Air Warfare Research Articles

Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945

Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945

Visibility into the workTQM work process analysis with HPT and ISD

Performance ImprovementVolume 42, Issue 2 p. 16-18 Article Visibility into the work TQM work process analysis with HPT and ISD Charles A. Beagles, Charles A. Beagles Charles A. Beagles is the Director, Technical Training and Evaluation Office, Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA). Prior to joining VBA, Charles served as Deputy Program Director, Marine Corps Programs, and as Division Head, Training Plans and Analysis Division, Naval Air Warfare Systems Training Systems Division. Prior to that, he worked at the Center for Needs Assessment and Planning, Florida State University. In addition to 22 years experience in training analysis and design, Charles is a former Marine Corps Captain and served as a Rifle Company Commander in Vietnam. He holds a PhD in educational psychology, from Florida State University. Charles may be reached at vrccbeag@vba.va.gov.Search for more papers by this authorSteven L. Griffin, Steven L. Griffin Steven L. Griffin, an Instructional Systems Specialist, is Program Manager of Training and Performance Support Systems for the Technical Training and Evaluation Office, Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA). He holds a MEd from the University of Louisville. Steven has 32 years of government and industry experience in training system and courseware design and development, with VBA, the Department of Defense, Science Applications International Corporation, and General Electric. He may be reached at vsdsgrif@vba.va.gov.Search for more papers by this author Charles A. Beagles, Charles A. Beagles Charles A. Beagles is the Director, Technical Training and Evaluation Office, Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA). Prior to joining VBA, Charles served as Deputy Program Director, Marine Corps Programs, and as Division Head, Training Plans and Analysis Division, Naval Air Warfare Systems Training Systems Division. Prior to that, he worked at the Center for Needs Assessment and Planning, Florida State University. In addition to 22 years experience in training analysis and design, Charles is a former Marine Corps Captain and served as a Rifle Company Commander in Vietnam. He holds a PhD in educational psychology, from Florida State University. Charles may be reached at vrccbeag@vba.va.gov.Search for more papers by this authorSteven L. Griffin, Steven L. Griffin Steven L. Griffin, an Instructional Systems Specialist, is Program Manager of Training and Performance Support Systems for the Technical Training and Evaluation Office, Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA). He holds a MEd from the University of Louisville. Steven has 32 years of government and industry experience in training system and courseware design and development, with VBA, the Department of Defense, Science Applications International Corporation, and General Electric. He may be reached at vsdsgrif@vba.va.gov.Search for more papers by this author First published: 08 February 2007 https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4930420208 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume42, Issue2February 2003Pages 16-18 RelatedInformation

Reviews of Books:Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914-1945 Tami Davis Biddle

Reviews of Books:Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914-1945 Tami Davis Biddle

Rhetoric and reality in air warfare: the evolution of British and American ideas about strategic bombing, 1914-1945

Rhetoric and reality in air warfare: the evolution of British and American ideas about strategic bombing, 1914-1945

Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914-1945

Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914-1945

New technology transforms tactics in Afghanistan [warfare technology

The astonishingly successful US bombing campaign in Afghanistan marks the beginning of a new era of battle. For the first time in the history of air warfare, a largely remote onslaught toppled a hostile government. This paper examines how the wide use of precision-guided bombs has revolutionized warfare.

Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914-1945

Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 Chapter One The Beginning: Strategic Bombing in the First World War 11 Chapter Two Britain in the Interwar Years 69 Chapter Three The United States in the Interwar Years 128 Chapter Four Rhetoric and Reality, 1939-1942 176 Chapter Five The Combined Bomber Offensive, 1943-1945 214 Conclusion 289 Notes 303 Bibliography of Archival Sources 387 Index 391

International Humanitarian Law after Kosovo: Is lex lata Sufficient?

AbstractThis article discusses the principles of international humanitarian law in relation to the armed conflict that affected Kosovo and other parts of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999. Since the armed action of the NATO countries exclusively existed of acts of air warfare, the discussion is focused on targeting and the interpretation of the definition of military objectives. The question is put whether lex lata proved to be satisfactory during the Kosovo crisis, or whether a de lege ferenda discussion is called for in order to achieve a better protection of the civilian population.

Wargames: Winning and Losing

There are of land, sea and air warfare. But as yet there are no of warfare. And warfare is a single entity, having a common -- Giulio Douhet [1] The wargames currently being played by the US armed services have come to resemble the most recent engagement of those military forces in live combat in Kosovo: the good guys win convincingly and no one gets hurt. However, before we laud the ability of the services first to simulate a warfighting victory and then to transform the virtual into the real, we need to ask some questions. Are the nation's land, sea, and air wargames structured to produce Douhet's experts of warfare? Are the services anticipating the changing nature of future conflict in their wargaming? Are the experiences from those wargames enriching or challenging the services' vision? Are the lessons learned in the wargames played by the separate services being transferred into the joint arena? In other words, when it comes to wargames, who's winning and who's losing? To address those questions, this article will examine the Title 10 games [2] currently being conducted at US war colleges from the perspective of personal experience as players on the Blue (friendly) and Red (opposing) sides in each of those wargames over the last few years, as well as that of neutral assessors. While applauding many of these efforts, we are principally concerned that the services are winning their wargames but losing opportunities to shape the armed forces for the future. We need to acknowledge at the outset that wargames are necessarily wide in scope, narrow in application, and broad in purpose. Wargaming, in one form or another, has been around for as long as the armed forces of one nation needed to evaluate plausible offensive and defensive options against those of a potential adversary. As an analytical device, a wargame can stretch across a wide spectrum of employment: investigating near-term geopolitical situations, testing new operational concepts, developing new measures of merit, and determining capabilities and forces required to meet credible future contingencies. Wargaming is a valuable tool, but it can be misused--particularly when attempts are made to guide the future by championing defense programs caught up in contemporary budget battles. Moreover, no single wargame can simultaneously and equally serve to train warfighters, to inform outsiders, to test concepts and doctrine, and to evaluate future force levels. Just as combat requires clearly defined objective s, so does the gaming of force application. Playing Wargames Congress authorizes the US armed forces to conduct Title 10 wargames to investigate the application of military force as it might exist in the future. The US Navy conducts its games at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island (Global), the Army at the Army War College in Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania (Army After Next/Transformation), and the Air Force plays its Title 10 game at the Air War College in Montgomery, Alabama (Global Engagement). The Navy's program has emerged from its well-respected Cold War Global series, and the Army and the Air Force games are post-Cold War events, each now entering its fifth year. The mechanics of the games, each typically involving hundreds of military and civilian professionals, are quite similar, positing a future conflict between the armed forces of the United States (occasionally assisted by allies) and a capable, although not necessarily symmetric, adversary. However, where once wargaming results were generated using look-up tables and manual computation, now combat models and computerized databases bring new dimensions to the art of wargaming. These computer programs can be used to evaluate the results of a massive air battle, the effectiveness of defense against cruise or ballistic missiles, and even the probability of the interaction of two submarines quietly searching for one another in several thousand square miles of ocean. …

Thermal management techniques for an advanced linear motor in an electric aircraft recovery system

A study was conducted to quantify the thermal characteristics and to determine alternative methods to maintain thermal equilibrium for an advanced linear motor (ALM). The ALM is an essential component in the design and development of the next generation aircraft launch and recovery systems. The development of a thermal management system for the ALM is critical for maximizing the benefits of these new launch and recovery systems. This thermal management study investigated nine current and six novel cooling approaches. The study was funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) through the Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division at Lakehurst, NJ. This study focused on an ALM to be utilized in an electric aircraft recovery system. The current technologies studied were forced-air and direct-water cooling, alternative cooling fluids, immersion cooling, heat pipes, phase change materials (PCM), vapor-compression refrigeration, thermoelectric, and Stirling cycle cooling. The six novel concepts studied were Malone refrigeration, pulse tube refrigeration, thermionic cooling, thermoacoustic refrigeration, magnetic refrigeration, and ejector expansion refrigeration. It was determined that direct water-cooling would provide effective cooling in terms of system size, weight, and thermal performance. Estimates for liquid immersion and PCM revealed that these technologies may provide potential cooling solutions, particularly in the moving components. From the list of experimental concepts evaluated, thermionic and magnetic refrigeration were determined to be promising viable technologies.

Desert Shield at sea: what the Navy really did

Preface Erecting the Shield, 2 August-17 September 1990 This Will Not Stand Selection of ComUSNavCent Sanctions After the False Start Air Power Amphibious Forces Preparations for Defensive War, 18 September-8 November The Situation Tightening the Noose Air Plans and Operations Amphibious Exercises Preparations for Offensive War, 9 November-16 January The Price of Poker Goes Up Maritime Interception Operations: The Paperwork War Preparations for Amphibious Warfare Preparations for Air Warfare Countdown to War Bibliography Index

Analysis of Lateral Maneuver‐Induced Lift Loss of Navy Fighter/Attack Aircraft During Approach to Carrier

AbstractThe purpose of this analysis was to provide guidance to designers of future tactical Navy aircraft on one aspect of carrier suitability that has contributed to the operational success of the F‐14 and F/A‐18 in carrier operations. Specifically, the ability of both of these aircraft to perform aggressive lateral maneuvers to capture desired glide path, without excessive altitude loss, has contributed to the favorable carrier suitability characteristics of each aircraft. The intent of this analysis was to quantify lift and altitude loss for the F‐14 and F/A‐18 due to lateral maneuvers in the lineup correction task, and determined the causes and components of the lift loss. A secondary intent was to determine whether the amount of lift loss due to lateral maneuvers was a good indicator of an aircraft's ability to execute precise flight path control with minimum pilot workload. Twenty‐six offline simulations of F‐14B and F/A‐18C aircraft, conducted at Manned Flight Simulator at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division in Patuxent River, MD, provided the raw data for the analysis. Results and conclusions on the causes and components of lift loss and subsequent altitude loss associated with the 26 simulations were drawn, and where applicable, comparisons between F‐14 and F/A‐18 were made.

Naval capabilities: The launch of the British maritime doctrine

On 17 May 1999, in a presentation and panel at the Institute, the Second Edition of BR1806: British Maritime Doctrine was launched. Reproduced here are remarks on how the new doctrine will guide the Royal Navy into the next century, by guest speakers; Admiral Sir Michael Boyce, (First Sea Lord) Brigadier Robert Fry (Director Naval Staff), Brigadier Sebastian Roberts (Director of Public Relations, Army), Group Captain Mike Barnes (Air Warfare Centre) and Colin McInnes (University of Aberystwyth).

Blast from the Past

This article presents a review about the jet engine testing facilities of the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division in Trenton, NJ, that had to be moved to a base run by another branch of the military, the Arnold Engineering Development Center at Arnold Air Force Base in Tennessee. The jet engine testing complex at Trenton had been built in the 1950s. The restriction effectively ruled out any upgrades so long as the Navy’s engine test requirements could be met by replicating the capabilities of the old facility. The natural tendency of the engineers and planners looking at the project was to think immediately about how the facility could be improved with modern designs. For the restriction on not improving the test capability at Trenton, the project ironically provided an expansion of services. This is built to subject the Navy engines to definite environmental conditions, and as long as the Navy has that kind of test requirement. It is a capability that is available not only to the Navy and Air Force, but to the Army, Marines, and private industry as well.

China's Search for a Modern Air Force

For more than fortyeight years, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has sought to build a combat-ready air force.1 First in the Korean War (1950–53) and then again in 1979, Beijing’s leaders gave precedence to this quest, but it was the Gulf War in 1991 coupled with growing concern over Taiwan that most alerted them to the global revolution in air warfare and prompted an accelerated buildup. This study brieoy reviews the history of China’s recurrent efforts to create a modern air force and addresses two principal questions. Why did those efforts, which repeatedly enjoyed a high priority, fail? What have the Chinese learned from these failures and how do they deane and justify their current air force programs? The answers to the arst question highlight changing defense concerns in China’s national planning. Those to the second provide a more nuanced understanding of current security goals, interservice relations, and the evolution of national defense strategies. With respect to the arst question, newly available Chinese military writings and interviews with People’s Liberation Army (PLA) ofacers on the history of the air force suggest that the reasons for the recurrent failure varied markedly from period to period. That variation itself has prevented the military and political leaderships from forming a consensus about the lessons of the past and the policies that could work. In seeking to answer the second question, the article examines emerging air force and national defense policies and doctrines and sets forth Beijing’s rationale for the air force programs in light of new security challenges, particularly those in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea. In the 1990s, the air force has fashioned both a more realistic R&D (research and development) and procurement policy and a more comprehensive strategy for the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) in future warfare. We conclude that this strategy is recasting time-

3 The Approach of War: November 1938 to August 1939

Friday 11 November 1938 Armistice Day — and what a world today after those strenuous years of war. How little one thought that all that expenditure of blood and treasure would have so little result — that 20 years after we shall be, to all appearances, on the brink of another war. How helpless and hopeless we have all been since 1918 — in my heart of hearts during the war I always felt that we should learn nothing from our experiences — that as soon as peace came the cranks and fools would again obtain control — and they did — they shrieked for disarmament and pinned their faith in the League of Nations. They shut their eyes to the inevitable — and now here we are again vis à vis with Germany as we were in 1914 — only today our position is infinitely more dangerous as a result of air warfare — God knows what may be in store for us — pray that yet again he will see that England is preserved despite her follies and her thoughtlessness.

Analysis of Lateral Maneuver‐Induced Lift Loss of Navy Fighter/ Attack Aircraft During Approach to Carrier

ABSTRACT The purpose of this analysis was to provide guidance to designers of future tactical Navy aircraft on one aspect of carrier suitability that has contributed to the operational success of the F‐14 and F/A‐18 in carrier operations. Specifically, the ability of both of these aircraft to perform aggressive lateral maneuvers to capture desired glide path, without excessive altitude loss, has contributed to the favorable carrier suitability characteristics of each aircraft. The intent of this analysis was to quantify lift and altitude loss for the F‐14 and F/A‐18 due to lateral maneuvers in the lineup correction task, and determine the causes and components of the lift loss. A secondary intent was to determine whether the amount of lift loss due to lateral maneuvers was a good indicator of an aircraft's ability to execute precise flight path control with minimum pilot workload. Twenty‐six offline simulations of F‐14B and F/A‐18C aircraft, conducted at Manned Flight Simulator at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division in Patuxent River, MD, provided the raw data for the analysis. Results and conclusions on the causes and components of lift loss and subsequent altitude loss associated with the 26 simulations were drawn, and where applicable, comparisons between F‐14 and F/A‐18 were made.

Preventing conductive white residue formation by modifying the manufacturing process

Soldering has long been the dominant means by which the electronic components are attached, mechanically and electrically to the circuits in which they will operate. The final step of the soldering process has traditionally been to clean the assemblies using an aggressive Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) based cleaner to remove any which could retard electrical performance. Recently these cleaners have been banned by international convention requiring that the electronics industry look at the cleaning (and soldering) process in detail and identify ways to produce reliable electronics without using CFC cleaners. To explore every possible alternative to CFC cleaning, and make an evaluation is a complicated task, and could take years. This is beyond the scope of any one company who would have neither the time nor the funds to conduct such a detailed analysis. Such large-scale, detailed, exploratory work can be completed at an academic institution. However in the university environment one cannot typically verify their results in a real situation, as industrial guidance is necessary. Thus Boeing, Rensselaer, EMPF, and the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) formed a collaborative project to address the cleaning problem. The challenge was to identify means by which conductive residue formation could be eliminated in the manufacturing environment-in the time period of one year. Simple experiments which simulated the wave soldering process were conducted at Rensselaer under the guidance of Boeing, EMPF, and NAWC. These results were assessed in a large-scale manufacturing environment at Boeing. By working together and pooling our strengths it was possible in a 15 month period to do the following. 1) Propose a two-step reaction mechanism describing residue formation in a humid environment. 2) Determine that controlling the fluxing reaction is likely to be the most effective way to reduce the likelihood of residue formation. 3) Examine the kinetics of residue formation in a humid environment. At the end of the paper ideas for future examination of this process are discussed, as is our evaluation of the collaboration. One benefit of such short-term collaborative efforts is that bachelors and masters level students and gain industrially significant experience at school. The results of this project are available on-line at http://saturn.vcu.edu/mapalmer/residue.

Comparative study: Flow-induced noise on underwater acoustic pressure, particle velocity, and intensity sensors

A neutrally buoyant underwater acoustic p-u intensity probe contains discrete sensors for direct measurement of acoustic pressure and particle velocity [J. A. McConnell and G. C. Lauchle, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 2755(A) (1998)]. Intensity is calculated from the cross spectrum between these two quantities. Thus a single probe can be categorized as a compound sensor capable of independently measuring acoustic pressure, particle velocity, and intensity. Using this probe, a comparative study concerning the measurement of all three quantities in the presence of mean flow and an independent sound source was performed. Bias errors, which result from the flow-induced noise generated by towing the sensor (e.g., a cylindrical body) in cross flow at low speeds through a channel of water, are presented. Other parameters of interest include analysis of experimental pressure–pressure and pressure–velocity correlation functions. The effect of body geometry (e.g., variation in aspect ratio) on the measured bias errors and correlation functions is also presented. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research, the Naval Submarine League, and the Acoustics Technology Branch of the Naval Air Warfare Center—Aircraft Division, via the DoD Small Business Innovation Research Program.]

Development of a compact suspension system for a neutrally buoyant underwater acoustic intensity probe

Practical use of neutrally buoyant underwater acoustic intensity probes requires a suspension system to position them in some preferred orientation with respect to an acoustic field of interest. However, since these probes typically contain a moving coil geophone to facilitate particle velocity measurements, the design of such suspension systems is not trivial. On one hand, theory mandates that the dynamics of the geophone will not be adversely affected by the suspension as long as the mass-spring system created by the probe and the elastic members has a low-resonance frequency and high quality factor relative to that of the geophone. However, by meeting these two design criteria, wave effects (e.g., flexural resonances) in the elastic members can become a limiting factor in the performance of the device, particularly at high frequencies. This paper presents theoretical and experimental results of an effort to design a compact suspension system that embodies the aforementioned design considerations, but has relatively low susceptibilty to flexural resonances. [Work supported by the Acoustics Technology Branch of the Naval Air Warfare Center—Aircraft Division, via the DoD Small Business Innovation Research Program.]