive, and negative). The ethanol extract of sugarcane leaves obtained from Panti, Jember, was made using the maceration method. The animals were treated for 14days by giving the extract to the treatment group. One hour after treatment on the last day, the test animals were given CCl4 intraperitoneally except for the normal group. On the 15th day, the blood of the test animal was taken to be tested for the biochemical value of the liver (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alanine phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin) and examined for its liver to be made histological preparations. The results showed that the treatment with a dose of 500mg/kg was able to decrease AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin parameters compared to the negative control. The extract also provided improvements in liver tissue histology compared to the negative control. Sugarcane leaf ethanol extract (SCLE) has a potential hepatoprotective effect.

Hematology and serum biochemistry of captive Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) in Wildlife Reserves Singapore.

The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) faces threat of extinction due to illegal trafficking of its scales for the purpose of traditional medicine in the Asian region. Ex-situ captive breeding and reintroduction programs have been identified to be a key effort in the conservation of the species. The establishment of blood parameters for captive Sunda pangolins are vital to assess the health in these animals during health assessments. The objective of this study is to establish blood parameters for captive Sunda pangolins and compare the blood parameters with the established blood reference ranges for rescued wild Sunda pangolins in Singapore. Blood parameters for hematology and serum biochemistry were established from 13 clinically normal captive Sunda pangolins. Male captive Sunda pangolins were found to have significantly (P<0.05) higher potassium compared to the female captive Sunda pangolins. Captive Sunda pangolins were found to have significantly (P<0.05) lower white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil counts, alanine phosphatase (ALP) and phosphorus and significantly (P<0.05) higher PCV, TP, globulin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) when compared with rescued wild Sunda pangolins from the previous study.

Effect of Manihot esculenta and Manihot utilissima Cyanide Extract on Some Biochemical Parameters of Albino Rats

Cassava roots (Manihot esculenta and Manihot utilissima) are largely consumed as staple food in African but contain a toxic compound, cyanogenic glycosides. This study evaluated the effect of Manihot esculenta and Manihot utilissima cyanide content on biochemical parameters and histological examination of male albino rats. A total of thirty rats were used for the acute toxicity study while thirty-five rats were used to determine the effect of Manihot esculenta and Manihot utilissima cyanide on biochemical and histological parameters. The results revealed that Manihot esculenta and Manihot utilissima cyanide were toxic to rats even at a lower dose (10 mg/kg body weight) and cause death. Studies on the cyanide concentration determined using the standard curve revealed a high amount of cyanide in Manihot esculenta compared to Manihot utilissima. Biochemical parameters determined include Aspartate transaminases (AST), Alanine transaminases (ALT), Alanine Phosphatase (ALP), Urea, Creatinine, Acid Phosphates, and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). The results revealed a significant (p&lt; 0.05) increase of AST, ALP, Creatinine, Acid Phosphates, and LDH on rats administered with Manihot esculenta cyanide compared to normal rats and Manihot utilissima cyanide while Manihot utilissima cyanide showed significant (p&lt; 0.05) increase on the activity of AST, ALT, ALP, Urea, and Creatinine compared with normal rats. Histological examination of livers and kidneys of the rats revealed that rats administered with Manihot esculenta cyanide showed disruption of the liver and kidney cells with distorted hepatic portal areas and necrosis compared to rats fed with Manihot utilissima cyanide and normal rats. The deleterious effect of the hydrogen cyanide is more pronounced on the tissues of the rats treated with Manihot esculenta as compared to those treated with Manihot utilissima as depicted by the photomicrographs. This study, therefore, concluded that Manihot esculenta is toxic causing alteration on some biochemical and histological parameters, this toxicity was correlated to dysfunction of vital organs which are a reconfirmation of the need for adequate processing of certain food crops prior to consumption. Cassava is a rich source of cyanide, highly documented for its adverse effects on the living system.

Paracetamol-Induced Liver Damage and Effect of Prosopis africana Seeds Extract on Liver Marker Enzymes of Wistar Albino Rats

This study was carried to determine the effect of Prosopis africana seed extract after induction of paracetamol in Wistar albino rats to ascertain its ameliorating capacities in terms of liver damage. The assay was done on alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and hematological parameters. Thirty-two Wistar albino rats with an average weight of 120-180 g were used for this investigation. The P. africana seeds were extracted by maceration after 24 h fermentation in chloroform-methanol ratio 2:1. The animals were administered 2500 mg/kg of paracetamol upon 24 h starvation to induce liver damage. After administering 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW), the extract showed no acute toxicity. Serum alanine phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels decreased in all the test groups as compared to paracetamol group. The results depicted that P. africana seeds extract are effective in the regeneration of the damaged liver cells by averting enzyme leakage into the bloodstream.&#x0D;

Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effect of Echium amoenum in Restraint Stress Model: The Role of Neuroinflammation in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus

Background: Echium amoenum (E. amoenum) is an Iranian medicinal plant with mood-enhancing effects. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effect of standardized E. amoenum hydroalcoholic extract on restraint stress (RS)-evoked anxiety- and- depressive-like behaviors in mice. Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, in 2018. Doses of the hydroalcoholic extract of E. amoenum were optimized for rosmarinic acid (> %2 w/w) concentration of the extract. Other phytochemical indices, including total phenolic and flavonoid contents and radical scavenging activity, were also measured. For behavioral studies, 65 mice were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 13) of control, RS, RS + E75, RS + E150, and RS + E300. Animals in the RS group were subjected to the RS (3 h/day for 14 days) and treated with normal saline, while treatment groups received E. amoenum extract (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) concomitantly with RS exposure. Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field Test (OFT). Depression was assessed by the forced swim test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). Western blotting was performed to determine the protein levels of IL-1β, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP). The concentrations of corticosterone, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine phosphatase were also measured in serum. Results: Moderate and high doses of the extract ameliorated RS-induced anxiety- (P < 0.05 in OFT and EPM) and depressive-like (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 in FST; P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 in TST) behaviors. These results were approved by decreased serum corticosterone levels (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). Furthermore, E. amoenum reduced the protein expression of neuroinflammatory markers in the HIP and PFC subregions (significant at least at P < 0.05 for IL-1β, NF-κB, and TNF-α). Although RS slightly increased the serum levels of liver enzymes, no histopathological changes were seen in the liver of the RS or E. amoenum-treated groups. Conclusions: E. amoenum can be an effective and safe complementary strategy for the treatment of stress-associated inflammation and behavioral changes.

English

The study evaluates the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of ethanol leaf extract and fractions of Jatropha gossypifolia in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Phytochemical, physicochemical analyses, median lethal dose (LD50), effects on biochemical parameter were evaluated and the schizonticidal effects during early and established infections were investigated. The extract (50-200 mg/kg) was screened for antimalarial prophylactic and curative activities against 50 (20-30 g) P. berghei infected mice using standard method. The prophylactic and curative activity tests were repeated for the fractions of the extract. The phytochemical analysis done on J. gossypifolia leaves showed presence of tannins, saponins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. It contained total ash (6.3%); acid insoluble ash value (3.8%), water soluble ash value (2.5%), ethanol extractive value (4.5%) and moisture content (7%). LD50 was 4472.14 mg/kg. There was significant increase in alanine transaminase (ALT), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at 500 mg/kg on the 28th day, indicating liver injury at high dose and prolonged administration. The crude extract of J. gossypifolia (50-200 mg/kg) exhibited moderate prophylactic and significant (P &lt; 0.05) curative activities in both day 4 and 7 tests with a mean survival time comparable to the standard drug, quinine 100 mg/kg. The fractions of the leaf extract of J. gossypifolia exhibited moderate to good prophylactic and curative activities, with ethyl acetate fraction eliciting the best activity in both test models. The leaf extract and fractions of J. gossypifolia administration are safe and possess good antiplasmodial activity, which confirmed its folkloric antimalarial medicinal use. Key words: Malaria, antimalarial, Plasmodium berghei, Jatropha gossypifolia, toxicity, biochemical parameters. &nbsp

HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND NEPHROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA) IN RIFAMPICIN AND ISONIAZID-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS

Objectives: The present study was designed to estimate the influences of oral administration of aqueous extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced in rats by isoniazid and rifampicin (RIF) for 4 weeks. Influences were determined through the estimation of liver and kidney functions and histopathological changes.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A total of 48 male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: Normal control, INH+RIF treated rats, Turmeric aqueous extract 100 mg/kg treated rats, Turmeric aqueous extract 100 mg/kg + INH and RIF treated rats, Turmeric aqueous extract 200 mg/kg treated rats, Turmeric aqueous extract 200 mg/kg+ INH and RIF treated rats. Turmeric aqueous extract and INH + RIF (50 mg/kg bwpo, daily) were given for 4 weeks. Liver and kidney function markers (aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine transaminase [ALT], alanine phosphatase [ALP], bilirubin, blood urea, and creatinine) were determined enzymatically. In addition, tissues of liver and kidney were quickly separated and fixed in 10% formalin and subjected to histopathological studies. Statistical analysis was carried out using t-test.&#x0D; Results: The aqueous extract of turmeric (at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw, p.o. daily ) showed hepato- and reno-protective effects in hepato- and reno- toxicity induced by RIF and INH in rats. Significant elevation of serum ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, and total protein, due to RIF and INH treatment, were significantly decreased. The histopathological study further confirmed the biochemical results.&#x0D; Conclusion: Results of the present study indicated that turmeric has hepatoprotective and renoprotective action against RIF- and INH-induced hepatic and renal injury in rats.

Protective Effect of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Extract against Diabetic Changes in Adult Male Rat Liver: Histological Study.

Background:Diabetes mellitus could be result from disorders in insulin secretion or receptors, characterized by hyperglycemia. Natural antioxidants including pomegranate have hypoglycemic effect.Aim of the Work:The present research was designed to evaluate the possible protective role of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) against diabetic-induced hepatic complication.Materials and Methods:Forty-eight male Wistar rats, weighed 200–250 g and aged 3 months, were sorted into four groups: Group 1: Used as control, Group 2: Normal rats received PPE (200 mg/kg bw/day) given orally for 11 consecutive weeks. Group 3: Streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats, injected with 55 mg/kg bw of STZ, and Group 4: Normal rats received PPE for 11 weeks and then rats were injected with STZ (55 mg/kg/bw). Effectiveness of the PPE was assessed by measuring serum glucose and histopathology of liver tissue. Liver enzymes were also assayed. PPE was found to control diabetic hyperglycemia and decrease in body weight. Histological examination showed that pretreatment with PPE provided preservation against diabetes-induced hepatic histological changes (necrotic and apoptosis).Result:Alanine aminotransferase, alanine phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly elevated in Group 3 diabetics and decreased in Group 4 which confirmed histological finding.Conclusion:This study confirmed the hypothesized possible protective effect of PPE against diabetic-induced histological and functional alteration of rat liver and advised its use by diabetic patients.

Alterations in lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and hepatic histopathological changes in diabetic rats following the treatment with Salvadora persica.

We examined the effects of various partitions of Salvadora persica extract on lipid profile (LP), lipid peroxidation, and insulin sensitivity (IS) of diabetic rats. The rats were divided into normal control, diabetic control (DC), standard, sham, and test groups. The test groups were treated with an oral dose of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of crude, aqueous, and ethyl acetate partition of S. persica extract. After 21 days of experiment, the fasting blood glucose (FBS), LPs, lipid peroxidation, IS, liver enzymes levels, liver histopathology, and body weight alteration were evaluated. A significant decrease in FBS and lipid profile (except HDL) were observed in rats treated with various dose of extract compared with the DC rats ( P < 0.05). Treating diabetic rats with various extracts of S. persica meaningfully decreased the level of malondialdehyde ( P < 0.05). Animals treated with various dose of aqueous extract showed better results ( P < 0.01). On the basis of used indirect indexes to determine IS, all partitions of extracts showed anti-insulin resistance effects in diabetic rats. On the basis of our statistical analyzing, treating diabetic rats with all of the three extracts of S. persica decreased the elevated levels of alanine phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine transferase. Also, pathological changes in the liver tissue were reduced following treatment with the S. persica. In conclusion, our results give evidence that the S. persica extract, especially aqueous partition, has a healing effect on diabetes and can be considered as an alternative therapy for this disease.

Strenuous Exercise—An Unusual Cause of Deranged Liver Enzymes

Liver enzymes and function tests are routinely taken in clinical practice. Deranged liver enzymes however, do not always necessarily imply an underlying liver pathology. The standard liver enzymes measured include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) and alanine phosphatase (ALP). These enzymes, especially ALT and AST, can be released by other organs in the body. We report an unusual case of a 48-year-old patient with deranged enzymes related exclusively to intensive exercise that resolved on discontinuing such exercise.

English

This study evaluated the toxic changes that may accompany treatment of diabetes with Phragmanthera incana, a mistletoe species growing on two plant hosts [Cola nitida (Kolanut; PICN) and Theobroma cacao (Cocoa; PITC)]. The toxic potential of this treatment regimen was evaluated using the effect of the extracts PICN and PITC on the haematology and serum chemistry of the diabetic rats. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated with the extracts at doses of 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg or glibenclamide for 14 days. Blood samples were collected on day 15 for haematology and serum biochemistry. Haematological parameters analyzed were packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count, platelet count, lymphocytes, neutrophil, monocytes and eosinophil. Serum biochemical parameters analyzed were total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin-globulin ratio, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alanine phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, bilirubin and glucose. The results showed that P. incana extracts, regardless of the host plant decreased blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Although it depressed packed cell volume (PCV), it also alleviated other complications of diabetes such as liver and kidney injury, and may possess hepatoprotective effect. &nbsp; Key words: Phragmanthera incana, Cola nitida, Theobroma cacao, diabetes, haematology, serum biochemistry.

Hepatoprotective properties of Penthorum chinense Pursh against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice

BackgroundPenthorum chinense Pursh (Penthoraceae, PCP), a well-known Miao ethnomedicine, has been traditionally used to treat several liver-related diseases, such as jaundice and viral hepatitis. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the probable properties of the aqueous extract of PCP on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)—induced acute liver injury in mice.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were orally administered an aqueous extract of PCP (5.15 and 10.3 g/kg BW) or silymarin (100 mg/kg) once daily for 1 week prior to CCl4 exposure. Silymarin serves as a positive drug to validate the effectivenes of PCP.ResultsA single dose of CCl4 exposure caused severe acute liver injury in mice, as evidenced by the elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine phosphatase (ALP), and the increased TUNEL-positive cells in liver, which were remarkably ameliorated by the pretreatment of PCP. PCP was also found to decrease the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), restore the glutathione (GSH) and enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the liver. In addition, the pretreatment of PCP inhibited the degradation of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), up-regulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its target proteins in CCl4-treated mice.ConclusionResults indicated that the pretreatment of PCP (10.3 g/kg BW) effectively protected against CCl4-induced acute liver injury, which was comparable to efficacy of silymarin (100 mg/kg). This hepatoprotective effects might be attributed to amelioration of CCl4-induced oxidative stress via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Гематологічні і біохімічні показники крові собак за умов застосування «Неоверму» та протекторів-антитоксикантів

The article presents the data on the effect of antihelmintic and imunomodulating drug «Neoverm» on the dogs’ body when the drug was administered into the stomach of the animals within three days and the results of its application in the combination with the drugs that contain antioxidant and membrane stabilizing substances. To protect the body from toxic action of «Neoverm» the drugs were used under two schemes: «E-Selenium» and «Quercetin», phospholipid hepaprotector «Lesphal» and «green buckwheat» (a feed additive – pre-ground raw buckwheat as a natural source of quercetin). The result a were compared with the control group and the group that received only «Neoverm». It has been found out that the use of «Neoverm» for the dogs both on the 7th and 14th days had a negative impact on the hematological parameters and the activity of blood enzymes that reflects the functional state of the liver. In particular, the reduction in the number of erythrocytes and the level of hemoglobin as well as the significant increase in the activity of diagnostic enzymes: alanine (ALT), asparagine (AST), gammaglutamyl (GGT) transferases and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been revealed. The proposed schemes to correct the toxic effect of the drug «Neoverm» in dogs led to the restoration of endogenous antitoxic resources, that is, to a gradual normalization of hematological parameters and the activity of indicatory enzymes of blood (the decrease in the activity of AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and LDH and the normalization of the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin) and that is the basis for the use of the above drugs as protectors-antioxidants when «Neoverm» is used.

Usefulness of basic laboratory parameters for monitoring during the perianesthetic period for selected ophthalmic operations in mesaticephalic and brachycephalic dogs

The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of laboratory diagnostic parameters dedicated for general anesthesia in brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dogs. The study was performed on two groups of dogs of 112 animals each, representing two different morphotypes, brachycephalic and mesaticephalic ones, which underwent general anesthesia with medetominidine, midazolam, propofol and isoflurane. Before and after anesthesia, the dogs underwent basic haematological and biochemical tests. In 18% of mesaticephalic dogs and 16% of brachycephalic dogs, the results of laboratory blood tests show a significant increase in the activity of liver enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine phosphatase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), even though the animals showed no clinical signs other than those recognized in ophthalmologic examination. This demonstrates the presence of subclinical hepatic changes in these animals. Moreover, general anesthesia had a greater negative impact on liver function if liver enzyme values had exceeded certain levels before the anesthesia (AST &gt; 61 U/L, ALT &gt; 91 U/L). This made it possible to define new, useful upper limit values of AST and ALT for subclinical dogs before anesthesia that could lead to more serious complications of liver function after anesthesia. Among all the examined parameters, it is beneficial to monitor the activity of AST, ALT and ALP during the perianesthetic period. In the postanesthesia monitoring, creatinine concentration should also be included.

Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis

Objective To investigate the safety and clinical effect of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with cirrhosis. Methods The retrospective cohort study was adopted. The clinical data of 5 patients with primary HCC with cirrhosis who underwent ALPPS at the First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University between October 2014 and August 2015 were collected. The surgical plan was determined according to preoperative liver function and liver functional reserve. The patients underwent portal vein (PV) ligation and liver partition in the first staged surgery. The second staged surgery was performed when growing future live remnant (FLR) came up to the standard of safe section by rescan of computed tomography (CT) at 10, 14, 18 days after the first staged surgery, and hemi-hepatectomy and hepatic segmentectomy were applied to patients. (1) The intraoperative situations were observed, including the severity of liver cirrhosis, first staged surgery time, volume of intraoperative blood loss and FLR in the first staged surgery, interval time of surgery, growth rate of liver volume, ratio of FLR and standard liver volume (SLV), time and volume of intraoperative blood loss in the second staged surgery. (2) Pre- and post-operative biochemical indicators in the first and second staged surgeries were detected, including total bilirubin (TBil) and alanine phosphatase (ALT). (3) Postoperative situations were observed, including occurrence of complications, results of pathological examination and duration of hospital stay. (4) The follow-up using telephone reservation and outpatient examination was performed to detect tumors recurrence and metastasis and survival of patients by imaging examination and tumor marker test up to November 2015. Count data were represented as mean (range). Results (1) Intraoperative situations: of 5 patients, there were 1 patient with F3 of liver cirrhosis and 4 with F4 of liver cirrhosis. One patient was complicated with lots of peritoneal effusion, followed by acute renal failure, and didn't receive the second staged surgery. Four patients underwent successful ALPPS. The first staged surgery of 5 patients: average operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, FLR, interval time of surgery, growth rate of liver volume, ratio of FLR and SLV were 282 minutes (range, 240-320 minutes), 500 mL (range, 300-700 mL), 457 cm3 (range, 338-697 cm3), 15 days (range, 14-18 days), 58% (range, 46%-67%) and 42% (range, 32%-44%), respectively. Average operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss in second staged surgery were 220 minutes (range, 200-260 minutes) and 412 mL (range, 300-600 mL). (2) Pre- and post-operative biochemical indicators: levels of TBil and ALT of 5 patients from pre-operation to postoperative day 12 in the first staged surgery were from 4.9-30.4 μmol/L to 9.8-56.1 μmol/L and from 12.9-156.1 U/L to 46.3-207.3 U/L, respectively. Levels of TBil and ALT of 4 patients from pre-operation to postoperative day 10 in the second staged surgery were from 10.1-21.2μmol/L to 6.9-38.0 μmol/L and from 30.8-55.5 U/L to 19.8-72.8 U/L, respectively. (3) Postoperative situations: there were no perioperative death and postoperative complications of liver failure and intraperitoneal infection. One patient complicated with bile leakage was cured by non-operative treatment for 30 days.Results of pathological examination: 5 patients were confirmed asⅡ-Ⅲ stage HCC, and 4 tumors had vascular tumor thrombi and negative resection margin with tumor size of 8-13 cm. Duration of hospital stay of 5 patients was 36 days (range, 28-48 days). (4) Results of follow-up: 4 patients undergoing successful ALPPS were followed up for 4-12 months. One patient was emerged with a new lesion of 2 cm in left half liver at postoperative month 7, level of AFP of which was 512 μg/L before the first staged surgery reduced to normal level at postoperative month 2, and then the patient received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radio frequency ablation (RFA) treatments without tumor recurrence up to postoperative month 12. No tumor recurrence and new lesions in liver were detected in other 3 patients by abdominal enhanced scan of CT, with a normal level of AFP. Conclusion ALPPS is safe and feasible for HCC with cirrhosis, with a satisfactory short-term outcome. Key words: Liver neoplasms; Cirrhosis; Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; Future liver remnant; Liver regeneration

Haematological and serum biochemical parameters as biomarkers of growth performance in artificially spawned Heterobranchus longifilis

This research aimed at assessing variation in haematological and biochemical profiles of F1 generation of Heterobranchus longifilis by growth. The juveniles were classified based on the total length of the individual fish at 8th week post-hatch according to their growth rates into “shooters” (> 15.5cm), “averages” and “runs” (< 12.5cm). Haematological analysis was carried out using the automated Sysmex Haematology and Coagulation systems; serum biochemical assay was conducted via an automated Serological Roche Hitachi system. The haematological values of juvenile H. longifilis F1 ranged from 11.0 to 17.2 (g/dL), 32.9 to 51.5 (%) and 1.8 to 5.08 (k/µL) for haemoglobin, packed cell volume and white blood cells, respectively. Biochemical profile of juvenile H. longifilis F1 across three growth classes had mean values of 10.13 ± 3.23 (IU/L), 28.69 ± 14.12 (IU/L) and 3.77 ± 0.49 (mg/dL) for aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total cholesterol respectively. As the growth quality increased corresponding increases in neutrophil, white blood cell, haematocrit, haemoglobin and alanine phosphatase were observed. Alanine aminotransferase was observed to decrease with increase in growth quality. The shooters’ were the healthiest. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters are good biomarkers of growth performance in H. longifilis. Further studies should be carried out on the association between growth factors, metabolic enzymes and sex hormones.

Abstract 2715: Hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarker study of peg-coated and non-coated gold nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) offer a great possibility for biomedical application, not only to deliver pharmaceutics, but also to be used as novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Currently, there are no data available regarding to what extent the degree of the toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are present in in vivo model. The aim of this study was to assess the effects, after oral administration, of poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG) coated and non-coated GNPs on various hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress markers such as alanine (ALT), aspartate aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase, lipid hydro peroxide (LHP) in the mouse model. Sprague -Dawley rats were exposed to four different concentrations of PEG-coated and non-coated GNPs (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg BW) and a control. Samples were collected 24 hours after the last treatment following standard protocols. Exposure to PEG-coated and non-coated GNPs enhanced the activities of serum amino-transferases (ALT/AST), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and concentration of lipid hydro peroxide compared to control. However, PEG-coated GNPs demonstrated enhanced hepatotoxic effect than non-coated GNPs. The scientific findings reported here suggest that both GNPs have the potential to induce hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats through activation of the mechanisms of oxidative stress at a higher level of exposure. However, more studies to clarify the role of encapsulation in the in vivo toxicity of GNPs, are required and parallel comparison is preferred. Keywords: gold nanoparticle (GNP), poly-ethylene-glycol, lipid hydroperoxide, serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatases, Sprague-Dawley rats, hepatotoxicity. Citation Format: Anita K. Patlolla, Myeisha Fountain, Paul Tchounwou. Hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarker study of peg-coated and non-coated gold nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2715. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2715