Airport Surface Access Research Articles

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON TRANSPORT PLANNING ANALYSIS OF AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY – AIRPORT SURFACE ACCESS

Airport surface access being a major part of study in all the developed and developing countries across the World. Due to growing population globally, an increase in income and automobiles have paved their contribution in increased congestion and pollution. The trend followed globally is almost similar irrespective of the economy, where the private transport contributes more towards the journey made for Airports. Key factors that govern the mode choice behaviour of the Air passengers include travel cost, travel time, comfort to carry luggage and in a special condition citizenship too effects the same in countries like Saudi Arabia.

The Carbon Footprint of Airport Ground Access as Part of an Outbound Holiday Trip

In this paper, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions derived from airport surface access of outbound German tourists travelling to the Canary Islands have been estimated. It is argued that carbon footprint estimations in tourism must be improved to incorporate the transport to the airports within the country of origin. To do so, statistical data from the Tourism Expenditure Survey of the Canary Islands have been used. In particular, the postcodes of a large sample of German tourists visiting the archipelago from 2012 to 2014 are used to identify their residence and the distances travelled to their chosen airport. The findings of the paper contribute to the literature on tourism carbon footprints, including an estimate of the share of airport surface access emissions in a typical outbound sun and beach holiday trip. Airport ground access accounted for 8.17% of transport-related emissions. These results have implications for urban planners, transport firms, and tourism management.

The other side of an airport’s two-sided market: issues in planning and pricing airport surface access

The first part of the paper considers the two-sided nature of airport platforms, and argues that on the land-side, analysis and policy has generally over-stated the items that should be included. In this context, the paper’s focus is on airport access and how it should be embraced, along with airside considerations, in a two-sided framework when establishing prices and investment. In the second part, the more theoretical argument is juxta positioned with prior empirical analysis of landside access which has largely been treated in a rather ad hoc way, usually implicitly assuming it involves a one-sided market. The subsequent arguments of what needs to be done, are suggestive rather than specific given the diverse institutional and physical nature of airports and their surroundings.

Improving the environmental performance of airport surface access in the UK: The role of public transport

Simultaneously increasing the proportion of airport surface access journeys that are made by public transport modes and reducing the environmental effects of airport access/egress trips while accommodating growing consumer demand for air and surface access travel are priority areas for the air transport industry and the UK Government. Given the urgent need to reconcile commitments to environmental sustainability with commercial and economic imperatives for growth, this paper analyses the surface access strategies of London's six busiest passenger airports to identify the current challenges of airport surface access provision, examine opportunities for improvement within existing and future infrastructure and offer recommendations as to how increased public transport provision and patronage could improve the environmental performance of UK airport surface access.

TRENDS IN AIRPORT SURFACE ACCESS IN THE LONDON MULTI-AIRPORT SYSTEM

The London multi-airport system is described and changes in ownership from state organisations to competing private enterprises are assessed. A taxonomy of United Kingdom government action related to airport planning policy is presented with critical analysis in relation to airport surface access strategy. Changes in public transport use by passengers and employees at London airports are quantified to illustrate the success or otherwise of government policy. Passenger groups (defined by nationality and trip purpose) driving the increase in public transport are identified. Current London airport surface access strategic targets for passengers and employees are compared with the early versions suggested by the government to highlight the changed airport approach. Emerging surface airport access issues at London’s airports are discussed.

Airport Surface Access and Mobile Apps

Purpose: Airport Surface Access faces two main opposite issues: (1) cars, being the main transport mode, contribute to the increasing level of congestion and pollution of cities; and (2) simultaneously, parking fees are one important source of airports commercial revenue, creating a dilemma for airports when facing the problem. Following the recent trend of air passengers travelling with Smartphone (78% in 2013), the purpose of this paper is to monitor the adoption of mobile Applications (Apps) by airports and to analyze if the information and functions provided in those Apps can help to overcome the above two issues. Design/methodology/approach: 31 iPhone App of some of the largest European airports were evaluated in the lab using the evaluation model of Destinations Mobile Applications (Scolari and Fernandez-Cavia 2014) adapted for for the Airport Surface Access on Airport Apps Findings and Originality/value: The Apps evaluated provided a very limited functionality to help passengers to plan and book their trips to/from the airports on public transports and gave high priority to parking information and services. Originality/value: Although Airport Surface Access has been a widely researched, the originality of this paper is the analysis of airport mobile Apps as a potential tool for airports to deal with the surface airport access problems.Access, Airports, Mobile Internet, Commercial Revenues

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE RAILWAY CONNECTION ACCESS AT JAKARTA SOEKARNO HATTA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Traveling between the center of Jakarta and Soekarno Hatta International Airport (SHIA) is further constrained by the limited number of main routes available which likely cannot be accommodated in the future by road based transport modes alone. Hence, the airport needs to develop airport surface access to accommodate its network. The aim of this research is to analyze the railway access system for developing the system of SHIA using multi criteria analysis in the selection of alternative route alignment of the railway line and a qualitative study in data collection within the research design. Development of the criteria includes technical, economic, environmental and spatial aspect. Three alternatives have been proposed in this analysis, i.e. through West Jakarta, through North and West Jakarta and through North and Central Jakarta. The results show that alternative 3 (through North and Central Jakarta) can give implications to the airport users, i.e. providing a high standard of the rail link in a well-timed manner and a cost-effective public transport link. Improving the multi-modal access to the airport will improve the supply of employment to business, lead to urban regeneration around station locations, and improve Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area regional competitiveness.

Measuring the equity effects of a carbon charge on car commuters: A case study of Manchester Airport

This papers attempts to quantify the equity effect of a hypothesized economic instrument, a carbon charge on car commuters, for reducing carbon dioxide emissions produced by commuters on airport surface access. Manchester Airport is taken as a case study using staff Survey data from 2008 and 2010. Consumer welfare change is analysed for measuring the equity effects of carbon charge by user group, which considers the changes of travel mode choice, the carbon dioxide emissions reduction, the revenue from a carbon charge and how it is distributed. First, the individual carbon footprint in terms of gram passenger kilometre, and the damage cost of carbon by commuters on airport surface access are estimated. Next, the impact of carbon charge on travel behaviour is investigated by the nested logit model. Finally, the net effect of carbon charges is assessed by travel mode user, gender, job type, and age group. The results show some impacts of the carbon charge on car users and carbon reduction, and the positive effects on lower income group and less carbon commuters. The quantified results provide the evidences for the mitigation policies to combine monetary incentives with disincentives for travel behaviour change, and demonstrate the different equity effects among commuter groups.

Investigating the contribution of Demand Responsive Transport to a sustainable local public transport system

Various studies have advocated the potential for Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) services to deliver sustainable local public transport. This paper investigates the sustainability credentials of DRT services using evidence from UK-based research. More specifically, six potential DRT market niches were identified, including those which offer potential commercial opportunities (e.g. airport surface access) and those that meet social needs (e.g. non-emergency hospital trips). Mode share of these DRT services, against car or bus travel, was simulated from mixed logit models within a panel data modelling framework estimated from survey data. The survey was conducted of over 400 respondents in urban (Rochdale, Manchester) and rural (Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire) areas.Experience shows that it is particularly difficult to make DRT services financially viable. Of the DRT services investigated, those targeting airline or train passengers offer potential. However, they are in direct competition with the car, and so their success depends on the cost and availability of parking spaces. Some of the DRT schemes explored meet social needs, such as to access shopping facilities or hospitals, but they face cost challenges. In addition, institutional barriers for new DRT schemes need to be overcome in order to develop a sustainable local public transport system.

Sustainable Development and Airport Surface Access: The Role of Technological Innovation and Behavioral Change

Sustainable development reflects an underlying tension to achieve economic growth whilst addressing environmental challenges, and this is particularly the case for the aviation sector. Although much of the aviation-related focus has fallen on reducing aircraft emissions, airports have also been under increasing pressure to support the vision of a low carbon energy future. One of the main sources of airport-related emissions is passenger journeys to and from airports (the surface access component of air travel), which is the focus of this paper. Two aspects associated with the relationship between sustainable development and airport surface access are considered. Firstly, there is an evaluation of three technological innovation options that will enable sustainable transport solutions for surface access journeys: telepresence systems to reduce drop-off/pick-up trips, techniques to improve public transport and options to encourage the sharing of rides. Secondly, the role of behavioral change for surface access journeys from a theoretical perspective, using empirical data from Manchester airport, is evaluated. Finally, the contribution of technology and behavioral intervention measures to improvements in sustainable development are discussed.

The damage cost of carbon dioxide emissions produced by passengers on airport surface access: the case of Manchester Airport

The present paper estimates the carbon footprints of passengers on airport surface access and identifies the users who produce larger emissions using Manchester Airport as a case study. The quantified results demonstrate the higher CO2 emissions and the greater cost of damage caused by carbon of private modes such as ‘drop off and pick up’ and ‘minicab’ users. A large opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions is identified by thus decreasing ‘drop off and pick up’ users. The total cost of the damage caused by CO2 produced by passengers’ surface access is estimated to be approximately £10.9million at 2009 prices. An economic instrument to charge higher cost users could be implemented, however, the trade-off between private benefit and total costs should be evaluated in order to maintain competitive advantage.

Airport surface access management: Issues and policies

Surface access is an increasingly important issue for airport managers. Currently, airport access is heavily reliant on private car trips. Rising demand for air travel in recent years has generated increased volumes of surface traffic at many airports, which has led to congestion on airport roads, overcrowded car-parking facilities, reduced local air quality and increased carbon emissions. If forecasts of future growth in world air passenger traffic are accurate, it is likely that this situation will worsen in the future. Subsequently, there has been growing pressure on airports to reduce the share of trips by private car and increase access by public transportation; however, private car trips provide an important source of revenue for airports via car-parking charges. Airport managers must formulate surface access policies that not only maximise capacity utilisation, but also marry various commercial and environmental goals. But this task is far from straightforward and there remain a number of key issues that airport managers must account for relating to the nature of surface access traffic, the varying requirements and characteristics of airport users, environmental concerns, car parking and the new market conditions in which airports operate. This paper presents these issues through a synthesis of the surface access literature and discusses various policies that can be employed to manage them. By highlighting the key surface access issues and exploring policies for their effective management, this paper aims to offer important lessons for airport managers.

Airport surface access in the UK: A management perspective

Air passenger traffic in the UK has increased significantly over the last 30 years, and is forecast to continue to grow for the foreseeable future. A key associated challenge for airports involves the management of airport surface access. Currently, airport surface access in the UK is heavily reliant on trips by private car, which has resulted in congestion on local road networks and raised levels of pollution from vehicle emissions. The paper offers an airport management perspective on airport surface access in the UK. Semi-structured interviews with key personnel responsible for surface access management at 14 UK airports revealed a wide variety of surface access issues and management policies. The need to reduce the share of journeys made by private car is identified as a key issue, with a particular focus on reducing ‘kiss-and-fly’ journeys for passengers. Whilst reducing private car journeys may yield environmental benefits, such strategies are largely at odds with substantial commercial pressures to maximise the revenue potential of airport parking.

UK airport car parking management

Many international airports are operating close to capacity. Given the projected long-term growth in air traffic of between three and four per cent per annum, this problem is likely to intensify. This growth has serious implications not simply in terms of the demand for additional runway and terminal capacity but also on airport surface access capacity and its related congestion, environmental and social degradation. The dominant mode of transport to airports is the private car, typically accounting for as much as 65 per cent of all journeys made. This is as much an issue in terms of airport employees as it is passengers. The aim of this paper is to consider the issues faced by airport managers with respect to car parking management, both with respect to passengers and employees, and its policy implications. It is based on interviews with a number of key decision makers in terms of airport surface access in the UK. The paper also draws on previous work undertaken by the authors and a review of the literature. Although the study is of UK airports, many of the experiences provide a basis for transferability to airport surface access worldwide.

UK airport surface access targets

Airport surface access is increasingly seen as a major problem not only in the UK but worldwide given its impact in terms of traffic congestion and environmental degradation. In 1998 the UK Government published a White Paper, ‘A New Deal for Transport’ that introduced the idea of Airport Transport Forums to be established by UK airports to set targets for the increase in the proportion of journeys to/from the airport made by public transport. In this paper the authors critically assess the targets set for achieving a greater use of public transport when making journeys to airports. Evidence is presented as to how UK airports have developed targets to respond to the Government's initiative.

Enhancing the sustainability of airport developments

AbstractIn December 2003, the UK Government published a long‐awaited new air transport White Paper, looking 30 years ahead. New airport developments are invariably controversial for both local and global sustainability reasons. Notwithstanding the effects of implementing this new policy, this paper examines how the sustainability of new airport development can be improved.The study examines the feasibility of four scenarios encouraging more sustainable airport development, focusing on airport terminal building design and surface access transport. The scenarios were (1) a ‘business as usual’ (BAU) plan for an airport's surface access transport and terminal building design, (2) a green transport plan (GTP), (3) a green architecture plan (GAP) and (4) a best practice approach combining (2) and (3), using a range of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies.Stakeholders' responses to the scenarios were explored, with unanimous support for the best practice scenario (4). As the scenarios become more energy efficient and incorporate more renewable energy technologies, stakeholders consider the approaches to be more sustainable, cost effective and feasible. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Changing airport employee travel behaviour: the role of airport surface access strategies

Employee travel to airports is currently dominated by the private car. Road capacity has become a constraint requiring serious action if airports are to accommodate the trebling of air traffic, forecast by 2030. The aim of this paper is to assess the UK Government's policy initiative of making airports produce airport surface access strategies (ASAS's) as a means of addressing employee dependency on the private car for airport trips. A survey of ASAS's and informal interviews with airport managers reveal a wide variety of incentive based measures for dealing with the problem and a need for airports to share best practice.

Lessons from United Kingdom Airports on Ground Control Strategies

Major airports are currently operating close to capacity, and in the medium long term, air traffic is likely to grow, despite the effects of September 11, 2001. One of the consequences will be increased airport ground access congestion and a deterioration of ground access time reliability. A major challenge for airports is to make efficient use of ground access capacity that is currently dominated by private car trips. In response to the problem in the United Kingdom, the government has instructed each of 27 airports to lead an Airport Transport Forum comprising key stakeholders, namely the airlines, airport owners, employers, local transport authorities, rail companies, bus companies, and local government. Each forum is responsible for producing an airport surface access strategy to encourage more efficient use of ground access capacity and to attract more trips to airports by public modes of transport. There was a review of the U.K. mechanisms for coordinating ground access, and a comparison and contrast of the strategies was proposed for reducing car dependency for surface access trips by employees to airports. Although there are differences in the operating contexts of U.S. and U.K. airports, it might be asked, What lessons can be drawn from U.K. airports? The strategies of variously sized U.K. airports were analyzed, and findings reveal evidence of good innovative practice for reducing car dependency and improving efficiency of ground access systems. There is potential for transferability to the U.S. airport environment.