Air Space Research Articles

Ultrawideband Dual-Polarized Frequency-Selective Absorber With Tunable Reflective Notch

An ultrawideband dual-polarized frequency-selective absorber (FSA) with a tunable reflective notch is proposed in this communication. The structure is constructed by combining a broadband FSA as well as a tunable lossless frequency-selective surface (FSS). The FSA consists of a lossy layer and an air spacer, which is backed with a metal plane. Varactors are employed in the lossless FSS and a dc bias is applied to adjust the frequency of the reflective notch. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) of the notch-tunable FSA is established to explain the operating principle, and the impedance condition of the ultrawide absorptive band is discussed. The ECM results agree well with the frequency-domain simulation results. The absorption band with a reflection coefficient below −10 dB extends from 2 to 8 GHz. It is worth mentioning that the reflective notch with nearly perfect reflection is demonstrated to be tuned from 2.24 to 4.56 GHz. A prototype of the structure is fabricated and measured to validate the design concept. Its measured absorption band from 2.5 to 8 GHz is in favorable agreement with the simulated results. These findings will be useful for designing intelligent antenna reflector systems with out-of-band radar cross section (RCS) reduction.

Revisiting the Delimitation of Outer Space in Light of the Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities

Decades of international debates have been insufficient to build consensus over a universal, multilateral delimitation of outer space. A legal frontier, still undelimited, exists between the territorial air space (under national control and jurisdiction) and outer space (where no claim of sovereignty is authorized). As technology advances, blurring the differences between aeronautics and astronautics, this question gains renewed relevance for practical purposes. The long-term sustainability (LTS) of outer space depends upon recognizing outer space as a specific and unique domain, distinguished from any other on Earth, and subject to a specific body of rules. After considering different proposals for the delimitation of outer space, as well as domestic regulation, an alternative is suggested, acknowledging different perspectives while including conciliatory features. air law, sovereignty, space law, space sustainability, territorial principle

URGENCY OF REGULATING THE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) AS A TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT IN INDONESIAN AVIATION LAW

The development of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a Technology Product is the trigger for the enactment of Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 180 of 2015 concerning Operational Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System in the Air Space Served By Indonesia which was amended by Minister Regulation Number 47 of 2016 concerning the same matter. Such regulation has banned the operating of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on controlled airspace and uncontrolled airspace at altitudes of more than 500 feet Above Ground Level (AGL). The aim of this paper is to review the urgency of regulating the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a technology product in Indonesian Aviation Law. The research method used in this study is normative. Normative method is utilized to review the urgency of regulating the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a technology product in Indonesian Aviation Law. The urgency of regulating the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is related to aviation safety in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation and other related regulation. Secondary data used in this research consists of primary legal material and secondary legal material.

Wind meeting

This article explores our human relationship to wind. In the context of ‘wind meeting’ - a transversal durational performance experiment where I joined three interior designers to meet with wind in The Performance Arcade, a live art festival on Wellington’s waterfront, Aotearoa/New Zealand (2018) - ‘meeting’ was explored as medium, matter and movement. At The Performance Arcade a shipping container, open on all sides, was covered in a white curtain, fluttering and billowing – responsive to drafts, puffs, sweeps, gusts, whirls, gales, lulls – offering up an invitation for us, the wind meeters, as well as visitors, invitees, passers-by, watchers and publics to meet wind. Here, to meet wind was an encounter, a thinking through and with meteorological forces in a reposing of current flows of people, power and values. In addition, audiences were invited to join our ‘meetings’, held four times a day, where we gathered around a round table for a period of stillness and refreshment. With a draft agenda each meeting was a period of time to review, re-orientate, discuss and propose new strategies for meeting wind. The meeting format afforded playful, earnest, inclusive ‘scores’ that enabled us to meet other kinds of flows. Draft minutes and actions taken at these meetings became both scores for future tactics and a recording of outcomes. This essay unfolds - through my practice of choreography and performance - how meeting wind in all its physical, cellular, dimensional and metaphoric resonances has become a way of opening up the potential of thinking, encountering and inhabiting air space i.e. the space above, below and between us.

Analysis of recurrence in lung adenocarcinoma with spread through air spaces

ObjectivesSpread through air spaces is defined as tumor cells in air spaces away from the edge of tumor in lung carcinoma. It is associated with higher locoregional recurrence and lower survival in lung adenocarcinoma. The features of spread through air spaces portending worse outcomes are still under investigation. We reviewed our lung cancer experience to define potential factors related to spread through air spaces that influence recurrence and survival. MethodsBetween January 2010 and December 2017, we identified 968 patients who underwent resection for T1-3N0M0 lung adenocarcinoma. Of these, histologic examination was possible in 787 patients. We examined the presence of spread through air spaces, spread through air spaces characteristics (micropapillary, solid nest, or single cell), average density (number per slide), and farthest distance from tumor at which spread through air spaces was detected, or maximal spread distance. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival were estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves, and differences between spread through air spaces positive versus spread through air spaces negative groups were assessed using the log-rank test. ResultsSpread through air spaces was present in 389 of 787 of the reviewed cases (49.4%). Overall survival and recurrence-free survival were significantly lower in the spread through air spaces positive group over 10 years (P < .0001). The incidences of locoregional and distant recurrence were nearly doubled over 10 years in the spread through air spaces positive group compared with the spread through air spaces negative group (P = .002 and <.0001, respectively). In a multivariable Cox regression model adjusted for spread through air spaces characteristics, distance, and tumor size, lobar resection did not confer survival advantage in patients with spread through air spaces (hazard ratio of sublobar resection with respect to lobar resection, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-2.11; P = .067). In the spread through air spaces positive group, spread through air spaces density was 2.7 ± 1.4 clusters per slide and the maximal spread distance was 2.2 ± 1.7 mm from the tumor edge. There was no observed correlation between spread through air spaces density or maximal spread distance and overall survival or recurrence. ConclusionsWe show increased distant recurrence in spread through air spaces positive lung adenocarcinoma. Quantifiable measures of spread through air spaces do not appear to correlate with recurrence or survival metrics.

Polynomial Chaos Expansion-Based Enhanced Gaussian Process Regression for Wind Velocity Field Estimation from Aircraft-Derived Data

This paper addresses the problem of spatiotemporal wind velocity field estimation for air traffic management applications. Using data obtained from aircraft, the eastward and northward components of the wind velocity field inside a specific air space are calculated as functions of time. Both short-term wind velocity field forecasting and wind velocity field reconstruction are performed. Wind velocity data are indirectly obtained from the states of the aircraft flying in the relevant airspace, which are broadcast by the ADS-B and Mode-S aircraft surveillance systems. The wind velocity field is estimated by combining two data-driven techniques: the polynomial chaos expansion and the Gaussian process regression. The former approximates the global behavior of the wind velocity field, whereas the latter approximates the local behavior. The eastward and northward wind components of the wind velocity field must be estimated, which causes the problem to be a multiple-output problem. This method enables the estimation of the wind velocity field at any spatiotemporal location using wind velocity observations from any spatiotemporal location, eliminating the need for spatial and temporal grids. Moreover, since the method proposed in this article allows for the probability distributions of the estimates to be computed, it causes the computation of the confidence intervals to be possible. Furthermore, since the method presented in this paper allows for data assimilation, it can be used online to continuously update the wind velocity field estimation. The method is tested on different wind scenarios and different training-test data configurations, by means of which the consistency between the results of the wind velocity field forecasting and the wind velocity field reconstruction is checked. Finally, the ERA5 meteorological reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts are used to validate the proposed technique. The results show that the method is able to reliably estimate the wind velocity field from aircraft-derived data.

Dynamic behavior of gas-phase NCl3 and CO2 in indoor pool facilities

The presence of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl3) in indoor swimming pool facilities is associated with adverse health outcomes among swimmers and other pool users, as well as degradation of pool infrastructure. Given their similarities in terms of volatility (i.e., Henry's law constant), the dynamic behaviors of NCl3 and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air above indoor pools were postulated to be similar. Experiments were conducted to characterize and quantify the dynamic behavior of gas-phase NCl3 and CO2 in a mechanically ventilated swimming pool facility. The results of these time-course measurements allowed for examination of the effects of background water circulation and swimmer-induced mixing on the dynamics of both compounds in the air space above an indoor swimming pool. Measured gas-phase NCl3 concentrations exceeded the suggested guideline values of 300 μg/m3 or 500 μg/m3 during periods of heavy use. Measured gas-phase CO2 concentration followed a similar dynamic pattern as gas-phase NCl3; gas-phase CO2 concentrations often exceeded 1000 ppmv during swimming meets. Mass balance models for gas-phase NCl3 and CO2 were developed to relate the characteristics of the indoor pool environment to their dynamics. The results of these modeling efforts indicated that the similarity of CO2 transfer behavior to NCl3 may allow the use of CO2, which can be measured with low-cost infrared gas sensors, as a control parameter for NCl3. Moreover, the models that were developed to describe the dynamic behaviors of these volatile compounds may serve as tools for pool design, optimization of pool operations, and control of their mechanical ventilation systems.

Early-onset, conjugal, twin-discordant, and clusters of sporadic ALS: Pathway to discovery of etiology via lifetime exposome research.

The identity and role of environmental factors in the etiology of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) is poorly understood outside of three former high-incidence foci of Western Pacific ALS and a hotspot of sALS in the French Alps. In both instances, there is a strong association with exposure to DNA-damaging (genotoxic) chemicals years or decades prior to clinical onset of motor neuron disease. In light of this recent understanding, we discuss published geographic clusters of ALS, conjugal cases, single-affected twins, and young-onset cases in relation to their demographic, geographic and environmental associations but also whether, in theory, there was the possibility of exposure to genotoxic chemicals of natural or synthetic origin. Special opportunities to test for such exposures in sALS exist in southeast France, northwest Italy, Finland, the U.S. East North Central States, and in the U.S. Air Force and Space Force. Given the degree and timing of exposure to an environmental trigger of ALS may be related to the age at which the disease is expressed, research should focus on the lifetime exposome (from conception to clinical onset) of young sALS cases. Multidisciplinary research of this type may lead to the identification of ALS causation, mechanism, and primary prevention, as well as to early detection of impending ALS and pre-clinical treatment to slow development of this fatal neurological disease.

Pathological research progress on spread of lung cancer through air spaces

气腔播散（spread through air spaces）是肺癌组织中一种特殊的肿瘤侵袭模式，2015年WHO肺癌病理分类中正式提出该概念。气腔播散见于多种组织类型的肺癌，表现为主瘤体边界外的气腔内出现肿瘤细胞簇。近年来，气腔播散成为肺癌病理研究的热点之一。大量临床研究表明，气腔播散与肺癌的术后复发和预后关系密切，尤其对早期肺癌临床治疗术式选择具有指导意义，提高病理医师对气腔播散现象的认识有助于肺癌的精准诊断。目前对气腔播散的研究仍然有待进一步深入和细化，包括鉴别人为因素可能造成的假象、气腔播散的分级诊断标准、术中冷冻切片诊断以及气腔播散形成的分子机制等。本文将阐述气腔播散的相关概念、病理学特征、对临床诊疗的影响以及尚存的病理学问题等，以增强临床实践中病理医师对肺癌气腔播散的认知与重视。.

Multiscale reconstruction of bronchus and cancer cells in human lung adenocarcinoma

BackgroundWhile previous studies primarily focused on the structure of the normal whole mouse lung, the whole bronchus and cytoarchitectural details of the mouse intact lung lobe have been discovered at single-cell resolution. Revealing the sophisticated lung adenocarcinoma structure at three-dimensional (3D) and single-cell level remains a fundamental and critical challenge for the pathological mechanism research of lung adenocarcinoma (LA).MethodsFluorescence micro-optical Sectioning Tomography (fMOST) combined with PI staining were used to obtain the 3D imaging of the human LA tissue at single-cell resolution.ResultsWith a spatial resolution of 0.32 × 0.32 × 1.0 μm3, the dataset of human LA with single-cell precision consists of two channels, each of which contains information about the bronchi and the cytoarchitecture. The bronchial wall is thicker and the lumen is smaller in the cancer tissue, in which its original normal structure is vanished. More solid components, more clustered cancer cells with larger nucleoli, and more significant atypia are found in cancer tissue. In paracancerous tissue, the bronchial wall cells have a monolayer or bilayer structure, cluster along the wall, and are relatively dispersed. Few fibrous structures and occasional dissemination of spread through air spaces (STAS) are observed.ConclusionsBased on the human LA tissue dataset obtained by fMOST and PI staining, the bronchi and cells were reconstructed and visualized. This work provides a technical roadmap for studying the bronchus and cytoarchitectural structure and their spatial relationship in LA tissue, which may help with the understanding of the main histological structure of LA among pathologists.

Comprehensive molecular characterizations of stage I-III lung adenocarcinoma with tumor spread through air spaces.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate integrative genomic spectra of stage I-III lung adenocarcinoma with tumor spread through air spaces (STAS). Methods: We retrospectively identified 442 surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma patients of pathological stage I-III in Shanghai Chest Hospital from January 2018 to February 2021. Surgically resected tissues were used for next-generation sequencing (NGS) with a panel of 68 lung cancer-related genes to profile comprehensive molecular characterizations. Results: A total of 442 cases were analyzed, including 221 (50%) STAS-positive (SP) and 221 (50%) STAS-negative (SN) lung adenocarcinoma patients. In total, 440 cases (99.6%) were positive for the overall mutational spectrum, and the higher mutational genes were EGFR, TP53, KRAS, ALK, SMAD4, and ERBB2 (62%, 42%, 14%, 10%, 7%, and 7%, respectively). Compared with the SN population, there was significantly lower EGFR alteration in the single-nucleotide variant (SNV) mutation spectrum (52.5% vs 69.7%, p < 0.001) and significantly higher TP53 alteration in the SP population (49.8% vs 34.8%, p = 0.002). EGFR L858R missense mutation (19.5% vs 37.6%, p < 0.001) and ERBB2 exon 20 indel mutation (1.8% vs 5.9%, p = 0.045) were more frequent in the SN population. The detection rate of ALK fusion rearrangements in the SP population was significantly higher than that in the SN population (13.1% vs 2.3%, p < 0.001). In the analysis of signaling pathways, no significant difference was discovered between SP and SN patients. No difference in 1-year disease-free survival was observed between SP and SN patients in this study. Conclusion: Significant differences exist in stage I-III lung adenocarcinoma patients with STAS in molecular characterizations.

Seed Morphology, Life Form and Distribution in Three Bromheadia Species (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)

The seed morphology of three species belonging to the genus Bromheadia was analyzed under light and scanning electron microscopy. The seeds of B. cecieliae and B. truncata were studied for the first time. Differences in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics between the terrestrial B. finlaysoniana and the epiphytes B. cecieliae and B. truncata were observed, which were in concordance with the life form. Due to the variability of the seed shapes, a new methodology is proposed to analyze the distance between the embryo and the testa cells, with the aim of demonstrating the presence of air space within the seed. The method is compared to previous formulae used to measure free air space. Furthermore, a new measurement, the angle in twisted testa cells of epiphytic orchids, is proposed, to evaluate the degree of torsion in medial cells. Although the wide distribution of B. finlaysoniana could be related to the great buoyancy of their seeds in contrast to the limited distribution of B. cecieliae, we consider that environmental factors are more influential than the buoyancy of seeds when understanding the distribution of these taxa. Future studies on seeds morphology in orchid genera with terrestrial and epiphytic taxa will provide new insights into this research.

Göğüs duvarını invaze eden primer akciğer tümörleri

Objective:&#x0D; Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The surgical approach to locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) goes beyond the classical approach and requires a multidisciplinary approach both preoperatively and postoperatively. In addition to the tumor size, the location of T3 tumors affects the extent of the surgery.&#x0D; Materials and Methods:&#x0D; Patients who underwent lung resection for cancer between March 2019 and October 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent chest wall resection were evaluated in terms of age, gender, pathology, type of operation, survival, recurrence, complications, receipt of preoperative chemotherapy, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, whether or not mediastinoscopy was performed, STAS (The spread through air spaces) positivity, visceral pleural invasion, parietal pleural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and alveolar/bronchial wall invasion.&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; Thoracic wall resection was performed in nine patients with locally advanced NSCLC. The use of prolene mesh was required in eight patients. All patients complained of pain in the thoracic wall in the preoperative period. Postoperative pathology results showed STAS positivity in four patients; alveolar/bronchial wall invasion in four; and visceral, parietal, pleural, and lymphovascular invasion in seven. The mean survival of the patients was 24.20 months (0.63–39). No patient developed recurrence during the follow-up period.&#x0D; Conclusion:&#x0D; Chest wall resection and reconstruction for lung cancer is a surgical treatment method that should be performed without violating respiratory physiology and by using a small amount/number of synthetic materials.

An Image of Northwest Yorùbáland during World War II

Abstract West Africa became more strategically important during the Second World War owing to the air reinforcement route to Northeast Africa. The West African Air Reinforcement Route (WARR) went across the colony of Nigeria into the African interior. Geographical knowledge production was important for the smooth running of these air logistics operations. The United States, which came on the air supply route in support of the British war effort, was involved in map production for this purpose. Hence, this paper explores the United States military cartography of WARR, used during the Second World War. In particular, it examines the 1942 image of Northwest Yorùbáland. This paper contends that the reproduced African landscapes of the Geographical Section of the General Staff (GSGS) 2465 Series convey ideological meanings. As a social practice, cartography during this global conflict resulted in further territorial ordering and control over the ground and air space of this part of West Africa. These Allied military maps depicted specific geographies along the trans-African air route, with precise strategic purpose, but they also had ideological implications for wider cultural geographies.

Pulmonary barotrauma in SCUBA diving-related fatalities: a histological and histomorphometric analysis

Arterial gas embolism following pulmonary barotrauma occurs in 13–24% of cases of diving deaths. The study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of a histomorphometric digital analysis in the detection of air space over-distension due to pulmonary barotrauma. The study was performed on lung parenchyma specimens of 12 divers: six had died due to arterial gas embolism following pulmonary barotrauma (mean age at death of 54 years, range of 41–61 years), and six had drowned in saltwater without a diagnosis of pulmonary barotrauma (mean age at death of 54 years, range of 41–66 years) (positive controls). For negative controls, six cases of non-SCUBA divers (mean age of death of 42 years, range of 23–55 years) who died of intracerebral haemorrhage were evaluated. No significant differences were observed in the characteristics of the air spaces between control groups (positive and negative). However, differences were observed in the area occupied by air spaces and the percentage of air space area when we compared the case group to the controls (p < 0.01); and there was a slight difference in the maximum and minimum diameters of air space (p < 0.05). The mean area occupied by air spaces and the mean percentage of air space were the most useful for discriminating pulmonary barotrauma from other causes of death (100% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity). Based on our study, inclusion of an increased pattern of air spaces as a possible diagnostic criterion for pulmonary barotrauma would be useful in discerning the cause of diving death.

Technique for Processing and Routing Staining of Hair Samples for Histological Study

The staining of free hair samples is considered as one of the biggest problem by the Histologists. This technique has been developed for processing and routine staining of free hair samples without the skin. It is based on paraffin embedded blocks of hair samples. The blocks were cut in the rotary microtome at 6 µ thickness. After obtaining the sections of 6 µ thickness in rotary microtome, the sections were not required to be put in water bath as the hair samples were hard and did not get folded. Further, if water bath was used, this could result in the loss of the hair part from the section. The cuticle did not take any color in the routine staining as it was composed of enucleated or keratinized cells. The cortex had taken the pink colour of eosin which might be due to the composition of cortex with flattened cornified cells and numerous air spaces. The medulla showed a mixture of pink and blue color on staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin solutions.

Impact of surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy on the survival of stage I lung adenocarcinoma patients with tumor spread through air spaces

ObjectivesTumor spread through air spaces (STAS) is a unique mechanism of lung cancer metastasis; however, its clinical value for stage I lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) remains unclear at present. We investigated the (1) prognosis of patients after sublobar resection compared with lobectomy for stage I lung adenocarcinoma with STAS; and (2) potential benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) for patients with stage I ADC and STAS. MethodsA total of 3328 consecutive patients with stage I ADC were retrospectively identified between 2014 and 2018 at our institution; among them, 600 were diagnosed with STAS. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the impact of STAS on overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). ResultsAmong stage IA patients with STAS, there was no significant difference between those who underwent sublobar resection and lobectomy in OS (P = 0.919) and RFS (P = 0.066). Multivariate analysis confirmed this result (sublobar resection versus lobectomy, OS: HR = 0.523, 95 % CI, 0.056–18.458, P = 0.714; RFS, HR = 0.360, 95 % CI, 0.115–1.565, P = 0.897). ACT did not improve the prognosis of stage IA patients but did improve the RFS of stage IB patients with high-risk recurrence factors, including poorly differentiated tumors, lymphovascular invasion and visceral pleural invasion (P = 0.046). ConclusionsSublobar and lobectomy resection provided a comparable prognosis for stage IA ADC patients with STAS. When STAS was confirmed postoperatively, ACT should be considered for patients with stage IB with high-risk recurrence factors but not for those with stage IA disease.

Design of wideband circularly polarized metasurface antenna using characteristic mode analysis

AbstractA wideband circularly polarized metasurface antenna using characteristic mode analysis is presented in this letter, which is composed of two‐layer substrate, 4 × 4 circular patch metasurface, L‐slot, transmission line, and air spacing. Through mode analysis, the metasurface structure can significantly enhance the bandwidth and gain of the antenna, and realize circular polarization (CP). After excitation, the air spacing and the L‐slot can realize 90° difference between the characteristic angles of the two modes of the metasurface, and finally radiate CP. The measurement results show that the prototype has a −10 dB impedance bandwidth from 5.6 to 8.2 GHz (37.7%), a 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth from 6.2 to 7.8 GHz (22.9%), and a peak gain of 8.7 dBi at 6.4 GHz.

Expression of PD-L1 through evolution phase from pre-invasive to invasive lung adenocarcinoma

BackgroundThis study evaluated programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression from pre-invasive adenocarcinoma to invasive lung adenocarcinoma, aimed to investigate the potential association of PD-L1 pathway with lung adenocarcinoma early evolution.MethodsWe evaluated PD-L1 expression in 1123 resected lung specimens of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) of stage IA1–IA3. PD-L1 expression was defined based on the proportion of stained tumor cells using the tumor proportion score: < 1% (negative), ≥ 1% (positive) and ≥ 50% (strongly positive). Correlations between PD-L1 expression and T stage, pathological subtype, adenocarcinoma grade, spread through air space (STAS), vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion and driven genes were analyzed.ResultsThere was almost no PD-L1 expression in AIS or MIA. However, PD-L1 expression was correlated with invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma. The percentages of PD-L1 positive in IA1–IA3 were 7.22%, 11.29%, and 14.20%, respectively. The strongly positive rates of PD-L1 were 0.38%, 1.64%, and 3.70% in IA1–IA3, respectively. PD-L1 expression and positive rate were also associated with poor pathological subtype and poor biological behavior, such as adenocarcinoma Grade 3, micropapillary or solid dominant subtype, STAS and vascular invasion. Finally, PD-L1 positive rate seems also corrected with driven gene ALK, ROS-1 and KRAS.ConclusionsPD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the emergence of invasiveness and poor pathological subtype or biological behavior of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. PD-L1 pathway may be involved in the early evolution of lung adenocarcinoma from AIS to IAC.

Analysis of the International Court of Justice’s Jurisdiction in the Airspace Violation Cases

This writing examines the International Court of Justice's authority over cases of airspace breaches. Airspace is the space above the land area and waters of a country. Air space is one of the most critical parts of a region in realizing the welfare of a country. ICJ, as the Supreme Court of the United Nations, is capable of resolving conflicts between countries and disputes involving United Nations member states. As a result, this writing aims to analyse further the authority of the International Court of Justice regarding airspace violations. The research was normative and qualitative. The result showed that, in theory, ICJ had clear jurisdiction in resolving violation of airspace cases, but in practice, only a few cases had been resolved by ICJ. However, most of those cases submitted to ICJ produce no judgment from ICJ since the Court found that it lacks jurisdiction