Al Anode Research Articles

Cathodic microenvironment reconstruction boost electrocoagulation treatment of photovoltaic wastewater

Electrocoagulation has emerged as a rapidly advancing area in the field of wastewater treatment due to its capability to eliminate pollutants that are typically resistant to filtration or chemical treatment methods, as well as its overall effectiveness, which is often impeded by the formation and growth of flocs. In this study, simulated photovoltaic wastewater was treated using the electrocoagulation method, with cathodic water reduction employed to induce a highly efficient electrocoagulation rate towards the removal of SiO2 and F−. Our results demonstrate that the optimal conditions for this process involved the use of an Al anode, Nickel foam as cathode, an inter-electrode distance of 1.0 cm, a current density of 30 mA cm−2, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, sodium chloride as supporting electrolyte, and an initial pH of 7. Our experimental findings indicated satisfactory performance with respect to EC, as evidenced by the reduction of F− content from 25 mg L−1 to 3.68 mg L−1, and the complete removal of SiO2 from 16 mg L−1. Furthermore, electrochemical analysis and texture characterization revealed that the overall rate of flocculation was dependent on the cathodic material, with in-situ generated OH− in the electrolysis cell influencing the microenvironment of iron hydroxide floc formation and sedimentation. Our study offers conclusive evidence that the optimal cathodic material capable of intensifying OH− concentration from water dissociation is key to achieving superior electrocoagulation performance.

Perovskite-Derived Bismuth with I- and Cs+ Dual Modification for High-Efficiency CO2 -to-Formate Electrosynthesis and Al-CO2 Batteries.

Bi-based materials are one of the most promising candidates for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) to formate; however, the majority of them still suffer from low current density and stability that essentially constrain their potential applications at the industrial scale. Surface modification represents an effective approach to modulate the electrode microenvironment and the relative binding strength of key intermediates. Herein, it isdemonstrated that the surface comodification with halides and alkali metal ions from the conversion of Bi-based halide perovskite nanocrystals is a viable strategy to boost the CO2 RR performance of Bi for formate electrosynthesis. Cs3 Bi2 I9 nanocrystals are prepared by a hot-injection method. The as-prepared products feature well-defined hexagonal shape and uniform size distribution. When used as the precatalyst, Cs3 Bi2 I9 nanocrystals are converted to Cs+ and I- comodified Bi. The resultant catalyst exhibits high formate Faradaic efficiency close to 100%, and remarkable partial current density up to 44mA cm-2 in an H-cell and up to 276 mA cm-2 in a flow cell. Moreover, Cs3 Bi2 I9 is used as the cathode catalyst and paired with an Al anode in an Al-CO2 battery for simultaneous CO2 valorization and power generation.

Highly Stable Al Metal Anode Enabled by Surface Chemical Passivation for Long-Life Aqueous Al Metal Batteries.

Aqueous aluminum (Al) metal batteries (AMBs) have received much attention due to their high volumetric energy density, low cost, and high safety. However, the practical application of aqueous AMBs is limited by the electrochemical reversibility of the Al anode, which is often deteriorated by corrosion. Herein, we developed a dense passivation layer based on Mn/Ti/Zr compounds on the Al metal anode by a rapid surface passivation strategy. The passivation layer can effectively uniform Al deposition, increase corrosion resistance, and significantly enhance the cycling stability of Al anodes in both symmetric and full cells. Symmetric cells assembled with the treated Al electrodes exhibit stable cycling for over 300 cycles at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 0.05 mA h cm-2, and a 600-cycle life is achieved for a prototype full cell. This work provides a versatile remedy for the limited cycle life of Al metal anodes for rechargeable aqueous batteries.

Grain size and hardness: Key parameters for enhancing the chemo-mechanical stability of lithiated aluminum foil anodes

Aluminum (Al) has gained attention as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to several advantageous properties such as a relatively low volume expansion of approximately 97% during lithiation, a large charge capacity of 993 mAh/g, a low potential of 0.36 V vs. Li/Li+, high electronic conductivity, and its abundance in the Earth's crust. Furthermore, Al is readily available as foil, eliminating the need for binders, conductive additives, and expensive copper (Cu) current collectors. However, one of the challenges associated with Al as a LIB anode is the mechanical cracking of the lithiated β-LiAl phase, leading to rapid capacity fading. This paper introduces an effective strategy to address this issue by suppressing plastic deformation and pulverization of the Al anode during the lithiation process through grain refinement and strengthening of aluminum foil. The study demonstrates that cold-rolled low-purity (99.5%) purity Al foil anode exhibits higher resistance against plastic deformation during lithiation compared to cold-rolled high-purity (99.99%) Al foil. The superior chemo-mechanical stability of the cold-rolled 99.5% Al foil can be attributed to its higher hardness (90 Hv) and smaller grain size (1.7 µm) in comparison to the cold-rolled 99.99% Al foil (30 Hv and 73 µm). These microstructural and mechanical features play a key role in maintaining high chemo-mechanical stability in facing significant volumetric expansion during the phase transformation from Al to β-LiAl, while also facilitating the formation of a uniform lamellar β-LiAl layer on the Al substrate. This paper also presents a model that establishes a relationship between chronoamperometric current and plastic strain, enabling real-time estimation of invisible strain by monitoring the current during the lithiation process. This approach provides a means to assess the structural integrity of the anode during battery operation.

Anode‐Free Aluminum Electrode with Ultralong Cycle Life and High Coulombic Efficiency Exceeding 99.92% Enabled by a Lattice‐Matching Layer

AbstractMetallic aluminum is an attractive anode owing to its high specific capacity, earth abundance, and low cost. However, the poor reversibility of Al deposition/dissolution and Al dendrites have impeded its deployment. Herein, a strategy for constructing a lattice‐matching layer (LML) to regulate the behavior of Al deposition/dissolution is demonstrated. Various experiments and theoretical calculations validate that gold LML as an example can significantly enhance the nucleation density and reduce average particle size, which achieve highly reversible, dendrite‐free, durable, and anode‐free Al anodes. The metallic Al shows stable Al deposition/dissolution on Au@Ti substrate for more than 4500 h with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.92%, which is a record‐high reported value. Furthermore, the anode‐free full cell based on Au@Ti anode and expanded graphite cathode exhibits outstanding long‐term stability for 900 cycles with the capacity retention rate of 80%. This study provides an effective strategy to enhance the reversibility and utilization of the Al anode, which provides inspiration for advanced Al batteries.

Electrodeposition of Al foil for the collector of lithium-ion batteries by electrorefining in [Emim]Cl-AlCl3 ionic liquid with O2− ion at room temperature: Electrochemical dissolution behavior of Al anode

The continuous electrochemical dissolution of anode is significant to electrorefining in ionic liquid at room temperature. The electrochemically dissolved behavior of an aluminum anode was investigated in [Emim]Cl-AlCl3 ionic liquid with O2− ion by cyclic voltammetric method, constant potential dissolution, and SEM, EDS. It found that the dissolved process of the aluminum anode and electrodeposition of insulated darkness Al–O–Cl species exist together at a relatively low potential. Moreover, the Al–O–Cl species prevent the continuous dissolution of the aluminum anode. However, it can be electrochemically dissolved at a high potential that is beyond the anodic passivation potential, assuring continuous dissolution of the aluminum anode. Moreover, holding a constant anodic potential of 3.0 V for 30 min, we electrodeposited the dense and thin aluminum foil of 2.5 µm with a rough surface. The positive electrode of lithium-ion batteries using it as the collector shows superior properties.

Liquid‐State Cathode Enabling a High‐Voltage and Air‐Stable Fe‐Al Hybrid Battery

AbstractAluminum (Al) is an ideal anode material in low‐cost battery system for energy storage, with high theoretical capacities. However, the sluggish Al3+‐involved kinetics challenges the selection of common cathode materials (Al3+ intercalation or conversion). Herein, a redox‐active Fe–Cl complex serves as the liquid‐state cathode to couple with a low‐cost Al anode, which synergizes the advantages of redox flow batteries and Al rechargeable batteries. The interplay of Fe‐Cl coordinated formula and electrochemical properties are revealed for the first time. It is found that [Fe2Cl7]− molecule has a high voltage versus Al anode (1.3 V), and the novel Fe‐Al hybrid battery fulfills a capacity of 1.6 mAh cm−2 (20 Ah L−1) record high in a coin cell among Al‐based batteries. Furthermore, the energy efficiency, which is a vital parameter to evaluate the energy cost of the energy storage technology, reaches 85% (superior to most Al‐based batteries) and an average of 70% over ≈900 h cycling. Particularly, the unique air‐stable character enables normal operation of the battery assembled in ambient air. This work establishes a new application scenario for Al anode toward low‐cost large‐scale energy storage.

Pilot-scale assessment reveals effects of anode type and orthophosphate in governing antimicrobial capacity of copper for Legionella pneumophila control

Copper (Cu) is sometimes applied as an antimicrobial for controlling Legionella in hot water plumbing systems, but its efficacy is inconsistent. Here we examined the effects of Cu (0 - 2 mg/L), orthophosphate corrosion inhibitor (0 or 3 mg/L as phosphate), and water heater anodes (aluminum, magnesium, and powered anodes) on both bulk water and biofilm-associated L. pneumophila in pilot-scale water heater systems. Soluble, but not total, Cu was a good predictor of antimicrobial capacity of Cu. Even after months of exposure to very high Cu levels (>1.2 mg/L) and low pH (<7), which increases solubility and enhances bioavailability of Cu, culturable L. pneumophila was only reduced by ∼1-log. Cu antimicrobial capacity was shown to be limited by various factors, including binding of Cu ions by aluminum hydroxide precipitates released from corrosion of aluminum anodes, higher pH due to magnesium anode corrosion, and high Cu tolerance of the outbreak-associated L. pneumophila strain that was inoculated into the systems. L. pneumophila numbers were also higher in several instances when Cu was dosed together with orthophosphate (e.g., with an Al anode), revealing at least one scenario where high levels of total Cu appeared to stimulate Legionella. The controlled, pilot-scale nature of this study provides new understanding of the limitations of Cu as an antimicrobial in real-world plumbing systems.

P‐124: Efficiency Enhanced Top Emitting OLED‐on‐Silicon Microdisplay with Aluminum Anode

A top emitting organic light emitting diode‐on‐silicon (OLEDoS) panel with aluminum (Al) anode for high‐resolution microdisplays was proposed and fabricated. The low work function of the Al anode increases the energy barrier of the interface between the anode and hole injection layer (HIL), and has poor hole‐injection properties, which causes the low efficiency of the device. To enhance the hole‐injection characteristics of the Al anode, we applied optimized HIL and hole transportation layer (HTL) materials. The proposed single stack structure white OLED display panel with Al anode was fabricated on CMOS backplane and the white OLED device improved efficiency by up to 20 cd/A at 1000 nit, which is 90% of the level of conventional OLEDs with indium tin oxide (ITO) anode.

Understanding the reversible electrodeposition of aluminum in low-cost room-temperature molten salts

Aluminum is the most earth-abundant metal, is trivalent, is inert in ambient humid air, and has a density approximately four-times that of lithium at room temperature. These attributes make it an attractive material for cost-effective, long-duration storage of electrical energy in batteries. Scientific discoveries in the past decade have established that secondary Al batteries can be created by paring an Al anode with a graphite or transition metal oxide cathode, in imidazolium-based, room-temperature ionic-liquid-Aluminum chloride electrolytes. Here we report findings from a systematic study that sheds light on the structural requirements, physicochemical, and transport properties of the ionic liquid electrolytes responsible for the high reversibility of Al battery anodes. We find that the most important interfacial and transport properties of these electrolytes can be achieved in other electrolytes, including ammonium-based molten salts that are available at costs as much as twenty-times lower than the ionic liquid-Aluminum chloride melt. High Al reversibility in ammonium- and imidazolium-based electrolytes is specifically shown to require a critical ratio of the solvation species, where Lewis acidity and beneficial interfacial reactions continuously etch the alumina resistive interfacial layer and form beneficial solid electrolyte interphase at the anode. We report further that successful development of new electrolyte families that support high Al anode reversibility also provides a good platform for detailed studies of the working mechanisms of an intercalation graphite cathode using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our findings therefore open new opportunities for developing simple, cost-effective, room-temperature Al batteries that enable long-duration electrical energy storage.

A SiO2@Al as stable and long-cycle anode for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon oxides (SiO, SiO2, SiOx, etc.) are considered as new generation of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacity and low-cost. However, the low conductivity and unsatisfied electrochemical performance have impeded their advance. In order to solve the mentioned issues, here, a porous SiO2 filled with Al anode is designed and fabricated via simple but effective melt-self-assembly method, in which, SiO2 being from the diatomite with natural porous structure. The presence of Al not only contribute certain specific capacity but also improve the conductivity of the SiO2 anodes. As expected, a high capacity of 730 mA h g−1 is obtained in the fabricated SiO2@Al electrode and the capacity retention rate reaching 95% after 312 cycles. Importantly, the rate capability is significantly enhanced delivering capacity up to 635 mA h g−1 at current density of 800 mA g−1 superior to the single SiO2 electrode. The results indicate the great potential of the fabricated SiO2@Al composite electrode as a high-performance and low-cost electrode material for the next-generation high-specific-energy lithium-ion batteries.

Space limited growth strategy for ultra-high areal capacity rechargeable aluminum batteries

Increasing the areal loading of the electrodes is the premise to improve the energy density of devices and promote the commercialization of aluminum batteries. However, large areal loading will inevitably increase the amount of aluminum deposition per unit area and aggravate dendritic growth, which seriously affect the safety and stability of devices. In this work, a novel aluminum battery anode is reported, which not only increase the effective active area of the electrode, but also form a stable electrode/electrolyte interface to induce electrodeposition uniformly of aluminum. These traits result from the four advantages of P-Al2O3/Al electrode: (1) Homogenizing current density distribution; (2) Redistributing ion concentration gradient; (3) Limiting Al growth in micropores; (4) Large specific surface area provides adequate electrolyte contact. Such an anode retains circulate stably for more than 1400 h at the large area specific capacity of 5 mAh·cm−2. The protected anode shows also excellent cell stability over 2900 cycles when paired with high current density (10 mA·cm−2). In addition, a 480 mAh pouch cell with P-Al2O3/Al anode can remain the energy density of 170 Wh·kg−1 and the energy efficiency of 90% (calculated based on the positive active component) under the voltage of 0.5 V to 2.5 V, which means that the amplification of the battery will not reduce the performance of the Al battery. The strategy and method have important practical significance for assembling aluminum batteries with high energy density and high cycle stability.

Suitable Salt for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Al Anode Dual-Ion Battery

Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation upon reaction between electrode and electrolyte is an important phenomenon in metal anode-based batteries. Various components such as the nature of the electrode surface, solvent, additive, and salt contribute toward the SEI formation. In this work, we carried out ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations on an electrolyte involving three different salts (LiPF6, LiBF4, and LiTFSI) in contact with the Al and LiAl anodes. We also checked the role played by the concentration of salt along with its nature during SEI formation. Different extents of salt decomposition are identified in different cases, and LiTFSI is found to be the most suitable salt leading to an inorganic-component-rich SEI layer. LiBF4 on the other hand decomposes minimally resulting in a solvent derived organic SEI. We highlight the importance of preferential reduction of salt before solvent to form inorganic-rich SEI which is preferable compared to organic SEI. The higher salt concentration is also found to support preferential salt decomposition. Overall, our work signifies the choice of proper salt along with its concentration to tune the SEI growth process in Al anode dual-ion batteries.

Effect of an imidazole-based ionic liquid as anti-corrosion additive on the performance of Al-air batteries

Al-air batteries (AABs) have been regarded as a promising new energy source. However, the self-corrosion of Al anode leads to a loss of battery capacity and a decrease in battery life, limiting its commercial applications. Herein, we introduced an imidazole-based ionic liquid, namely, 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (HMIH), as electrolyte additive for alkaline AABs. The inhibition effect was evaluated by hydrogen evolution experiment, electrochemical tests, surface analysis, and theoretical calculations. The findings show that the AABs with this HMIM-containing electrolyte demonstrated well-suppressed self-corrosion and enhanced electrochemical performance. HMIH appears to reside at the interface and suppress the detrimental side reactions. After adding 4 mM HMIH, the Al anode’s utilization increased from 34.7% to 71.4%, the specific capacity density increased from 1034 mAh g−1 to 2128 mAh g−1, and the energy density increased from 1220 Wh kg−1 to 2554 Wh kg−1, which is helpful in reducing the waste of Al resources. This work provides a promising modulation strategy for high-performing Al anodes and can greatly promote the commercial development of AABs.

Ionic conductive cellulose-based hydrogels for Al-air batteries: Influence of the charged-functional groups on the electrochemical properties

Gel electrolytes for aluminum-air (Al-air) primary batteries were prepared based on hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and acrylate monomers bearing differently charged functional groups (i.e., -COOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3Cl−, -COO- and -COOCH2CF3). The acrylate monomers were grafted from HEC backbone and crosslinked using methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) to obtain hydrogels with tuned mechanical (15–75 kPa), morphological (pore size 35–125 μm) properties and varied swelling degrees at alkaline electrolyte (900–2500%). Electrochemical measurements were performed on Al-air cells assembled from Al anode, gel electrolytes (in 1 M NaOH) and carbon-based air-cathodes containing silver fine particles (Ag-FPs). Hydrogels with quaternary ammonium salt (HEC-AEtMACl) showed very long discharge time (6.5 h) compared to 1.8 h with the fluorinated hydrogels (HEC-TFEMA) and 1.1 h with carboxylated hydrogels (HEC-AA). Also, HEC-AEtMACl showed the highest current peak (3.9 μA at 1.4 V). Polarization curves proved that the anodic polarization behavior is dominant resulting from the anodic parasitic reaction. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) evidenced that HEC-TFEMA has ionic conductivity (34.4 mScm−1) higher than that of HEC-AEtMACl. However, the highest specific capacity was observed to HEC- AEtMACl 0.928 mA h/cm2 compared to 0.26 and 0.15 mA h/cm2 for HEC-TFEMA and HEC-AA respectively.

Inhibitive effect of anionic/zwitterionic hybrid surfactants on the self-corrosion of anode for alkaline Al-air battery

Surfactants have been increasingly used as corrosion inhibitors in recent years. The zwitterionic surfactants can keep their amphoteric characteristics within a wide range of pH and temperature. In this research work，the self-corrosion of Al anode in alkaline electrolyte for Al-air battery is suppressed by adding a hybrid corrosion inhibitor consisting of dodecyl dimethyl betaine (DDBT) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). The hybrid surfactant behaves as an anodic inhibitor. The results show that the optimum inhibition efficiency is 91.27 % for 1 × 10−3 M DDBT + 4 × 10−3 M SDBS. The combination of DDBT and SDBS decreases the corrosion rate of AA5052 alloy in sodium hydroxide electrolyte. The hydrophilic heads of DDBT and SDBS can adsorb on surface. The long alkyl chains in surfactant bring an increase in hydrophobicity. The hybrid surfactants have the electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction, which improving the inhibition effect for the hydrogen evolution reaction. In general, the mixture of anionic and zwitterionic surfactants can provide the potential for better inhibition performance and significance for practical application.

Regulating the Anode Corrosion by a Tryptophan Derivative for Alkaline Al–Air Batteries

Screening a green corrosion inhibitor that can prevent Al anode corrosion and enhance the battery performance is highly significant for developing next-generation Al-air batteries. This work explores the non-toxic, environmentally safe, and nitrogen-rich amino acid derivative, N(α)-Boc-l-tryptophan (BCTO), as a green corrosion inhibitor for Al anodes. Our results confirm that BCTO has an excellent corrosion inhibition effect for the Al-5052 alloy in 4 M NaOH solution. An optimum inhibitor addition (2 mM) has increased the Al-air battery performance; the corrosion inhibition efficiency was 68.2%, and the anode utilization efficiency reached 92.0%. The capacity and energy density values increased from 990.10 mA h g-1 and 1317.23 W h kg-1 of the uninhibited system to 2739.70 mA h g-1 and 3723.53 W h kg-1 for the 2 mM BCTO added system. The adsorption behavior of BCTO on the Al-5052 surface was further explored by theoretical calculations. This work paves the way for constructing durable Al-air batteries through an electrolyte regulation strategy.

Effect of Sn and Zn alloying with Al on its electrochemical performance in an alkaline media containing CO2 for Al-air batteries application

Aluminum alloyed with other metals, such as Sn and Zn, was synthesized via fusion to trace the impact of alloying elements on the electrochemical characteristics of Al anodes. The corrosion inhibition and electrochemical tests were performed in a 5 M KOH medium in the absence and presence of CO2 for the Al–Sn, and Al–Zn anodes and compared to the commercial aluminum. Tafel polarization exhibited that the anodic and cathodic branches display lower current densities than Al metal in pure KOH. The steady state of the open circuit voltage (Ecorr.) for the studied alloys was shifted to a more negative magnitude than for Al. The corrosion current is sharply decreased, and potential is significantly shifted to less negative values in the presence of CO2. This is due to forming of a protective layer from the carbonate of Al, Sn, and Zn on the surface. Amazing results were obtained and discussed in the case of CO2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results exhibited that charge transfer resistance (Rct) values rise with alloying elements. The data of Tafel plots are consistent with those of EIS. The alloying of Al with Sn and Zn elements significantly affects capacitance, hydrogen evolution process suppression, and charge-discharge efficiency. This reveals that the highest potential value in the presence of CO2 in the charging process is obtained for Al–Zn alloy, while the most negative potential is obtained for Al in the discharging process with CO2. Moreover, the discharge time is higher in the alloys than in commercial Al in the absence and more in the presence of CO2. The produced alloys are thought to provide good anodes for long-life rechargeable batteries.

Design considerations and cycling guidance for aluminum foil anodes in lithium-ion rechargeable cells

Al foil is an attractive anode candidate for Li-ion rechargeable batteries, but the systemic problem of fast capacity degradation limits its re-introduction in practical applications. Partial lithiation-delithiation does mitigate the issue to a certain degree, but the cycle life is still tied to the problems associated with the phase transformation between β-LiAl and α-Al. Utilizing the solubility range of β-LiAl has been proven to be a feasible approach to stabilize the β-LiAl grown on an Al foil, i.e., the β-LiAl(Al) anode, but the electrochemically driven ion transport limitations of this electrode remain largely unclear. Herein, we present comprehensive electrochemical analyses of the β-LiAl(Al) electrode to shed light on its kinetic limitations which have intrinsic links to the electrode thickness and total cell capacity. Results show that the β-LiAl(Al) electrode can be charged at a C-rate as high as 2.9 C when a proper prelithiation is done for an Al foil. The superior rate capability is suggested to partly originate from the fast lithium diffusion in β-LiAl: -10−7 cm2·s−1 at room temperature. Furthermore, the cells consisting of β-LiAl(Al) vs. commercial Li4Ti5O12 exhibit promising cycling performances, even at 10 mA·cm−2, giving 300 cycles with a capacity retention of ∼80%. With a systematic investigation of the limiting mechanisms focusing on correlating the prelithiation depth and the cycle life, the cyclability of the β-LiAl(Al) electrode at different current densities (0.5–10 mA·cm−2) is mapped out, providing comprehensive guidance for the practical utilization of the β-LiAl(Al) anode in a range of Li-ion cell types, from all-solid-state batteries to hybrid capacitors.

Interface engineering toward self-corrosion inhibited alkaline aluminum-air battery via optimized electrolyte system

In this manuscript, an introduced ionic liquids-ethylene glycol-KOH electrolyte system is proposed. Theoretical calculations and experiments show that ionic liquids with stronger hydrophobicity provide better corrosion inhibition for their spontaneous adsorption behavior and water molecule segregation. In this process, the imidazole ring cations play a major role. The electrolyte system reconstructs the Al/electrolyte interface with poor H2O, thus has lower self-corrosion rate for [BMIM]PF6 and contributes to the uniform dissolution of Al anode. Additionally, discharge performance of the full-cell feature same trend, endowing an outstanding capacity of 1971 mAh g−1 and anode utilization of 66.2% in alkaline [BMIM]PF6-ethylene glycol electrolyte. In terms of maintaining the activity of the Al-6061 anode whilst keeping low corrosion rate level, the proposed electrolyte system seems to be potential alternative.