Contact Dermatitis Research Articles

Differentiating Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis based on histopathology: Overview

Differentiating Allergic Contact Dermatitis(ACD) fromIrritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD) has posed a significantchallenge for dermatologists, allergists, andhistopathologists. Over the years, many studies havebeen conducted to determine whether ACD can bedifferentiated from ICD based on histopathologyfindings. A clear-cut distinction based on histopathologywill facilitate the diagnosis and appropriatemanagement of both conditions.Abbreviations: CD, Contact Dermatitis; ACD, allergiccontact dermatitis; ICD, irritant contact dermatitis

Severe allergic contact dermatitis caused by methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate

Severe allergic contact dermatitis caused by methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Healthcare Workers

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Background:</strong> Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is prevalent among healthcare workers, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Symptoms include dryness, itchiness, and redness, with hands being the most affected. Risk factors include frequent hand washing, increased glove use, allergies, and lack of health and safety training. This review emphasizes the need for targeted prevention strategies and awareness programs.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a systematic review using PubMed, focusing on studies involving healthcare workers and OCD. Keywords included "occupational contact dermatitis," "contact dermatitis," "healthcare workers," and "risk factors for OCD." Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, including the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ-2002).</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> The review included 2,706 healthcare workers. Hand dermatitis was the most common, affecting 22% of participants. Key risk factors were a personal history of allergies, frequent hand washing, high glove usage, and insufficient health and safety training.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This review identifies significant risk factors for OCD among healthcare workers, highlighting the need for interventions focused on reducing hand washing frequency, managing glove use, and improving health and safety training.</p></div>

Chronic Hand Eczema.

Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is a complex, challenging, and frequently multifactorial skin disease of the hands. It is very common in the general population, especially in certain professions. When hand eczema (HE) persists for longer than 3 months or has a minimum of two relapses per year after initial manifestation with complete clearance, it is considered chronic. In this case, health-related quality of life and the patient's working life are often impaired. CHE can be considered as an umbrella term because it covers different clinical pictures and etiologies. To date, there is no definite and unique HE classification. Treatment starts with identifying the individual HE etiology paralleled by symptomatic therapy (local and/or systemic and/or ultraviolet phototherapy). Sustainable management of HE requires the identification and avoidance of its triggering factors, from the professional and private environment. This includes ruling out allergic contact dermatitis if any HE persists for more than 3 months despite adequate therapy. Randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy in HE are lacking for several treatment modalities. Patient education measures of skin protection and prevention complete the multimodal treatment.

Ocular effects of Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition: a systematic review.

Topical therapies targeting Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signalling, including netarsudil (Rhopressa®) and ripasudil (Glanatec®), have become widely adopted as part of standard clinical practice to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Given the pleiotropic roles of ROCK signalling, ROCK inhibition has the potential to cause unintended ocular side effects beyond IOP lowering in other substructures of the eye, both beneficial and deleterious. Additional experience and observation of patients treated with this class of medications have uncovered both new side effects not reported in the initial clinical trials, as well as potential benefits that have inspired off-label uses and that have been the topic of numerous clinical studies, case series, case reports, and translational studies. Here, we performed a comprehensive systematic review and identified 170 studies describing ocular effects of ROCK inhibition. In addition to describing well-established ocular effects associated with inhibition of ROCK signalling, such asconjunctival hyperaemia, corneal verticillata, and reticular corneal epithelial oedema, we also highlight other effects, such as corneal haemorrhages, changes in corneal contour, anterior subcapsular opacities, contact dermatitis, punctal stenosis, and eyelid wound dehiscence, which have been described in case series and case reports. Finally, we evaluated studies describing potential novel applications of ROCK inhibition for treating disorders affecting the cornea, the retina, and the optic nerve, finding strong evidence in support of a beneficial effect of ROCK inhibitors on corneal oedema due to corneal endothelial cell dysfunction. The other potential applications require further research.

Baicalein ameliorates chronic itch in ACD mice by suppressing the spinal astrocytic STAT3-LCN2 cascade.

Chronic itch is a maladaptive and debilitating symptom in patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), adversely affecting their quality of life. There is a lack of effective treatments for ACD-associated uncontrollable itch. In this study, we explored the antipruritic effects of baicalein (BE), a bioactive flavonoid extracted from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and the underlying mechanisms in alleviating chronic itch triggered by diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) in a mouse model of ACD. The ACD mice were intraperitoneally injected with BE (5, 30, and 60 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 7 days during the DCP challenge phase. The results showed that DCP-treated mice exhibited severe spontaneous scratching behaviors that wasreduced after BE injections in a dose-dependent manner accompanied by inhibition of spinal astrocyte activation. We observed that the spinal astrocytic STAT3-LCN2 cascade plays a crucial role in controlling the activation of astrocytes in chronic itch. Intrathecal injection of the STAT3 inhibitor AG490 or Lcn2 siRNA significantly reduced scratching behavior and astrocyte activation in ACD mice. Moreover, BE markedly attenuated the increased phosphorylation of STAT3 (p-STAT3) and LCN2 expression in the spinal cords of ACD mice and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary spinal astrocytes. Altogether, BE relieved chronic itch by suppressing the spinal astrocytic STAT3-LCN2 cascade. These findings provide a potential avenue for the management of chronic itch. Schematic summary of the main findings illustrating that BE alleviates chronic itch through suppressing the spinal astrocytic STAT3-LCN2 cascade. Specifically, BE suppresses the expression of p-STAT3 to inhibit the reactive state of astrocytes in spinal dorsal horn, and then decreases the expression of astrocytic LCN2 to alleviate chronic itch in ACD mice.

Allergic contact dermatitis in the beauty industry

Allergic contact dermatitis in the beauty industry is a common and growing problem in dermatology, due to both the annual increase in the popularity of existing beauty services and the emergence of new fashion trends. Cosmetic products in hairdressing, manicure, permanent makeup, eyelash extensions, tattooing and piercing contain a number of potent haptens, sensitization to which results in a classic delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The development of contact allergic reactions is important not only for consumers of these services, but also for hairdressers and beauty salon technicians themselves. Thus, hairdressers take first place in the incidence statistics of occupational contact dermatitis associated with allergens and haptens in hair dyes, products for bleaching, curling or straightening hair. In 65% of cases, allergic contact dermatitis to acrylates develops among manicurists within the first years of work. The basis of treatment for allergic contact dermatitis is external therapy using topical glucocorticosteroids. The article contains Russian and foreign literature data about the most common allergens in products used in hairdressing, permanent tattooing, eyelash extensions, manicure and piercing, on the prevalence and characteristics of allergic contact dermatitis in these areas of the beauty industry and our own clinical observations of the effectiveness of treatment of allergic contact dermatitis using Comfoderm K cream (methylprednisolone aceponate with ceramides in the base).

Biomonitoring of hand and forearm transepidermal water loss and skin PH among nursing apprentices.

Measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum (SC) pH can help indicate work-related skin barrier damage, but sensitivity to confounding personal and ambient factors limits their potential as biomonitoring tools. To evaluate the difference between hand and forearm skin barrier conditions as a tool for early recognition of workers with occupational contact dermatitis. The participants were nursing apprentices (N = 238, median age 19 years) from Zagreb, Croatia. They filled out a questionnaire based on the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire, underwent a clinical examination of skin on the hands, and were evaluated for their TEWL and SC pH on the dorsum of the hand and volar part of the forearm. We found that the difference between hand and forearm TEWL values (ΔTEWL) greater than 7 g/m2/h, or >50%, or the difference in SC ΔpH >0.50, predicted visible skin changes found on clinical examination. However, only the association with ΔpH >0.50 retained statistical significance when controlled for sex, age, ambient temperature, and relative humidity in a multiple regression model. The difference between hand and forearm SC pH values is suggested as a reliable biomonitoring tool in recognition of damaged skin barrier conditions in occupational settings.

Allergens causing contact dermatitis of the feet: Investigation and analysis of allergic reaction causes.

Allergic contact dermatitis of the feet is a significant problem that affects the quality of life and requires attention from the medical community due to the number of studied and still unidentified allergens. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the available scientific data regarding the most common allergens that cause ACD of the feet. Nickel sulphate, neomycin sulphate, thiuram mix and colophony occupy a significant place in the prevalence of allergies. The prevalence of sensitization to rubber and leather products can vary depending on the ethno-demographic characteristics of the country, as well as the specifics of a person's professional activity, such as the use of protective waterproof shoes, increased humidity of the microclimate, and atopy in anamnesis. Patch testing has been shown to be an important method for identifying allergens, however, not all footwear components are tested during patch testing with standard allergen series, requiring the use of patches made from patient shoe samples. Expanding the scope of patch testing to include other possible allergens is important for the accurate diagnosis of ACD of the feet and a more detailed study of those allergens that were previously considered rare.

Development and Preliminary Validation of a Central Venous Access Device-Associated Skin Impairment Classification Tool Using Modified Delphi and Clinimetric Methods.

An evidence and consensus-based instrument is needed to classify central venous access device-associated skin impairments. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the central venous access device-associated skin impairment classification tool. A two-phase modified Delphi study. This two-phase study consisted of a literature review, followed by the development and validation of a classification instrument, by experts in the fields of central venous access devices and wound management (Phase 1). The instrument was tested (Phase 2) using 38 clinical photographs of a range of relevant skin impairments by the same expert panel. The expert panel consisted of registered nurses who were clinical researchers (n = 4) and clinical experts (n = 3) with an average of 24 years of nursing and research experience and 11 years of experience in wound management. Measures to assess preliminary content validity and inter-rater reliability were used. The instrument consists of five overarching aetiological classifications, including contact dermatitis, mechanical injury, infection, pressure injury and complex clinical presentation, with 14 associated subcategory diagnoses (e.g., allergic dermatitis, skin tear and local infection), with definitions and signs and symptoms. High agreement was achieved for preliminary scale content validity and item content validity (I-CVI = 1). Inter-rater reliability of aetiologies was high. The overall inter-rater reliability of individual definitions and signs and symptoms had excellent agreement. The development and preliminary validation of this classification tool provide a common language to guide the classification and assessment of central venous access device-associated skin impairment. The comprehensive and validated classification tool will promote accurate identification of central venous access device-associated skin impairment by establishing a common language for healthcare providers. The availability of this tool can reduce clinical uncertainty, instances of misdiagnosis and the potential for mismanagement. Consequently, it will play a pivotal role in guiding clinical decision-making, ultimately enhancing the quality of treatment and improving patient outcomes. The Guidance on Conducting and Reporting Delphi Studies (CREDES) was adhered to. No patient or public contribution.

Incidence of allergic contact dermatitis in Finland 1998-2021: A nationwide registry-based study.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) may be chronic and can cause distress, disability, and absence from work. Nationwide epidemiological studies of ACD are sparse. To use national registry data to study the incidence and aetiology of ACD in the working age population of Finland. Patient records from the years 1998-2021 were obtained from the Finnish Care Register for Health Care. Study subjects aged 18-65 years were selected on the basis of a diagnosis of ACD. Total number of study subjects was 26 701. The incidence of ACD increased until 2016 after which it started to decrease. The increase was more marked in females and ACD was particularly common in women reporting reactions to cosmetics and other chemical products and in people of both sexes reacting to adhesives. The incidence 'ACD of unspecific cause' has decreased since 2016. The most commonly reported allergens were metals, followed by cosmetics. One fourth of subjects had ≥2 ACD diagnoses. The incidence of ACD in working age subjects rose from 1998 to 2016, especially in females. However, the incidence has been decreasing since 2016. Our findings highlight the ongoing and even increasing burden of ACD among the working age population.

The most common dermatoses of athletes

Introduction and purpose The skin and subcutaneous tissue constitute the body's protective barrier. It also fulfills important physiological functions. It protects internal organs against the harmful effects of environmental factors and maintains the balance between the human body and the environment. Athlete's dermatoses are a wide group of skin diseases that may occur as a result of specific conditions to which people who practise sports are exposed. Some skin diseases are characteristic of specific sports, while others may occur regardless of the type of physical activity performed. Mechanical damage to the epidermis, excessive humidity, contact with pathogens and exposure to various environmental factors play a key role in the development of these diseases. Regular dermatological check-ups are crucial for identifying and treating skin lesions and preventing mass infections caused by infectious agents. The study discusses the most common dermatoses in athletes, including fungal, bacterial and viral infections, contact dermatitis and dermatoses caused by mechanical and environmental factors. Materials and methods The literature included in the PubMed, BioMed Central and Polish Medical Platform databases is searched by means of the words such as dermatosis, sport, skin, fungal, bacterial, viral infection, contact dermatitis. Quoted sources in selected works were also used. ConclusionsMany factors can have a harmful effect on the skin, negatively affect its function as an integral barrier of the body and, consequently, cause the development of dermatoses, which are quite common among athletes due to frequent contact with sweat, clothing, sports equipment and the environments in which they train. Prevention is an important element in minimizing the risk of skin problems and this is key to maintaining health and continuing physical activity.

Characteristics of Contact Dermatitis Patients (Irritant and Allergic) in RSUD Batara Siang Pangkep District

Characteristics of Contact Dermatitis Patients (Irritant and Allergic) in RSUD Batara Siang Pangkep District

Free amino acid pool in the rat skin and the skin morphological structure in acute allergic contact dermatitis

The concentration of free amino acids in the skin of rats in experimental acute allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was studied. Free AAs were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Acute ACD was simulated using 2.4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The levels of asparagic and glutamic acids, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, and taurine increased and methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan, α-aminobutyric acid and anserine decreased in the rat skin during acute ACD development. An imbalance of amino acid metabolism was expressed in an increase in the ratio of aromatic amino acids/branched-chain amino acids by a decrease in the sum of aromatic amino acids. An increase in the Phe/Tyr ratio may indicate a decrease in the activity of the hydroxylase pathway of phenylalanine metabolism in the rat skin. Only in the skin of rats with acute ACD, the levels of valine, isoleucine and lysine were negatively correlated with the level of blood TNF-1α, which confirms their anti-inflammatory effect.Histological examination revealed an inflammatory reaction expressed by lymphocytic infiltration of various skin layers (ectoderm, subepidermal layer). Perivascular proliferation of fibroblasts and formation of subepidermal fibrosis were observed in subepithelial sections. The upper layer of the thorny layer was necrotic, the granular layer with necrosis and pronounced karyopiknosis of nuclei was observed. The epidermis thickness increased, infiltration of lymphocytes and segmented neutrophils into epidermis was noted up to the cells of the thorny layer (exocytosis).The data obtained indicate a significant metabolic imbalance of amino acids in the skin of rats in acute ACD, manifested by depletion of the amino acid pool of aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids, impaired metabolism of phenylalanine, as well as increased levels of immunogenic amino acids that play a functional role in the regulation of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant system and proliferative activity of immune system cells on the background of a significant inflammatory process.

Innovation in prevention of poison oak contact dermatitis.

Poison oak-induced contact dermatitis poses a significant challenge due to its urushiol oil-induced allergic reactions. Conventional preventive measures like avoidance and post-exposure cleansing are often impractical, necessitating innovative strategies. This comprehensive review explores emerging technologies and formulations for preventing poison oak dermatitis. Literature search via PubMed and Covidence identified 13 relevant studies, with six discussing preventive measures. Barrier methods, including occlusive creams and protective clothing, showed promise in reducing dermatitis risk. Immunotherapy, although investigated, requires further development. Complete avoidance, while effective, is often impractical. The complexity of poison oak management underscores the need for ongoing research to develop more effective preventive measures. This review highlights the current landscape, identifies gaps in knowledge, and emphasizes the importance of continued research for improved prevention and management of poison oak-induced dermatitis.

Inflammatory Foot Dermatoses: The Correlation Among Morphological Patterns, Histopathological Findings, and Patch Test Positivity.

Objective In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between the clinical diagnosis, histological diagnosis, and patch test positivity among patients with foot dermatoses receiving treatment at the Department of Dermatology, MES Medical College, Perinthalmanna. Methodology A hospital-based cross-sectional observational diagnostic evaluation was carried outfrom January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019, among 44 patients with foot dermatoses who met the inclusion criteria. A thorough general physical and cutaneous examination was performed to determine the type, extent, and morphology of lesions after obtaining the written informed consent; sociodemographic informationand a thorough recording of patient history were gathered. In all cases, a potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount, skin biopsy, and patch testing were performed. Additionally, pus culture and sensitivity tests were conducted in pertinent cases. Results Our study found that the most prevalent foot dermatosis, based on clinical diagnosis, was allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) foot, affecting 26 patients (59.0%). This was followed by plantar psoriasis, observed in 13 patients (29.5%), and lichen planus, present in two patients (4.5%). The predominant histological diagnosis was ACD foot in 11 patients (25.0%),followed by plantar psoriasis in 10 patients (22.7%), spongiotic dermatitis in seven patients (15.9%), atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasiform dermatitis in four patients (9.1%) each, and tinea pedis in two patients (4.5%). The sensitivity of patch testing in detecting ACD foot was 90.91%, whereas its specificity was 57.58%. The positive and negative predictive values(PPV and NPV) were 41.67% and 95.0% respectively. Conclusions Based on our findings, histopathological evaluation is a highly effective diagnostic technique for foot dermatoses, as it demonstrated exceptional diagnostic accuracy (p<0.001). The sensitivity of patch testing in identifying ACDof the foot was 90.91% (p<0.05). This highlighted the usefulness of patch testing as a confirmatory diagnostic tool along with histopathological evaluation for precise diagnosis of ACD of the foot. While laboratory testing can increase diagnostic precision, it cannot replace a clinical examination.

COVID-19-Related Risk Factors for Developing Occupational Contact Dermatitis Along With Its Incidence, Prevention, and Management: A Systematic Review.

Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is an eczematous local inflammatory skin irritation caused by repeated use of hand sanitizer and other chemical substances. Occupational irritant contact dermatitis (OICD) and occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) are the two variants of CD that cannot be identified clinically. Hand dermatitis (HD) is typically assessed as a clinical consequence because it affects the hands most frequently at work as per epidemiological studies on OCD. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 standards were followed when conducting this umbrella review. We used the search terms "Occupational Contact Dermatitis AND COVID-19" to search forthe most pertinent papers in full text on the databasesPubMed/MedLine, ScienceDirect, and PubMed Central (PMC). Additionally, the reference section of the papers was used to find more articles. A total of 11,646results were found, and eight papers remained after applying the inclusion criteria (full-text papers, English language, studies published in the previous 10 years, involving humans, and only systematic reviews). After completing the title and abstract screening, we obtained five papers. Next, the full-text screening and AMSTAR quality check were completed, yielding the same five papers. After searching ScienceDirect, five papers that met the inclusion criteria were included, and six papers were selected from the references, yielding a total of 11 papers. The causes of occupational dermatitis from protective face masks are discussed in this review. We anticipate an increase in the incidence of occupational dermatitis linked to face mask use given that a large segment of healthcare workers (HCWs) wear protective face masks. To understand the prevalence and available therapies for mask-related occupational dermatitis, further well-designed research is required.

Phytopharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Importance of Xanthium strumarium L: A Review

Xanthium strumarium L. (Family: Compositae), a medicinal plant that grows as a weed, has a wide distribution in the United States and Canada, Brazil, China, and Malaysia, including hotter regions of India. Traditionally, the herb has been used largely to treat various illnesses. The entire plant, particularly its leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds, has been used in conventional healthcare to treat a variety of conditions, including leukoderma, infections from bacteria and fungi, long-term malaria cases, rheumatism, tuberculosis, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, urticaria, rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhoea, constipation, and lumbago. In-depth information about the plant's pharmacological and botanical properties is included in this detailed account. The pharmacological properties and their antibacterial, anti-tumor, antitussive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, diabetic, antimitotic, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal, CNS depressant, diuretic, contact dermatitis, insecticidal, and herbicidal properties are some of the highlights. Constituents found in all plant components, such as sesquiterpene lactones, glycosides, phenols, and polysterols, account for the majority of the pharmacological actions. Nevertheless, in order to validate conventional knowledge in the context of a sensible phytotherapy, future efforts should focus more on laboratory and in vivo investigations as well as clinical trials. Research requires quantification of individual ingredients and assessment of their pharmacological effects in humans due to the herb's multi-activity, especially its anti-tumor and anticancer properties, which have garnered a lot of attention.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Molecular Signatures that Distinguish Allergic from Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a pruritic skin disease caused by environmental chemicals that induce cell-mediated skin inflammation within susceptible individuals. Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is caused by direct damage to the skin barrier by environmental insults. Diagnosis can be challenging as both types of contact dermatitis can appear similar by visual exam, and histopathological analysis does not reliably distinguish ACD from ICD. To discover specific biomarkers of ACD and ICD, we characterized the transcriptomic and proteomic changes that occur within the skin during each type of contact dermatitis. We induced ACD and ICD in healthy human volunteers and sampled skin using a non-scarring suction blister biopsy method that collects interstitial fluid and cellular infiltrate. Single cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that cell-specific transcriptome differences rather than cell type proportions best distinguished ACD from ICD. Allergy-specific genes were associated with upregulation of IFNG, and cell signaling network analysis implicated several other genes such as IL4, despite their low expression levels. We validated transcriptomic differences with proteomic assays on blister fluid and trained a logistic regression model on skin interstitial fluid proteins that could distinguish ACD from ICD and healthy control skin with 93% sensitivity and 93% specificity.

An Interim Report of a Phase 3, Long-Term, Open-Label Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Difamilast Ointment in Japanese Infants with Atopic Dermatitis.

Difamilast is the first selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor approved for atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan. A phase 3, 52-week, open-label study is ongoing to establish efficacy and safety of difamilast ointments in infants with AD aged 3 to < 24months because a clinical study has not been conducted in this population. This study consisted of a 4-week primary evaluation period in which difamilast 0.3% ointment was applied twice daily to Japanese infants aged 3 to < 24months (n = 41) and an ongoing 48-week long-term extension period in which difamilast 0.3% or 1% ointment was applied based on existing symptoms. The data on efficacy and safety of difamilast were obtained as of an interim report in the study period. The response rate in Investigator's Global Assessment score was 45.0% at week 1, which was maintained at 56.1% at week 4 and 63.4% at the interim report. Infants achieved the response rate in Eczema Area and Severity Index 75 (improvement of ≥ 75%) of 47.5% at week 1, which further improved to 82.9% at week 4 and 78.1% at the interim report. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 22 (53.7%) infants in the primary evaluation period: of those the most frequent AE was nasopharyngitis (19.5%) followed by dermatitis contact (7.3%). As of the interim report, 36 (87.8%) infants experienced AEs: of those, nasopharyngitis (70.7%) and gastroenteritis (22.0%) were most frequently observed. The total AEs were mostly mild or moderate in severity. No investigational medicinal product-related AEs and no AEs leading to discontinuation were reported. Difamilast ointments applied twice daily to Japanese infants with AD aged 3 to < 24months is effective and well tolerated as of the interim report in the study period. The final results will be reported in the near future. Clinical Trials. gov identifier: NCT05372653.