Airport Authorities Research Articles

Ground Hadling Market at the Ukrainian Airports Aad Practical Ways of its Reformation

Abstract. Introduction. The article discusses the current situation of the market of ground handling services at the Ukrainian airports and determines the list of problems concerning with the necessary of its demonopolization, not enough liberalization and less of efficient market competition. Purpose. The aim of article is to make recommendation of reformation and liberalization of the Ukrainian airports ground handling services market. Results. The economics of the airports services market has its own specification, where are combine services of several provides: aircompany, airport and ground handling company. In order to increase the efficiency, the both international and Ukrainian airports practice, demonstrates the carrying out of some kind of activities and services to special certified companies on the basis of outsourcing. In Ukrainian airports practice, the airport authority body makes the decision to allow the activity of certified companies to provide handling services for aircompanies and concludes the general agreement with them. In accordance with the Ukrainian legislation, the certification of handling companies provides by the State Aviation Administration of Ukraine. There are monopolization of Ukrainian airports handling services market, without clear and strict conditions of input, less of liberalization and terms of activity. In the same time, the competition on the ground handling services has positive influence not only to the price but also to the quality of these services. Conclusions. The study shows necessary of reformation and liberalization of Ukrainian ground handling services market with taking into account the international experience. It’s very important to pay attention to the regional Ukrainian airports handling services market, its volume of passengers and current state of infrastructure. Because of above mentioned, it is necessary for all Ukrainian airports to adopt a law in order to develop the Ukrainian airports handling services market. It’s necessary to make the strict and clear certification rules through declaration and to provide liberalization and free access for all participants

Prediction and Interpretation of Low-Level Wind Shear Criticality Based on Its Altitude above Runway Level: Application of Bayesian Optimization–Ensemble Learning Classifiers and SHapley Additive exPlanations

Low-level wind shear (LLWS) is a rare occurrence and yet poses a major hazard to the safety of aircraft. LLWS event occurrence within 800 feet of the runway level are dangerous to approaching and departing aircraft and must be accurately predicted. In this study, first the Bayesian Optimization–Ensemble Learning Classifiers (BO-ELCs) including Adaptive Boosting, Light Gradient Boosting Machine, Categorical Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Random Forest were trained and tested using a dataset of 234 LLWS events extracted from pilot flight reports (PIREPS) and weather reports at Hong Kong International Airport. Afterward, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm was utilized to interpret the best BO-ELC. Based on the testing set, the results revealed that the Bayesian Optimization–Random Forest Classifier outperformed the other BO-ELCs in accuracy (0.714), F1-score (0.713), AUC-ROC (0.76), and AUR-PRC (0.75). The SHAP analysis found that the hourly temperature, wind speed, and runway 07LA were the top three crucial factors. A high hourly temperature and a moderate-to-high wind speed made Runway 07LA vulnerable to the occurrence of critical LLWS events. This research was a first attempt to forecast the criticality of LLWS in airport runway vicinities and will assist civil aviation airport authorities in making timely flight operation decisions.

System Dynamic Model for Simulating Aviation Demand: Baghdad International Airport as a Case Study

The aviation authorities have long been impacted by fluctuations in demand, which are often caused by the aviation industry's cyclical nature. It is affected mainly by many endogenous or exogenous variables. Despite that, the airport authorities and air carrier management make significant efforts to deal with fluctuating demand. This paper analyzed the factors influencing demand at Baghdad International Airport, based on the pertinent local socio-economic data such as "population size," "GDP," and "terrorism effect," as well as system-based factors related to aviation activities and airport characteristics for the past ten years, to develop a system dynamics simulation model by which the causes of fluctuation are highlighted in order to predict the magnitude and timing of the increment or decline in an offer to minimize losses to all parties in the airport system. The simulation results demonstrated very high goodness of fit with the actual data, producing R2 values of 0.865 and 0.86 for the departing and arriving passengers, respectively. Even though Iraq's unstable political and economic situation led to the interaction between the different demand drivers, external factors have a bigger effect on the country's need for air travel, causing demand shocks that take a long time to recover from.

COVID-19-Related Awareness and Behaviors of Non-Saudi Travelers and Their Satisfaction with Preventive Measures at Saudi Airports.

Airports could serve as hotspots for the spread of the COVID-19 infection. We aimed to assess the awareness, attitude, and behaviors of non-Saudi travelers about COVID-19 and their satisfaction with preventive measures at Saudi airports. A cross-sectional study was conducted among non-Saudi travelers arriving in Saudi Arabia at two international airports. Data were collected using a questionnaire in Arabic, Hindi, and Urdu languages. Awareness, attitude, behavior scores, and satisfaction levels were calculated. Linear regression analyses were done to assess the predictors of awareness, attitude, and behaviors. A total of 633 participants were included in the study. The mean awareness, attitude, and behavior scores were 16.3/22, 18.3/24, and 3.2/5, respectively. Nationality, education, and income were significant predictors of awareness. Nationality was the only significant predictor of attitude, while gender and nationality were predictors of behaviors. Overall satisfaction with preventive measures was: transportation (94%), lounges and corridors (96%), counters (98%), and airport staff (97%). There was overall good awareness and attitude among travelers. Behavior scores were relatively low, which needs to change as air travel poses a threat to the spread of infectious diseases. Airport authorities need to manage passengers properly to ensure adequate distancing to prevent the potential transmission of infections.

국내 표준계기도착절차(STAR)의 활용도 및 연속강하접근 운항 비율 분석

In response to the recent surge in aviation demand, major airport and aviation authorities continue to make efforts to formulate arrival procedures that take into account efficient aircraft separation, noise and environmental issues related to carbon (CO₂) emissions. In order to ensure efficient traffic control and environmental issues, as a result, a new concept Trombone, Point Merge, etc. have been introduced and widely used. However, these new concept incisions are becoming a factor that hinders operational efficiency and stability due to the restricted domestic airspace such as military airspace and excessive constraints of altitude, speed, etc. which do not reflect the concept of continuous descent operation and eventually needs to be modified to make continuous descent operation as feasible as possible. We herewith analyze and propose the way of improving flight safety and efficiency in the arrival operation procedure by supplementary modification which consequently contribute to the aviation industry international competitiveness.

PRIVATIZING INDIAN AIRPORTS - A SCRUTINIZED EVALUATION THROUGH VARIED CONTEMPLATIONS

This paper elucidates the changing ownership of Public owned airports to Privatisation. The analysis is envisioned towards the passengers’ interest in availing air transport which are likely to become more efficient. The improvisation of regional connectivity would yield more people to opt for air transport. A series of efforts were taken before making the questionnaires that were placed in the survey including the psychological aspects when deciding about the choice of airports which are getting privatized. The collected inputs from the passengers vary from seldom travelers to frequent travelers across the country are analyzed using the linear programming technique such as the DEA[1] which depicts the effective views of the travelers to go for Privatisation. The questionnaire was carefully framed such that all the aspects covering ergonomics level, including the ease of navigation, the reach of supporting staff. The airports would get diversified with their services without the intervention of Government. In India, a total of 137 airports which include 23 International airports (3 Civil Enclaves), 10 Customs Airports (4 Civil Enclaves) having custom and immigration facilities for limited international operations and 104 Domestic airports (23 Civil Enclaves) are administered by the Airport Authority of India (AAI).[10] The USA has 14,549 Private airports (74%) within the total 19,636 airports. Many countries like the USA, Russia, China, U. K, France have a larger number of Privately-owned airports helping their countries in getting economically strengthened. IATA forecasts a growth of 6.8% per annum for India. The usage of No frill airports would reduce the cost of capital investment in making an airport to start functioning and help the nation to grow in the economy. In addition, Six AAI airports are operated, managed, and developed under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) namely, Guwahati, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Mangalore, Thiruvananthapuram and Lucknow. At Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, and Ahmedabad, Performance Based Navigation (PBN) arrival and departure procedures have been implemented and for Hyderabad airport, it is in progress and Space-based, Final Operational Phase (FOP) of (GAGAN), GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation[10] is under implementation which is not airport-based and will be available for use at all of the country's airports. Enhancing the prediction of outcomes through feature selection, the Data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is used for the analytics questionnaire. This is a function whose form is based on the efficiency of the scrutinized evaluations. It's an approach for measuring the performance efficiency of global public airports through varied contemplations of results of the survey. This technique aims to measure how efficiently a DEA uses the resources available to generate a group of outputs along with feature section models that are then analyzed after that to evaluate the contributing factors for airport operation and privatization.

Structural efficiency assessment of regional airports: Lessons from India

This study focuses on the structural efficiency of 42 Indian regional airports over five years from 2014 to 2019. A two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to assess the structural efficiencies of airports. We find that distance to the closest airport, distance from the city centre, per capita income, accessibility and profitability of the airport significantly impact the structural efficiency scores. We also calculate the productivity growth of the sample airports over five years using the Malmquist Productivity Index. Airport productivity rankings and sources of inefficiency provide airport authorities and policymakers with valuable insights into the potential for improvement.

Sustainability Performance Appraisal for Airports Serving Tourist Islands

Air transport infrastructure development is crucial for economic and social growth. Regional airports connecting remote, tourist destinations such as islands provide important services and boost global and local commerce networks. Airport authorities intend to maximize expansion while limiting environmental impacts. Regional airports may achieve efficient environmental management by applying sustainable practices and developing long-term strategies. The purpose of this paper is the development of an in-depth comparison and assessment of the environmental sustainability performance of a number of regional airports in terms of the environmental impacts that are caused by their operations and their demand patterns. The evaluation methodology is based on the identification of evidence about the incorporation of key environmental management performance aspects in the environmental reports of the top five regional tourist airports in the Mediterranean islands. The most important finding was that airports, despite requiring an efficient and forward-thinking environmental management plan in order to address the environmental impact that they have, do not prioritize their environmental performance management issues. The conventional wisdom is to provide a framework for evaluating tourist airports’ performance toward environmental mitigation efforts, promote best practices, and benchmark sustainability for regions heavily dependent on tourism.

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Using appropriate aircraft noise metrics for various applications

Aircraft operations and the resulting noise emissions have widespread implications that affect numerous stakeholders including airport authorities, airlines, navigation providers, government entities, developers, investors, community members and more. These diverse audiences require information about the degrees of impact of aircraft operations as they relate to noise. The outcome from the use of this information can affect everything from airspace design, zoning, building codes, regulatory measures, public guidance etc. To simplify the subject of aircraft noise, there has always been an effort to use a single metric for the numerous applications listed above. However, this approach more often contributes to confusion and discrepancies as multiple agencies try to force a metric to fit a purpose for which it was not intended. While cumulative noise metrics such as DNL or NEF might be appropriate for annoyance prediction and land-use planning, they are not appropriate for communicating noise data to the public. Likewise, these metrics are not appropriate for building code requirements as they cannot be applied without conversions. Different metrics are developed for different purposes, and they should be applied for their prescribed usage. This paper discusses several metrics and their appropriate applications within the study of aircraft noise and its impacts.

A critique of the Supreme Court’s pronouncements on international law and the right to housing in Kenya in Mitu-Bell Welfare Society

Kenyan courts have long grappled with questions surrounding the place of international law in the legal landscape particularly after the promulgationof the 2010 Constitution. Moreover, socio-economic realities have created conditions such as poor and inadequate housing for portions of society, a significant number resultantly having to reside in informal settlements all over the country. Unregulated demolitions of these settlements have left thousands of these already precarious slum dwellers homeless and destitute. In light of these issues, the case of Mitu-Bell Welfare Society v Kenya Airports Authority & 2 others; Initiative for Strategic Litigation in Africa (amicus curiae) was expected to bring about clarity on the application of international law to issues such as human rights, as well as provide a definitive interpretation of the right to housing that would help mitigate injustices in this area. This paper analyses the Supreme Court of Kenya’s decision in Mitu-Bell Welfare Society, canvassing how the court addressed the applicability of international law and the interpretation of the right to housing.

SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen screening of asymptomatic employees: a pilot project.

SettingRapid antigen screening can be effective in identifying infectious individuals in occupational settings to reduce transmission and outbreaks. We report results from a pilot project at the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) and describe the operationalization. Toronto Pearson is a large international airport encompassing over 400 employers and, pre-pandemic, with approximately 50,000 employees.InterventionAn employee screening program was piloted between March 8 and May 28, 2021, to implement rapid antigen testing for asymptomatic employees. Recruitment targeted enrolment of 400 employees and yielded participation of 717 from 58 companies. Employees were recommended to book three times per week for nasal swabs on site, and were tested on the Abbot PanbioTM rapid antigen test. No action was taken from a negative result, and if positive, the employee was told to isolate at home and obtain a confirmatory polymerase chain reaction test.OutcomesA total of 5117 tests were performed on 717 individuals over 12 weeks; 5091 tests were negative (99.5%), and 22 individuals tested positive (3.1% positivity rate). One hundred twenty-four (17%) completed the post-participation survey. All respondents reported that testing did not change their behaviour at work with respect to public health recommendations, and only 1 (1%) reported behaviour change outside of work (socializing with family) as a result of the program.ImplicationsThis pilot program identified 22 (3.1%) potentially infectious employees. Onsite testing was feasible and highly accepted by this group of employees who completed the survey. Education resulted in reasonable uptake and no substantial change in behaviour, although the survey response rate may limit generalizability. Home-based testing may facilitate larger recruitment.

The Evolution of Canada’s Airports and Airport Policy: A Review

Canada’s airports are unique in the world as a system of private, no-share capital, not-for-profit organizations. This paper reviews the evolution Canada’s airport system and airport policy over the last 30 years and provides an overview of airport performance including an assessment of the likely proceeds should the Canadian government decide to sell its eight largest airports to private investors. The review reveals an airport system with a heavy “user pay” orientation that has become reliant on “airport improvement fees” charged to passengers, over and above regular aeronautical charges, in order to finance the substantial investments in infrastructure made by airport authorities. The paper highlights criticisms of the current airport system that have endured for over 20 years and shows how recent recommendations to sell our airports to private investors reveals an underlying tension regarding whether airports should be regarded as “spark plugs” that create wider economic benefits or “toll booths” that generate government revenues. The paper argues that a viable alternative to selling off airports to private investors is to reintroduce legislation first introduced in 2003 and again in 2006, which, despite broad political support, never became law.

ANALISIS DAMPAK DARI KERUGIAN MASKAPAI PT GARUDA INDONESIA PADA SEGI OPERASIONAL PESAWAT UDARA DI BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL NGURAH RAI BALI WILAYAH KERJA KANTOR OTORITAS BANDAR UDARA IV

The covid pandemic has had a major impact on the business of a state-owned airline that has awards in the world of international aviation, namely Garuda Indonesia. This big impact is in the form of a decrease in flight activities so that it affects airline revenues due to regulations issued by the government such as lock down, social distancing and others. From this regulation, Garuda Indonesia's airline business suffered losses. The purpose of this study is 1) to determine the cause of the loss of the airline PT. Garuda Indonesia. 2) To find out the impact of the loss of the airline PT. Garuda Indonesia against aircraft operations at Bali's Ngurah Rai International Airport. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection instruments were interviews, observations and documentation with supporting documents at Garuda Indonesia and the air transportation unit at the Airport Authority Office IV. To answer the formulation of the research problem, the researchers carried out 3 stages of analysis consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study show that 1) There are 3 factors that cause losses to Garuda Indonesia airline, namely the covid pandemic, aircraft rental financing and corruption cases in the procurement of ATR and Bombardier aircraft. 2) The impact given to GA's losses in terms of operations, there are 2 factors, namely operating activities which are few compared to the time slot owned by Garuda Indonesia, which is certainly different from the period before the covid pandemic, and a reduction in the operational route of Garuda Indonesia aircraft, namely BDO-DPS which did not propose this route for operation in 2022 with the reason to reduce Garuda Indonesia's cost burden which is certainly different from the period before covid, this route was operated.

Using Hadoop, Analyze Airport Authority

A modern airport has access to a vast quantity of information, including the number of flights, arrival and departure times, flight routes, the number of airports that operate in each nation, a list of the current active airlines in each nation, etc. DBMS has so far been utilized to store and analyze the airport database. An airport database management system uses SQL to apply queries to all of the records. B-tree or distributed hash tables are used by My SQL to analyze the database. It is unable to analyze a large volume of data. Data is stored in a parallel database. This system's disadvantage is that it can't handle an increase in massive amounts of data to a significant degree. Therefore, the Hadoop database file system is employed to solve this issue. Hadoop uses HDFS and the Map-Reduce processing architecture to store vast amounts of data and provide the data in parallel. We made an effort to examine in-depth research of airline data sets, such as a list of airports in India, a list of airlines with no stops, a list of codeshare airlines by country with the most airports, and a list of active airlines in the United States. Here, we concentrated on processing large data sets in a distributed setting utilizing the hive component of the Hadoop ecosystem. The developers and business analysts will be helped by this effort when it comes to obtaining and handling their user requests

Environmentally Sensitive Management Approach Within the Scope of Carbon-Free Airport: The Case of Sivas Nuri Demirağ Airport

The aviation industry has been developing continuously from past to present. This development is not only limited to airplanes, but is effective in all fields of aviation. In this context, the increase in the number of passengers and flight points has increased the importance of airports. These increases have led to various additional requirements at airports such as airport positioning, large grounds, large facilities and technological systems. In addition to the fact that airports play an important role in the economic and social development of the region where they are located, the effects of environmental pollution are increasing. Environmental pollution is not only regional; The fact that it causes long-term global environmental effects has made it necessary to control the activities within the airport. For this reason, in Turkey, General Directorate Of State Airports Authority aims to control the possible effects of ongoing activities at airports on the environment, to leave a more livable world to the next generations with the measures taken against global warming and climate change, and to provide sustainable airport management. Because of this, carbon-free airport Project was started. In this study, information is given about the "Carbon-Free Airport Project" and the application principles of the project are mentioned. For this purpose, Sivas Nuri Demirağ Airport was inspected, which is one of the few airports within the scope of this project in Turkey, and suggestions were made in the light of this information.

Multicriteria Decision Aiding for Planning Renewable Power Production at Moroccan Airports

This study is about multicriteria decision aiding (MCDA) for the green airports program of the Moroccan Airport Authority ONDA. The goal of the program is to develop significant amounts of renewable power at airports. In particular, ONDA wants to select airports at which large solar and wind power parks should be built. Multiple criteria, including economy, technical feasibility, and environmental concerns, must be considered simultaneously. In this study, we apply Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis (SMAA) for ranking the candidates to be developed into green airports. The analysis is conducted in phases with different sets of criteria. This study is the first application of MCDA for developing large-scale renewable energy production at airports. As a theoretical novelty, the pairwise winning indices of SMAA are used to form stochastic partial and complete rankings of the alternatives. Based on the results, two alternatives obtain the best and second-best rank in every model, and one alternative is always last, while the ranks of the remaining alternatives vary depending on the set of criteria.

Comparing Methods of Calculating Aircraft Engine Emissions of Harmful Exhaust Components During the Takeoff and Landing Cycle in the Airspace of an Airport

Abstract An airport authority needs accurate information about the actual amount of harmful emissions being generated within its airspace, to be able to take measures leading to their reduction. This article presents two methods for estimating the amount of these emissions from aircraft engines during the take off and landing cycle (LTO) in the airspace of a medium-sized airport: one based on the total amount of the aircraft annually operated in it, and a second, more precise, one for a specific airline annually operating at this airport. The conclusions stemming from the comparison of these methods can support the introduction of operational and technical procedures reducing harmful emissions in the airport airspace during LTO cycle.

Preliminary evaluation of the ACR-PCR system for reporting the bearing capacity of flexible airfield pavements

Assessing and reporting the bearing capacity of airfield pavements have always been significant tasks in airport engineering, since they support the decision making procedure, which is a core element of Airport Pavement Management Systems (APMS). The official reporting system utilized worldwide during the last four decades is the Aircraft Classification Number – Pavement Classification Number (ACN-PCN) system. However, recently an updated system has been introduced, aiming to overcome the defects of the ACN-PCN system that have been observed during its implementation. This system, referred as the Aircraft Classification Rating – Pavement Classification Rating (ACR-PCR), aims to incorporate the latest advances in airfield pavement design and evaluation and is expected to be fully applicable about 2024. Since this is a transfer period, the current investigation aims to identify any critical aspects arising from the application of the updated system, based on recent Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airfield pavement evaluation techniques. On this basis, the transferability between the two system is examined, providing useful commentary and remarks for airport authorities, who would like to implement the ACR-PCR method to its full extent. The analysis shows that the transferability between the two systems seems not to be feasible and the implementation of the updated ACR-PCR may present several issues, such as the modification of the existing reported bearing capacity.

The Impact of Airport Physical Environment on Perceived Safety and Domestic Travel Intention of Chinese Passengers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Passenger Satisfaction

The COVID-19 pandemic, which has become an important new research topic, has exerted a huge impact on airports and the antecedents of passengers’ travel decisions following its outbreak. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the influences of four attributes of airport physical environment (facility functionality, facility aesthetics, layout accessibility, and cleanliness) on passengers’ perceived safety, satisfaction, and travel intention, as well as the mediating role of passenger satisfaction. We built a structural equation model to assume the relationship between these variables. A total of 398 domestic travelers were asked to fill out a survey in order to reveal their perceptions of airport physical environment, perceived safety, satisfaction, and travel intention. The results indicate that passengers with positive perceptions of the facility functionality, layout accessibility, and cleanliness of airports had a higher degree of satisfaction and might be more willing to engage in more air travel in the future. In particular, a clean airport environment significantly improved passengers’ perceived safety. Moreover, facility functionality, layout accessibility, cleanliness, and perceived safety all had an effect on travel intention through the mediating role of satisfaction. Overall, these findings offer suggestions for airport authorities aiming to revive demand for air travel. Discussions about airport physical environment improvements along with limitations and suggestions for future research are provided.