Aircraft Motion Research Articles

IT-SUPPORTED DATA ANALYSIS OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND FLIGHT PROGRESS IN AVIATION SECTOR

Aviation continues to be an important means of transport for passengers and cargo. However, fuel savings and emissions reduction have become increasingly important in recent years. As part of a PhD thesis, ways to reduce fuel consumption by reducing the final reserve fuel were investigated. Improved risk assessment, calculations based on better data and better decision-making can optimise the amount of fuel needed without compromising safety levels. Evidence for this must be provided, often with the help of appropriate data, frequently correspondingly large amounts of data. The statistical basis for this study was data over a five-year period provided by an airline from various reports, each with approx. 40 000 data sets. The assessment was carried out in several steps using various tools such as Excel or, in particular, MATLAB. A wide range of data on all aircraft movements is recorded in the internal database system of the air carrier which provided the information. Through statistical analysis of existing fuel data, it was possible to prove that the planning and flight execution is reliable - as a representation of the basic level of safety. MATLAB makes it possible to quickly create clear and meaningful plots. With the help of this assessment, evidence of a performance-based approach to the approval of fuel systems can be provided. This in turn can be used for the application of procedures requiring approval by the competent authority.

Electronic System of Spatial Measurement of Air Parameters of the Aircraft Motion with the Fixed Receiver of Incident Flow

Electronic System of Spatial Measurement of Air Parameters of the Aircraft Motion with the Fixed Receiver of Incident Flow

Method for determining of aircraft landing performance by the simulation modeling

The paper considers the method for determining of aircraft landing performance, the basic of which is landing roll depending on the type and tire inflation pressure, runway surface condition, aircraft weight, availability of brake parachutes. The given results are received by the simulation modeling of aircraft spatial movement on a landing mode. The model of aircraft dynamics includes modules of aircraft movement kinematic parameters calculation, engine thrust, landing gear ground reaction, retarding force in wheel brakes and brake parachutes. Adequacy and reliability of the designed model of aircraft movement is confirmed by comparison of values of movement kinematic parameters obtained as a result of simulation modeling, and the parameters received from a real flight of the maneuverable aircraft. The designed simulation model allows us to analyze change of aircraft movement kinematic parameters, defining its flight mode. By the results of the conducted study, it has been defined that halving of normal operational pressure in MLG wheels decreases aircraft landing roll by over forty per cent. Installation of КТ-163D wheels instead of КТ-251А reduces landing roll by approximately a factor of one and a half times, use of brake parachutes reduces aircraft landing roll almost twice at landing on an icy runway. The introduced method is recommended to be used while studying aircraft landing performance during its design or modernization. It is also suggested to integrate the designed method for determining landing performance as a part of on-board information and control system with the view of immediate aircraft landing performance determination in real-time operation in specific flight conditions.

Comparative Analysis of Single-View and Multi-View Airborne SAR Positioning Error and Course Planning for Multi-View Airborne SAR Optimal Positioning

Airborne synthetic aperture radar (Airborne SAR) can accurately locate key targets and regions by using the flight parameters of the aircraft and the relative position information between the aircraft and the target which can be obtained from the airborne positioning and orientation system (POS). In the course of flight, the aircraft will deviate from the ideal flight path due to atmospheric turbulence, which results in the calculation deviating from the actual target position. In order to improve the target positioning accuracy, it is necessary to study the influence of aircraft motion error on the target positioning error. This study discusses the positioning accuracy of single-view airborne SAR from the perspective of linear Range-Doppler algorithm (RDA), and deduces the multi-view airborne SAR positioning error transfer model based on the multi-view airborne SAR positioning model. Based on these, we analyze the main factors that affect the positioning accuracy of the two positioning methods in detail and quantitatively reveal the mechanism by which the multi-view airborne SAR positioning method can improve the target positioning accuracy compared with the single-view airborne SAR positioning method; we also solve the problem of course planning for multi-view airborne SAR optimal positioning. The research results can provide theoretical support for the analysis of factors influencing positioning error and the positioning error correction of airborne SAR.

Model for estimating statistical characteristics of the pre-stroke warehouse process based on average monthly temperatures analysis

The possibilities of an improved autoregression model and an integrated moving average (ARMAS) for the analysis of non-stationary data and the identification of long-term trends in the processes under study are considered. The proposed model can be used to study the observed processes in various areas of human activity: the analysis of the observed trajectories of the movement of aircraft, in particular unmanned aerial vehicles, meteorological processes that reflect the state of the atmosphere. The mathematical apparatus developed in the article was used to analyze changes in the atmospheric temperature time series observed for a long time, the average annual temperatures were estimated, followed by sliding smoothing with a low-frequency filter.
 It is shown that the removal of the seasonal component in the ARPSS model eliminates or distorts significantly the trend and has little effect on the stationary component of the ARPSS process. The operation of de-trending has little effect on the properties of the seasonal component and the stationary component of the process. To assess the trend, the mean annual temperatures were preliminarily obtained. The use of moving averaging, which removes the seasonal component from the average monthly temperatures, makes it possible to find a weak long-term trend. The results obtained in the work can be used to analyze medium-term and long-term changes in atmospheric phenomena, to refine the results obtained by traditional methods of processing results and methods of mathematical statistics, as well as in other areas of human activity.

Criteria prioritization for investment policies in General Aviation aerodromes

AbstractDue to the significant proportion of General Aviation (GA) in aircraft fleets and the high number of aerodromes in various countries, establishing investment criteria for aeronautical infrastructure necessitates the formulation of public policies regarding aviation. The literature dealing with the prioritization of airfields in receiving investments commonly uses commercial aviation data, such as the movement of passengers and aircraft at airports. As this kind of measure is not usually recorded in GA, such as the movement of air taxis, agricultural aviation, and instructional flights, the main gap covered by this study is to use variables that are feasible for GA. Adopting Brazil as a case study due to its substantial quantity of aircraft and aerodromes, this study’s georeferenced analysis considered 574 public aerodromes, 4,899 cities, and 4,550 towns distributed throughout the country, totaling 9,449 locations. To prioritize GA aerodromes, multi‐criteria decision‐making was used to prioritize 380 aerodromes with exclusive GA operations. The results indicate that regional location is the main concern in the construction of new aerodromes for GA, to prioritize better spatial coverage within the national territory. Furthermore, the study proposes a simplified mathematical model for public managers to use when formulating public policies to prioritize already existing aerodromes to increase investments and estimate maximum values to invest in these aerodromes. Different variables can be incorporated into the model according to the particularities of each country when formulating public aviation policies.

The Influencing Factors on Profitability of Hong Kong Airport

Hong Kong is an internationally renowned tourist city, so exploring profitability of the airport is also of great significance 
 for effectively developing the economy of Hong Kong. This paper collects relevant influencing factors and profit. To avoid nonlinear 
 correlation and higher independent coefficient, logarithmic and factor analysis are used. So the variables are divided into factor1 
 includes most variables and factor2 includes aircraft movements for specific purpose. A regression model is established for the 
 two factors. It can be seen from the model that the all variables selected in the paper have a positive impact on airport profitability.

Однопараметрическая адаптация системы самонаведения летательного аппарата

The ever-increasing requirements for aircraft control systems lead to their more complex structure and, consequently, synthesis. Thus, there is a need to develop and improve control algorithms that can meet these requirements. To develop control systems for high-precision aircraft, it is important to analyze how adaptive control systems are used. The paper examines the aircraft control system with one-parametric adaptation homing in the final section of the trajectory. The analysis of the test trajectory of the aircraft movement allowed us to establish the criteria for selecting the adaptation parameter. We comparatively analyzed the parameters, found a method to estimate their efficiency, and demonstrated the operation procedure of the adaptive system on a typical model of an aircraft moving in the atmosphere when homing in on a fixed target. The study gives the results of numerical simulation and shows the high efficiency of the method developed.

Analisis Pengaturan Apron oleh Petugas Apron Movement Control (AMC) dalam Menunjang Pelayanan dan Keselamatan Penerbangan di Bandar Udara Tunggal Wulung Cilacap

The implementation of control of the movement of aircraft, vehicles and on the apron must be monitored by the relevant Apron Movement Control (AMC) officers in maintaining and improving the security and traffic safety of the movement of aircraft, vehicles and people, so as to create aspects of security, safety and smoothness on the air side. especially on the apron. This study aims to determine the provision of safety for personnel, vehicles and equipment while on the apron because there is no service road, and to determine the parking arrangements for pilot school aircraft by Apron Movement Control (AMC) officers. The study used qualitative research methods, using the Triangulation method. The results showed that 1) Aviation safety on the air side is the most important part in the implementation of flight activities, 2) Training aircraft parking is carried out by training instructors from each pilot school and has been determined by AMC officers. If there are additional aircraft, there will be a change in the parking system, where the AMC unit plays a role in taking over the task of parking the aircraft.

Estimation of Angles of Attack and Sideslip of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in the Absence of Aerodynamic Angle Sensors

A method for estimating aerodynamic angles in the absence of appropriate sensors is proposed, using measurements of three projections of flight speed carried out by the navigation system and the values of the orientation angles. The relevance of the problem being solved is determined by the fact that on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) sensors of aerodynamic angles, that is, angles of attack and slip, are often not installed due to restrictions on dimensions and mass. The proposed method is based on the joint use of mathematical models of aircraft motion, known from flight dynamics, and the theory of parametric identification of dynamic systems. The key factor ensuring the accuracy of the proposed method is the use of very accurate measurements of three UAV velocity projections performed by a satellite navigation system or an inertial navigation system with satellite correction. To account for the influence of wind, parametric identification of three projections of wind speed is provided. Another feature of the method is that instead of the missing aerodynamic angle sensors, it is proposed to use information about the aerodynamic coefficients of the lifting and lateral forces of the UAV. If these coefficients are known with errors, their values are also specified by identification methods. The dimension of the identification problem turns out to be low in the range of small and medium angles of attack when the aerodynamic dependencies are linear. The results of testing the proposed method based on simulation data on the flight test bench of a modern training aircraft for nine different flight modes under conditions of simulating random errors of onboard measurements corresponding to the flight experiment are presented.

Large-Eddy and Flight Simulations of a Clear-Air Turbulence Event over Tokyo on 16 December 2014

Abstract In this study, a clear-air turbulence event was reproduced using a high-resolution (250 m) large-eddy simulation in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, and the resulting wind field was used in a flight simulation to estimate the vertical acceleration changes experienced by an aircraft. Conditions were simulated for 16 December 2014 when many intense turbulence encounters (and one accident) associated with an extratropical cyclone were reported over the Tokyo area. Based on observations and the WRF simulation, the turbulence was attributed to shear-layer instability near the jet stream axis. Simulation results confirmed the existence of the instability, which led to horizontal vortices with an amplitude of vertical velocity from +20 to −12 m s−1. The maximum eddy dissipation rate was estimated to be over 0.7, which suggested that the model reproduced turbulence conditions likely to cause strong shaking in large-size aircraft. A flight simulator based on aircraft equations of motion estimated vertical acceleration changes of +1.57 to +0.08 G on a Boeing 777-class aircraft. Although the simulated amplitudes of the vertical acceleration changes were smaller than those reported in the accident (+1.8 to −0.88 G), the model successfully reproduced aircraft motion using a combination of atmospheric and flight simulations.

Modern methods of preventing aircraft overrunning the runway

The landing of the aircraft has always been the most challenging and dangerous stage of the flight. In order to make a safe landing, the aircraft (A/C) requires reducing the vertical (at the stage of flare-out) and horizontal (prior to touchdown) components of the aircraft's flight speed vector, which in turn reduces the capabilities to increase lift and limits the crew's ability to perform maneuvers. At the same time, during landing the crew must align the aircraft with the runway (RW) and make a touchdown, subsequent A/C landing roll and stop within a rather limited area, which eventually and particularly, under the effect of contributing adverse factors (piloting errors, wind shear, icing, engine failure, aquaplaning, etc.) can cause the aircraft to overshoot and overrun the RW. Currently, as the analysis of aviation accidents statistics shows, the issue of preventing and alerting aircraft overrun is quite relevant. The search for a solution, in terms of preventing aircraft overrunning the runway (RW), is conducted as at the level of aviation authorities as among aircraft manufacturers, operators. Within the framework of this review, an attempt is made to identify and analyze the key factors affecting the dynamics of aircraft motion during landing, using information about aviation accidents that have occurred over the past few years. Notably, such aspects as a human factor and technical features of the operation of modern jet aircraft, influencing the A/C landing roll, are considered. In addition, special attention is paid to consider the methods of prevention and warning of A/C overrun with highlighting the approaches of passive and active protection. Within the framework of the analysis of active protection techniques, the principles of on-board avionic systems operation of the most major aircraft manufacturers, such as Boeing and Airbus, are considered. As an example of the passive protection, the experience of using special energy-absorbing destructible blocks installed next to the runway threshold, is analyzed.

Analysis of the Most Common Aviation Weather Hazard and Its Key Mechanisms over the Yangon Flight Information Region

The aviation industry has a global economic impact of $2.7 trillion (including direct, indirect, induced, and tourism catalytic effects) and contributes 3.6 percent of global GDP. Weather is one of the most essential elements impacting how an aircraft runs and how safely it can fly. The correlation coefficient is the most significant index explaining the relationship between variables and can result in teleconnection patterns of climate indices. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and India Ocean Dipole (IOD) were used in this study based on the ERA5 reanalysis dataset for 30 years (1991–2020). Myanmar’s Yangon International Airport has recorded more than 119874 times of observation data from 2009 to 2019. The mean percentage of occurrences of weather elements is calculated for each month and each season. Analysis of flight delay and accident data was obtained statistically from the Aviation Safety Network (ASN). According to the monthly delay index, July, August, and March are the maximum delay index months, and the correlation value between aircraft movement and delays is maximum in July and August and minimum in January and February. After examining numerous characteristics of Yangon International Airport, we identified which elements had a big impact on operations through vital interviews with operators, the accident case study section, and climatology analysis. As a result, we identified two meteorological occurrences: thunderstorm rain (TSRA) and fog (FG) are of high frequency and TSRA poses a larger risk than FG for aviation operation. The maximum frequency (%) of thunderstorm occurrences was 22% in July and the minimum was 1% in January. Annual frequency analysis revealed that TSRA days are becoming more common year after year as a result of global climate change. According to a spatial gridded analysis by ERA5 reanalysis data (1991–2020), the annual convective available potential energy (CAPE) values over local airport regions, the Bay of Bengal (BOB), the western equatorial Pacific, and the South China Sea show a positive correlation with convective rainfall. In contrast, negative convective inhibition (CIN) anomalies have been observed over the same areas as above, except for the western part of BOB along the Indian Coast. The primary innovation is that we look at the effects of thunderstorms on airport operations before determining their link with ENSO and the IOD individually and then combining them during their full phases. This raises a new question and a new possibility for viewing climatology from a new perspective.

On One Approach to the Synthesis of Robust Control of the Stabilization of the Hypothetical Aircraft Longitudinal Motion

For a linearized model of the fourth order of longitudinal motion of an airplane-type aircraft with three controls, analytical expressions of control laws are obtained that ensure robustness according to one of the coefficients of the model of the control object having the smallest range of values. As such a coefficient, the increment of the lifting force from the increment of the angle of attack and the angle of inclination of the trajectory is considered. The work is based on the original decomposition of the control object model and the modal synthesis method developed on its basis. The search for robust control is based on the parametrization of a set of solutions and the assignment of eigenvalues of a closed system. The idea of this approach is as follows. If, for a given control object, we find in an analytical form the entire set of feedback control laws that provide a given set of eigenvalues, then with the appropriate parametrization of this set, we can distinguish a subset of robust control laws with respect to a particular factor. The basis for obtaining a parameterized solution to the synthesis problem is the similarity transformation for the matrix of eigenvalues of the zero level of the decomposition of the control object. The results of numerical simulation of the control of the longitudinal motion of the aircraft using synthesized analytical laws are presented. Based on its results, the influence of the coefficient of the model is estimated, at which, for a non-robust analytical control law, the aircraft loses stability in longitudinal motion. It is noted that the robust control law has no restrictions with respect to the error of setting the considered coefficient of the model, which characterizes the increment of the lifting force of the aircraft from the increment of the angle of attack and the angle of inclination of the trajectory.

Evaluation of the Two Runway Queuing System: Evidence from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the queuing system, service performance, and utilization of the two runways at Soekarno-Hatta Airport, Tangerang, Indonesia. The number of aircraft movements at the airport at busy hours exceeds capacity, resulting in long queues. This study uses a quantitative approach and queuing theory with a single server multi-channel queuing system. Discussion of runway service performance at Soekarno-Hatta Airport, by calculating the Queuing System State Probalilities to determine the probability of n units (arrivals) in the system. Five equations have been analyzed in order to Evaluation of the Two Runway Queue System. The findings of this study provide a signal for optimizing airport operator runway utilization by developing runway capacity and adding infrastructure as well as adding taxiways, aprons, and runways. The increase in runway capacity will have an impact on more aircraft services, which also means more effective and efficient runway utilization. To improve the queuing system, it is necessary to improve queuing system services with regular training of directly related officers so that the queuing system can be more effective and efficient. To improve the performance of runway services, it is necessary to increase the capacity of the navigation tools currently owned.

Performance evaluation of improved flexible runway Pavement under aircraft loads

ABSTRACT Safe runway pavements are essential for the smooth landing of aircraft. Due to aircraft movements, these pavements are subjected to large dynamic loads that can cause their failure and jeopardise safety. This paper proposes the use of improved cement-based layers to enhance the performance of flexible runway pavements. The performance of such retrofitted runway pavements under both static and moving loads is investigated by experimental study and three-dimensional numerical simulations. Results indicate that the improved cement-based layers can significantly reduce surface deflections in the runways under heavy static and moving loads. Under heavy moving loads, the proposed cement-based layers can distribute the vertical stresses to the surrounding soil area, significantly reduce surface deformations and prevent failure. Findings of this research will contribute towards improved designs of runway pavements resulting in enhanced safety and failure mitigation.

Design and Motion Simulation Analysis of a Novel 2D Bionic Flutter Aircraft

In order to improve the symmetry of the flutter mechanism in the bionic flutter aircraft, and then improve the overall motion stability of the flutter aircraft. In this paper, an innovative flutter wing configuration is designed based on a planar crank-slider mechanism and a sparrow model. The geometric relationship of the flutter mechanism is established, the motion of the flutter aircraft is modeled, and the dimensions of the model are optimized. The geometric relationship of the flutter structure was simulated and analyzed by CATIA. The results show that the upper limit angle of the designed flutter structure is βmax=25.82° and the lower limit angle is βmin=6.34°. The CATIA simulation data are consistent with the theoretical values of the established structural geometry model. Meeting the needs of small and medium-sized flutter aircraft.The design provides a theoretical basis for the design and development of the bionic flutter vehicle and the fabrication of a solid prototype.

Research on sea clutter model of emulating aircraft motion based on shore-based multichannel radar

ABSTRACT Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is an important clutter suppression technique in airborne multichannel radar. It can be a challenging problem to apply STAP to the maritime airborne radar without knowledge of sea clutter space-time coupling characteristics. The radar sea clutter data with space-time coupling characteristics can be obtained by airborne multichannel radar, but the flight testing is very expensive. A cost-effective technique is presented for emulating airborne motion based on shore-based multichannel radar. The technique is implemented by the same array shared with transmit and receive antenna, where the transmit array uses an inverse displaced phase centre antenna to emulate platform motion and the receive array is used for receiving data. Based on the above technique, a sea clutter model of aircraft motion emulation is proposed. Then, we verify the model by quantitatively comparing the number of eigenvalue and the spread width of the space-time power spectrum between the simulated and measured data. The result shows that the eigenvalue number and the spread width of 3 dB clutter ridge of measured data are more than 79.5% of that belonging to simulated data. It means that the simulated radar sea clutter data generated by this model can better fit the measured data under sea states classes 1–4, which can provide support for the analysis of sea clutter space-time characteristics.

Analisis Kelayakan Panjang dan Tebal Perkerasan Runway Untuk Pesawat Jenis B737-900ER yang Beroperasi di Bandar Udara Banyuwangi

Runway is an airport facility which is very important for aircraft landing and taking off. The runway is a square area on the surface of the airport that is prepared for aircraft take off and landing, without a well-planned and managed runway, the aircraft will not be able to use the airport. In designing the runway, it is strictly regulated regarding the length, width, orientation (direction), configuration, slope / slope, and thickness of the runway pavement. This final project will analyze the feasibility of the runway length and the thickness of the pavement (runway) for the operational plan aircraft that will be used in the next 20 years. With ARFL corrections to the existing runway conditions, the current runway length is 2,500 meters. For the next 20 years traffic flow is forecasted using linear regression analysis from 2011 to 2037. From the forecasting results, it was found that the total aircraft movement was 19,138 movements (R1), so it was planned to use the B 737 900 ER aircraft because this aircraft had a passenger capacity of 220 seats. This aircraft is the reference for the planning of the runway dimensions. Some of the resulting planning analyzes include: the length of the planned runway is 2,498 meters long and 45 meters wide. Meanwhile, the pavement planning analysis resulted in a surface layer thickness of 4 inches, a base coarse layer of 13 inches, and a subbase thickness of 22 inches.

Simulation System of Aircraft Surveillance in Airport Terminal Area

Because ordinary users cannot quickly obtain the three-dimensional space position of aircraft in the airport terminal area through a two-dimensional display navigation map, the aircraft surveillance simulation system in the airport terminal area based on virtual reality technology is designed. Through analyzing the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data, the aircraft motion model is established. The three-dimensional aircraft surveillance simulation system for the airport terminal area is realized by Unreal Engine 4 (UE4). Especially, the changes in flight track and flight attitude about aircraft in the three-dimensional scene are designed. The results show that the aircraft movements can be visualized smoothly and correctly based on ADS-B data. It is helpful for users to observe the aircraft of the airport terminal area and analyze the operation status of the plane.