Al-Muthanna Governorate Research Articles

Phenotypic and Molecular Identification of M.Canis

The current study was conducted to compare morphological and molecular identification methods for the fungus M.canis isolated from 42 patients with dermatophytosis who were clinically diagnosed by a dermatologist, after review by a consultant dermatologist and venereologist in Al-Muthanna Governorate at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital. In the period from January to November 2024, using traditional methods of isolation and laboratory identification, and molecular methods using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology.

Investigation of Lead, Nickel, and Cadmium Levels in Urine Samples of Healthy and Patients with Kidney Failure in Al-muthanna Governorate, Iraq

Background: The Iraqi ecosystem, particularly in the southern area, has been polluted due to human activity. Analyzing biological materials is the most common method for detecting the presence of toxic substances in the human body. Method: Heavy metal levels of Pb, Ni, and Cd in urine specimens collected from individuals with renal failure and healthy individuals residing in Al-Muthanna province were measured by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Urine Specimens were collected from two cohorts of male and female participants: the group of individuals with renal failure and the group of individuals who are in good condition. The specimens of urine from both the group of patients with renal failure and the group of healthy individuals were taken from the Al-Muthanna governorate in southern Iraq. This governorate served as a focal point for extensive military operations throughout the Gulf War. Results: The concentrations of toxic substances (Pb, Ni, and Cd) in the urine specimens of the cohort of patients suffering from renal failure are 0.411, 0.197, and 0.113 mg/l, respectively. Concentrations of (Pb, Ni, and Cd) in the healthy group are 0.249, 0.101, and 0.0294 mg/l, respectively. The toxic metals found in urine samples can be organized in the following order: Pb > Ni > Cd. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the concentrations of toxic substances in specimens of urine from individuals with renal failure are considerably greater than those in the control group of healthy individuals. According to the findings, patients' incidence of renal failure may be related to the prevalence of harmful compounds in southern Iraq.

Identification and control of toxin-producing fungus in wheat grain stores using environment friendly factors

Background: The problem of mycotoxins in wheat crops can lead to health issues for humans and animals. It is very important to find safe and efficient methods to prevent the growth of toxin-producing fungi or reduce and remove them from food to prevent their risks to humans, animals, and agricultural crops. The paper focuses on finding environmentally friendly materials to protect wheat grains from toxin-secreting fungi, particularly Aspergillus niger, reducing the production of aflatoxin B1.Methods: Eight fungal genera were isolated from wheat grain samples, and the most frequent fungus was A. niger. Plant extracts were used to reduce the growth of A. niger, and the culture media was used to test the ability of A. niger fungus isolates to produce aflatoxin toxins. The media was also used to sow wheat grains for the purpose of isolating the fungi associated with them, growing the fungi, and purifying it. The culture media was poured into sterile petri dishes with a diameter of 9 cm, with three replicates for each concentration, and the comparison treatment in which an untreated food media was used. Results: The paper found that A. niger was the frequent fungus among the isolated fungal genera in wheat grain samples. The plant extracts, particularly citrullus extract, showed a clear effect in inhibiting the growth of A. niger and reduced the AFB1 toxin that it produces. The paper recommends continuous examination of stored wheat grains to determine the amount of fungal contamination and to ensure good storage conditions before receiving the grains in grain stores.Conclusion: The paper aimed to detect fungi associated with local and imported wheat grains stored in the stores of Al-Muthanna Governorate and the possibility of reducing them by using some plant extracts. Keywords: Citrullus; Phylex; Aspergillus niger; AFB1

Estimating the extent of water erosion in the Wadi Al-Rumaitha Basin, northeast of Al-Muthanna Governorate

The Wadi Rumaitha Basin is located astronomically between two latitudes (30° 39' 18" - 30° 29' 56") north, between two longitudes (45° 52' 4" - 45° 45' 10") east, with an area of (68.5) km2, located in the southern part of Iraq within the administrative borders of Al-Muthanna Governorate, which is characterized by a dry climate. The research aims to study and estimate the extent of water erosion in the Wadi Rumaitha basin, detect risks and conditions that affect the properties and quality of soil and land uses in the region, highlighting the role of natural characteristics affecting its activity, different types of water erosion prevail in the study area, between rain erosion, stream erosion, and gully erosion. The locations and areas of the basins of the river network and the stream, gully, and rain erosion network were determined, by adopting several criteria, including the Fournier equation to measure rain erosion, and the Bergsma 1982 equation (to measure the degree of stream and gully erosion, then, modeling the areas of spread of each of them, by the use of geographic information systems technology. It became clear through the research that the Fournier index in the stations of the study area reached (19.87, 21.66, 16.53), respectively, this indicates that the Wadi Rumaitha basin area falls within the range of weak rain erosion, while funicidal erosion included (4) cases limited to the range of high and very severe fluid erosion, gully erosion included (7) areas confined between the (very light and very high) ranges, and their geographical distribution varies in the basin lands.

Effect of Sowing Date on Some Agronomical Characteristics of Rye Cultivars in Iraq

The introduction of rye cultivation in Iraq necessitates the implementation of agrotechnological experiments. Two-year irrigated field experiments were carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate (in the southwestern region of Iraq) in 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to evaluate the performance of three European rye cultivars introduced to Iraq, focusing on the most significant agronomical and morphological characteristics. Three sowing dates (01 November, 15 November and 01 December) were tested in a split plot, randomized complete block design. We observed that both the cultivar and sowing date, but not the crop year, influenced the studied characteristics. In general, the early sowing dates enhanced the growth and development of rye and resulted in a higher yield compared to the later sowing dates. We observed that all evaluated rye cultivars can be grown safely in the agroclimatic and soil characteristics of this region. The grain yield was 3.1, 4.2 and 6.9 t ha−1 on average for all the sowing dates, and the above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively. In addition, the highest grain yield (8.8 t ha−1) was harvested in ‘Horyzo’ when it was sown on 01 November; thus, we recommend choosing ‘Horyzo’ for cultivation in Iraq and sowing it in early November. Although further study is required to improve agro-technology (such as the nutrient supply) by using a larger number of cultivars, we can conclude that rye can be grown safely in Iraq under irrigated conditions.

Investigation of Lead, Cadmium, and Nickel in Water Samples from Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq, and Evaluation of The Pollution Indicators

Background: The Iraqi environment, especially in the southern region, has been contaminated as a result of human activities. The detection of heavy metals in water samples is the preferred method for monitoring the toxic levels, which are very important for environmental protection and human health. Methods: Heavy metal concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) were investigated in water samples from Al-Muthanna governorate, southern Iraq. The selected water samples were taken from different sources of tap water and river samples from the Euphrates and collected from various locations: residential, agricultural, and industrial. Results: The mean values of Pb, Cd, and Ni in tap water samples are 3.76, 2.62, and 84.88 μg/L, respectively, while the corresponding element levels in river water are 11.21, 7.58, and 104.31 μg/L, respectively. Rivers water samples recorded higher levels of toxic metals than tap water samples. Concentrations of toxic elements in water samples from industrial locations of Al-Muthanna governorate are higher than in the agricultural and residential places. Toxic metals in water samples can be arranged in the following sequence: Ni > Pb > Cd. Conclusion: The levels of heavy metals in most water samples were above the permissible levels according to USEPA; therefore, it is recommended that the water samples should be regularly monitored for heavy metals to prevent the effect of heavy metals contamination in the human food chain.

Sensitivity of development goals to water scarcity of Iraq and transboundary regions

Iraq and its transboundary regions have significant challenges from water scarcity in combination with other social and environmental factors. There are short- and long-term implications for vulnerable demographics, such as youth. With Iraq's dependence on upstream water management, there is a need to address several critical factors of transboundary watersheds such as the Haditha, Mosul, Dokan, and Euphrates-Tigris basin. This paper develops the use of particular social, hydrological, and other environmental factors in a risk register of basins and vulnerable populations, where societal priorities vary across scenarios of hydrology and water. Social data (i.e., gridded youth population data) and hydrological observations (i.e., precipitation, temperature, root zone soil moisture, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) are obtained from publicly available satellite-based Earth observations and global models. Risk is defined and quantified as the disruption of basin order and spatial plots are provided to improve understanding of the spatial distribution of water scarcity challenges in the region with regard to vulnerable populations. The results feature identification of the most and least disruptive scenarios including: 1) population density is lowest in basins exposed to the highest air temperatures, 2) an urban-to-rural migration pattern (such as prompted by a public health crisis) would significantly disrupt basin order, and 3) populations with greatest exposure to extreme hydrological conditions of water scarcity are found in the southern basins of Iraq in or near the Al-Muthanna governorate. The impacts of this work are to steer future investments that mitigate risk of disrupted system orders and to increase system resilience of vulnerable populations to water scarcity.

Facies Analysis and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Ghar Formation in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Southern Iraq

The Oligocene-Miocene succession in Al-Muthanna Governorate of southern Iraq shows significant mixed siliciclastic-carbonate formation. Fourteen samples are collected from two wells and four outcrops in Al-Muthanna area for studying the facies and paleoenvironments of the Ghar Formation. It is mainly composed of sandstone, calcareous sandstone, and carbonate rocks. Six facies associations are identified in the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate deposit: the carbonate type, including sabkha, lagoon, intertidal-subtidal, and lacustrine; the mixed type, including shoreface; and the siliciclastic type, including distributary channels. The major minerals in this formation are quartz, calcite, and dolomite, whereas feldspar and gypsum are the minor minerals. Clay minerals such as Palygorskite and Montmorillonite were also identified. The carbonate rocks of the Ghar Formation reflected deposition in the evaporitic platform (Sabkha), shallow restricted (lagoon), tidal and lacustrine environments. Ghar formation is considered transitional in conditions between a very restricted shallow marine and near-shore environment, whereas the clastic facies in Ghar Formation indicated deposition in the delta front channel.

The Prevalence of Brucellosis Among Sheep in Al Muthanna Governorate

The Prevalence of Brucellosis Among Sheep in Al Muthanna Governorate

Evaluating the Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Problematic Soil by Utilizing Reed Ash and Lime Mixture

Stabilization of problematic soil poses a significant challenge in civil engineering projects, especially in regions with prevalent soft clay soils. This study was carried out to study the impact of using a blend of reed ash and lime on improving and stabilizing problematic soil. A sample of soil was obtained from a location in the south of Iraq, specifically in Al-Muthanna Governorate. The treatment involved adding different proportions of reed ash (3%, 5%, 7%, and 9.0% of the soil's dry weight) along with 5% lime, which was determined as the optimal percentage based on previous research. Various laboratory tests were conducted to assess the characteristics of the treated soil, including compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The findings indicated a notable enhancement in UCS and the maximum dry density (MDD). It was observed that UCS and MDD increased with increasing the reed ash and lime mixture proportion, reaching an optimal level. Beyond this percentage, the strength started to decline. It was found that the incorporation of lime and reed ash (5% lime and 7% reed ash) into the treated soil significantly improved its strength, up to about 10 times compared to untreated soil after 28 days of curing. This approach offers additional benefits, such as reducing environmental pollution by decreasing CO2 emissions during phases of production and providing cost savings because of the affordability of the materials used.

Effect of Foliar Spraying of Magnesium and Manganese on Growth and Productivity Vocabulary of Bean Plants (Vicia faba L.)

Objectives: Due to the large number of problems with the readiness of some mineral elements in most of the lands of Iraq due to several factors that limit their movement and readiness, which has a negative impact on the plants, therefore, researchers have turned to using modern methods and methods for the purpose of adopting them in supplying plants with the necessary nutrients for continued growth and achieving productivity. One of these methods is the foliar feeding method, in order to study the effect of foliar spraying of the elements magnesium and manganese on the growth and productivity of the bean plant (Luz De Otono). Methods: A field experiment was implemented during the 2022-2023 season in Al-Muthanna Governorate - Al-Majd district, which is (7 km) north of the governorate, where magnesium was sprayed at four concentrations: 0, 40, 80 and 120 mg Mg liter-1) of manganese in three concentrations (0, 20 and 40 mg Mn liter-1). The experiment was applied using a completely randomized block design (R.C.B.D). Results: The results showed that spraying magnesium at the highest concentration of 120 mg Mg l-1 led to a significant effect on plant height and biological yield, with rates of increases reaching 5.95% and 16.84%, respectively, compared to the comparison treatment, while spraying at a concentration of 80 mg Mg l-1 had a significant effect and gave the highest rate of height. Pod and total seed yield, with averages of 20.37 cm and 2.53 tons ha-1 compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest averages of 19.36 cm and 1.97 tons ha-1 for the traits respectively It was noted from the results that increasing the manganese concentration to 40 mg Mn liter-1 led to a significant increase in plant height, biological yield, and harvest index, as it gave averages of 60.08 cm, 6.62 tons ha-1, and 40.10% for the traits, respectively, compared to the no-spraying treatment. The interaction between magnesium and manganese had a significant effect on plant height, as the combination of the highest concentration of magnesium with manganese (Mg3 x Mn2) gave average of 63.08 cm. Conclusions: Spraying with the highest concentration of magnesium resulted in a significant improvement in physiological traits.

The role of lean manufacturing (Toyota model) in entrepreneurship for organisations/an analytical study of the opinions of a sample of workers at the Arab Integration Factory in Al-Muthanna Governorate

The current research sought to identify the role of lean manufacturing in entrepreneurship for medium and small-sized organizations, clarify the intellectual relationship between the two variables, and test the relationship of correlation and effect between them in the field

Offensive tactical thinking and its relationship to intelligence for youth soccer players in Al-Muthanna Governorate clubs


 The tactical preparation is the container in which all types of preparation (physical, skillful, psychological, and cognitive (mental) are mixed. The integration, mixing and interdependence of the types of these preparations helps positively in preparing a good plan. All of this contributes to achieving the goal of sports training, which is winning matches. Thus, the importance of The research deals with the tactical aspect of the study as one of the important aspects in the numbers of soccer players, and an important element of level determination because of its great importance in deciding the outcome of the match. Developing them, and this requires them to train and exercise continuously so that the players can know all their tactical capabilities and fully realize what each colleague will do, and know how to take advantage of the individual advantages of each of them in all playing situations. The aim of the research is to identify the relationship between tactical and offensive thinking and intelligence for club players Al-Muthanna Governorate with youth football, and the researchers hypothesized that there is a significant relationship between offensive tactical thinking and intelligence. The descriptive approach is based on the methods of survey, correlational, and normative studies, due to its suitability in achieving the objectives of the research. The research community included players of Al-Muthanna Governorate clubs for the football season (2021-2022), whose number is (137) players, distributed among the following sports clubs: (Samawah, Al-Muthanna, Al-Salman, Al-Khader The RAVEN test for successive matrices was applied to measure intelligence, and after conducting the requirements required to prepare the tactical thinking test in the offensive third of the football field in its final form, which consisted of (55) items, the offensive tactical thinking test was applied Raven's intelligence test on the research sample. The researchers concluded that it was found to build a test of offensive tactical thinking for the players of Muthanna Governorate football clubs, as well as the existence of a positive significant relationship between the level of offensive tactical thinking with the intelligence variable of football players. The researchers recommended the use of the offensive tactical thinking test (offensive tactical positions) by football coaches. And the coaches emphasize the importance of the level of intelligence when choosing the players of the football team, along with developing the tactical thinking and knowledge of the football players during the training units. As well as benefiting from the test as a training program to develop thinking, tactical knowledge and offensive tactical behavior for football players.
 
 

A Comparative Analysis and Environmental Interpretation of the First Cycle of Nfayil Formation in Two Distinct Southern Desert Locations, Iraq

Nfayil Formation (Middle Miocene) is considered the equivalent of Fatha Formation; it is exposed in the western and southern Desert of Iraq with two members: a carbonate Lower Member that is composed of three cycles of limestone and marlstone intercalation and an Upper clastic Member of sandstone and claystone with thin layers of limestone. It extends from the western to the southern desert with a systematic succession of two or three cycles of lower members each one consisting of an interbedding of soft olive-green marl with medium tough shelly limestone rich with oyster shells. The upper member disappears in many localities due to erosion activity. From the field observation this succession was normally exposed in the southern Desert at the western parts of Al-Muthanna Governorate to the south of Dewaniyah Governorate, while in the eastern part of Al-Muthanna Governorate to the south of Al-Nasiriya Governorate, the beds showed a different lithology and fossil content. The olive-green marl turned to be rusty red with a higher content of fossils, the shelly limestone bed rich with oyster shells became red in colour, rusty and the oyster shells were substituted by pelecypods shells with the same concentration. A microfacies analysis study supported by chemical and X-ray analysis was carried out to predict the depositional environment and deposition circumstances in both sections. The thin section, chemical analysis and X-ray analysis were accomplished at the laboratories of the Iraq Geological Survey. Chemical analyses showed a high ratio of MgO oxide in Nasiriya section compare with Samawa section, that result was supported by X-ray analyses which refer to calcite mineral as the only mineral exists in Samawa beds wile in Nasiriya minerals of dolomite, quartz, feldspar and clay minerals were appeared.Environments extracted from thin section study showed more local fluctuations in sea level in Samawa section.

The effect of exercises with numerical deficiency in learning defensive coverage of the area (6 meters) for handball players from the specialized school in Al-Muthanna Governorate

The effect of exercises with numerical deficiency in learning defensive coverage of the area (6 meters) for handball players from the specialized school in Al-Muthanna Governorate

Geomorphological analysis of the terrain features of a basin Wadi Al-Safiyat, southeast of Al-Muthanna Governorate - Iraq

Geomorphological analysis of the terrain features of a basin Wadi Al-Safiyat, southeast of Al-Muthanna Governorate - Iraq

Radon gas concentrations and exhalation rates in soil samples of Al-Muthanna governorate, Iraq

Radon gas concentrations and exhalation rates in soil samples of Al-Muthanna governorate, Iraq

Effect of mowing numbers and cutting height on growth and forage yield of sorghum cultivar Giraffa grass

A field experiment was carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate during the summer season 2021-2022. It included a study of the effect of two treatments of mow (cut one, cut twice) and four levels of cutting heights (5, 10, 15, and 20) cm on the growth and yield of forage white sorghum variety Giraffa grass. The experiment was applied according to the design of sectors. The complete randomized R.C.B.D with three replications, the response of the variety Giraffa grass to the number of weeds and cutting heights was estimated by measuring some growth characteristics, as the results of the analysis showed that the mow treatment (cut twice) was significantly superior by giving the highest average of the characteristic of the number of tillers.m-2 , the ratio of leaves to stems (%), and the yield of green and dry forage (tons.h-1 ) were 150.0 tons of m-2 , 41.51%, 19.14 tons.h-1 , and 1.53 tons.h-1 , respectively. As for the treatments for cutting heights, it was observed that the treatment was superior to 10 cm in the characteristic of plant height (cm) and the number of pruning, while the treatment was superior to 5 cm in the characteristic of dry forage yield (ton.h-1 ) and the ratio of leaves to stems (%) was 1.55 tons.h-1 and 34.72%, respectively, while the two cutting treatments were superior to 15 cm and 20 cm, giving the highest average yield of green forage, which reached (16.41 and 16.09) tons.h-1 , respectively

The effect of the number of mowings and the addition of humic and fulvic acid on the growth and fodder yield of alfalfa variety (Masqawi)

The field experiment was done in Al-Muthanna Governorate. The experiment examined how mowing frequency and humic and fulvic acid affected Masqawi lucerne growth and yield in 2022–2023. Three replicates of the split plot design, namely the randomized complete block design (RCBD), were used.. The experiment had four humic and fulvic acid concentrations: A0, A1, A2, and A3, representing 0, 20, 40, and 60 L ha-1 . There were also four mowings, C0, C1, C2, and C3, representing control, one, two, and three mowings, respectively. The statistical analysis yielded substantial disparities in both acidity levels and fulvic acid concentrations. A3 shown superiority in relation to the wet and dry weight of the cuttings, with values of 12.182 and 2.377 tons ha-1 , respectively. Additionally, A3 had a higher percentage of total protein, measuring at 15.746%. In relation to the quantity of mowings, it is noteworthy that the third mowings, denoted as C3, shown superior performance in terms of the cumulative weight of the mowings, yielding a value of 20.682 tons ha-1. Additionally, C3 exhibited a notable proportion of total protein, measuring at 12.725%.

Effect of foliar feeding with magnesium and manganese on some physiological traits of Faba bean (Vicia Faba L.)

During the winter of 2022–2023, a field experiment was conducted in the Al-Majd region of the Al–Muthanna Governorate. to investigate the impact of spraying Faba crop (Luz De Otono) cultivar with four different magnesium concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120 mg Mg l-1 ) and three different manganese concentrations (0, 20, 40 mg Mn l-1 ). The experiment was conducted using the R.C.B.D. randomize complete block design with three replications and the factorial experiments inside a split method. The main plots represented the manganese concentrations, while the sub-plots represented the magnesium concentrations. The outcomes demonstrated a considerable impact of magnesium spraying at a concentration of 120 mg Mg l -1 on the properties of chlorophyll a, leaf area and its index, and the relative rate of growth, with rates of increase of 31.53%, 36.51%, 36.41%, and 38.70% compared to the comparison treatment. The addition of the higher concentration of manganese led to a significant increase in leaf area, its index, and the relative rate of growth; it gave averages of 4347.25 cm2 , 2.31, and 0.41 g day-1 for traits, respectively, compared to the no-spray treatment. The interaction between magnesium and manganese showed a significant effect on the leaf area, as a combination (Mg3 x Mn2) gave the highest average in this trait, amounted to 5701.00 cm2 , and had a significant effect on the leaf area index, and the relative rate of growth, the combination of (Mg3 x Mn1) gave the highest average for the relative rate of growth was 0.56 g day-1 .