Air Route Research Articles

TÜRKİYE’DE YEREL VE ULUSLARARASI HAVA TAŞIMACILIĞI YAPISININ AĞ ANALİZİ İLE İNCELENMESİ

Considering the effectiveness of air transportation, the investigation of the dynamics of flight routes are having a great attention, lately. Even several studies are conducted in a global scale, some hubs are required more consideration in inter-city and inter-country transportation. According to the study of [Song and Yeo], İstanbul located in Turkey has the maximum degree centrality among 1.060 airports and maximum betweenness centrality among the top 30 airports. In this study, we aim to see the air transportation network structure deeply for this country depending on its topographic characteristics. For this purpose, social network analysis is used as an analysis method and visualization tools to describe the correlation structure of the data. Thus, we illustrate some of the network-level and node-level metrics in aforementioned analysis by exploring route connections among airports. Additionally, the network maps are depicted to better understand the air routes structure. The results indicate that İstanbul has a huge impact among airports in terms of both domestic and international transportation depending on the empirical data of Turkey for the year of 2014. Classifying by countries, Germany and Cyprus has the largest connection measurement results with Turkey.

The Analysis of Spatial Pattern and Hotspots of Aviation Accident and Ranking the Potential Risk Airports Based on GIS Platform

Aviation accident analysis is an important task to ensure aviation safety. The existing researches mainly focus on the analysis of aviation accident time characteristics and accident causes and less analysis of the spatial characteristics of aviation accidents. The spatial characteristics analysis of aviation accidents can identify hot spots of aviation accidents, improve the accuracy of aviation accident emergency management, and provide decision support for airport route planning. This study established the severity index of aviation accident based on aviation accident data, using GIS spatial analysis methods to study the spatial distribution characteristics of aviation accidents. The hot spots were identified in the aviation accidents. Finally, airports around the accident hot spots were ranked to obtain the airports with high potential aviation risks based on RI, taking Florida as an example. It was found that in the Florida aviation accident, general aviation accidents accounted for the majority, but the aviation accident severity index for air route flight was far greater than general aviation accidents. From the spatial distribution point of view, accidents with high severity index were distributed around large international airports. The Density Center for Aviation Accidents was located in Tampa, Miami, and some airports link areas in Florida. In terms of the Moran’s I index, the distribution of aviation accidents tended to aggregate in the region as a whole. However, aviation accident severity index was randomly distributed for each year separately. At the level of significance of 0.01, there were a total of 75 accident hotspots in the Florida region, mainly in the north and southwest. Airports with high RI in the Florida area were mainly concentrated in the Miami area and the Tampa Bay area, and Orlando Airport was ranked outside the top 10.

Calculating and communicating ensemble‐based volcanic ash dosage and concentration risk for aviation

During volcanic eruptions, aviation stakeholders require an assessment of the volcanic ash hazard. Operators and regulators are required to make fast decisions based on deterministic forecasts, which are subject to various sources of uncertainty. For a robust decision to be made, a measure of the uncertainty of the hazard should be considered, but this can lead to added complexity preventing fast decision‐making. A proof‐of‐concept risk‐matrix approach is presented that combines uncertainty estimation and volcanic ash hazard forecasting into a simple warning system for aviation. To demonstrate the methodology, an ensemble of 600 dispersion model simulations is used to characterize uncertainty (due to eruption source parameters, meteorology and internal model parameters) in ash dosages and concentrations for a hypothetical Icelandic eruption. To simulate aircraft encounters with volcanic ash, trans‐Atlantic air routes between New York (JFK) and London (LHR) are generated using time‐optimal routing software. This approach was developed in collaboration with operators, regulators and engine manufacturers; it demonstrates how an assessment of ash dosage and concentration risk can be used to make fast and robust flight‐planning decisions, even when the model uncertainty spans several orders of magnitude. The results highlight the benefit of using an ensemble over a deterministic forecast and a new method for visualizing dosage risk along flight paths. The risk‐matrix approach is applicable to other aviation hazards such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) dosages, desert dust, aircraft icing and clear‐air turbulence, and is expected to aid flight‐planning decisions by improving the communication of ensemble‐based forecasts to aviation.

The impact of high-speed rail on civil aviation in China

This paper examines the impact of High-Speed Rail (HSR) on the domestic Chinese aviation passenger market. Our dataset comprises a panel of 642 air and HSR routes from 2007 to 2014. During rapid HSR expansion from 2010 to 2014, the number of air passengers per route grew 32% for destinations that did not compete with HSR, but fell 7% for routes that faced HSR competition. A difference-in-differences approach shows that the introduction of HSR leads to more than a 50% fall in air travel over two years. Increased frequency of daily HSR routes further contributes to economically large declines in air passengers. The negative effects of HSR introduction and additional daily service to air travel increase substantially over-time and the recent expansion of HSR to Central and Western regions in China dampens demand for air travel more than coastal regions. These factors point to future challenges for aviation as China plans to expand rapidly HSR service inland.

Stochastic Simulation Optimization for Route Selection Strategy Based on Flight Delay Cost

The continuous and strong growth of the civil aviation in the world combined with the severe adverse weather problem have made necessary the collaboration between the different civil aviation agents to improve the management of the capacity-demand imbalances in the airspace. In this paper, we consider a stochastic simulation optimization problem for air route selection strategy based on flight delay cost. The problem takes consideration of airspace capacity and demand uncertainty, three strategies, including collaborative reroute strategy (CRS), full information reroute strategy (FIRS) and hybrid stated route preference strategy (HSR), are employed to mitigate the flight delay cost. To find the best strategy, a discrete event simulation model is built by Arena Software, and the Monte Carlo method combined with the OCBA simulation optimization technique is employed for assessing a common severe convective weather scenario in the Central and Southern China airspace. Simulation results imply that HSR schemes show better system-wide performance than CRS and FIRS, these benefits are supposed to come from the batch allocations method. Although the airline can receive full information in advance, FIRS does not show obvious advantage in reducing the total airborne waiting time than CRS. For the system-wide performance FIRS is better than CRS, but not as good as HSR.

항공사 브랜드태도와 고객만족도 및 재이용 의도 영향 관계 연구: 김포-제주 노선 이용객 대상으로

Recently, the airplane use rate has been renewing its peak every year. Especially, Gimpo-Jeju route is the busiest air route in the world and all domestic airlines are competing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose differentiated marketing strategies from other airlines by analyzing the effect of customers

The Air Cargo Carrying Potential of The Airbus A350-900XWB and Boeing 787-9 Aircraft on Their Ultra-Long-Haul Flights: A Case Study for Flights from San Francisco to Singapore

Abstract The introduction of the Airbus A350-900 (A359) and the Boeing B787-9 (B789) have enabled airlines to operate ultra-long-range services. Using a mixed methods research design, this study has examined the air cargo-carrying potential of Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB (A359) and United Airlines Boeing B787-9 (789) aircraft on their ultra-long-haul San Francisco to Singapore and the Singapore to San Francisco air routes. The qualitative data was analysed using document analysis, and the air cargo payload was modelled by simulation. The air cargo-carrying potential of the two aircraft types was significantly influenced by enroute weather. In the event of eastbound winds, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB air cargo payload was 16.9 tonnes and the United Airlines Boeing 787-9 was 11.5 tonnes, when these flights had a full passenger payload. In the case of westbound winds with a full passenger payload, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB air cargo payload was 13.1 tonnes and the United Airlines Boeing 787-9 was 7.9 tonnes. When there were no winds on the air routes, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB offered 15.0 tonnes and the United Airline Boeing 787-9 offered 9.7 tonnes of air cargo payload, respectively.

Identifying influential waypoints in air route networks based on network agglomeration relative entropy

Air route network (ARN) is one of the most important transportation networks and the key waypoints (nodes) have significant influence on the stability and robustness of the ARN. In this paper, a network agglomeration relative entropy centrality (NAREC) method to identify influential nodes in ARNs is proposed, based on the network agglomeration and relative entropy theory. The basic topological features of the regional ARNs in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are analyzed and then the proposed method is applied to identifying influential nodes in the three networks. At last, the effectiveness of the NAREC method is demonstrated by the susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model and the Kendall's tau coefficient. Results show that the proposed method is applicable and effective.

Determination of polaronic conductivity in disordered double perovskite La2CrMnO6

Double perovskite La2CrMnO6 ceramics was sintered using standard high temperature route in ambient air. The orthorhombic Pbnm cell characterized by a total disorder between Cr and Mn ions was determined using an XRD powder test. The grain morphology, porosity and chemical composition were determined using scanning electron microscopy. The X-ray photoemission spectroscopy showed several contributions to O 1 s, La 3d, Mn 2p, and Cr 2p core lines related to the occurrence of multiple ionic states. The electrical permittivity, modulus, AC and DC conductivity were measured in ranges of f = 20 Hz – 1 MHz and 76–440 K. The electrical transport mechanism was attributed to the small polarons. The nearest neighbor hopping occurred in the range 170 to 440 K. The variable range hoping, attributed to the Fermi glass features and disorder, was detected in the range 100 to 160 K. The relaxation process related to the temperature-independent activation energy was deduced from the electric modulus scaling.

Systemic Congestion Propagation in the Airspace Network

To be different from the traditional concept of congestion, congestion propagation based on the correlation between aircraft is given. And the main resource shared and competed for in airspace is the air route network, especially the intersection linking the multiroute. The system composed of congestion propagation units operates in airspace network, which is limited by the network geometry and the correlation between aircraft. This paper presents models based on the congestion and propagation characteristics in complex network, predicting the trend of congestion propagation and the peak of congestion size. By analyzing the relationships between system parameters and congestion propagation and accounting for the effects of propagation across networks, this paper enhances the current dynamics models of congestion propagation in airspace. Firstly, a heterogeneous network model is introduced to reveal the propagation process of aircraft with different degrees of correlation. This is followed by the specification of two simplified models for short-term prediction, just taking the sector capacity, propagation rate, and dissipation rate into account. And the propagation rate and dissipation rate depend on the sector geometry and aircraft distribution. Using them (sector capacity, propagation rate, and dissipation rate), the prediction models are accurate in predicting the evolution of congestion peak and propagation trend in comparison with the sample data of intersections in the sector. Of them, the model with capacity limitation is more accurate on busy hour. And on non-busy hour, capacity is insensitive in predicting congestion clusters. Furthermore, the computing method of propagation rate and dissipation rate is given in our paper. Finally, a numerical analysis is performed, in which it is demonstrated that system capacity, propagation rate, and dissipation rate have different effects on congestion propagation in airspace. The results show that low propagation and high dissipation rates not only are nonlinear but also decrease the level of congestion in the propagation of congestion. In particular, of the three parameters, system capacity affects the rate of convergence, with a low-capacity system reaching a stable state quickly and therefore providing a basis for sector partitioning. The method proposed in this paper should enable air traffic controllers to better understand the characteristics of congestion and its propagation for the benefits of both congestion management and improvement of efficiency. Significantly, airspace designers can take congestion propagation into consideration for optimizing the airspace structure in the future.

Air Route Selection for Beijing Capital International Airport Based on an Improved TOPSIS Method

Multi-airport system has become the focus of civil aviation industry in China. To realize the coordinated development of regional airports, it requires adjustment and optimization of the airline network according to airports’ functional orientation. This paper puts forward an index system for Beijing capital airport air route evaluation based on the devolopment of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional multi-airport system. An improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution method is proposed, and the order relation analysis method is combined with improved entropy weight method to get the index weights, providing an effective method for domestic air routes evaluation and selection.

Optimization of an aircraft flight trajectory in the GLONASS dynamic accuracy field

Advanced technologies in air traffic management assume the transition to flexible routing based on the use of the satellite navigation systems. However, the accuracy of these systems depends on the location of the navigation satellites in relation to the target object and will vary in the available airspace. Therefore, the designed optimal flight path of the aircraft should be built taking into account the accuracy of its keeping in the variable navigation-time field (accuracy field) of the satellite navigation system. The accuracy field of the satellite navigation systems can be characterized by the geometric factor (spatial, horizontal and vertical). The geometric factor of the satellite navigation system is determined by the relative position of the consumer and the satellites upon which the navigation problem is solved, and is a deterministic value. Due to the orbital motion of satellites and the movement of the consumer, the geometric factor will change in space and time. Knowing the laws of the satellites orbital motion it is possible to calculate the geometric factor for any point in the air space and for any moment of time according to the known almanac of the system. This allows predicting the expected accuracy of the navigation and time determination during the flight on a particular air route. Optimization methods based on the algorithms of A-star and Dijkstra graph theory are chosen for aircraft flight trajectories construction. Mathematical modeling is used for the optimal trajectory construction in the GLONASS dynamic accuracy fields with their various structures in static and dynamic problem setting.

Role of exchangeable tickets in the optimal menu design for airline tickets

While menus are offered pervasively in the airline industry, the nature of the menu design remains unclear. For example, the menu offerings differ substantially across companies and across different air routes within the same company. To have a better understanding in the menu offerings, we build a stylized model to examine a monopolistic seller’s optimal menu design with three types of tickets: refundable, nonrefundable, and exchangeable tickets. The role of exchangeable tickets is of particular interest as it is less explored in the academic literature, but is prevalent in practice. We show that for the seller, the exchangeable ticket is inherently more profitable than the other two types of tickets; thus, it is an indispensable element of the optimal menu. On the other hand, increasing the flexibility of exchangeable tickets may dampen the seller’s profitability. The analysis also reveals that cancellation fees are used as instruments to adjust the differences between consumers’ willingness to pay, and when they are adopted, the seller has less incentive to sell nonrefundable tickets.

Study of La4BaCu5−xCoxO13+δ series as potential cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell

La4BaCu5−xCoxO13+δ system was successfully synthesized by a modified Pechini route in air. A structural phase transition is observed along the series, from tetragonal ordered structure for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 to a rhombohedral disordered perovskite for x = 5. A TEC value of 17.3 × 10−6 K−1, was found by High-Temperature X-ray Diffraction (HT-XRD) in air for La4BaCu3Co2O13+δ. The conductivity of La4BaCu3Co2O13+δ increases with temperature reaching a maximum of 778 S cm−1 at 405 °C in air followed by a decrease with further increase in temperature with values of 600–664 S cm−1. The cathode polarization resistance of La4BaCu3Co2O13+δ evaluated in air at 750 °C is 0.34 Ω cm2 with an activation energy of 1.65 eV. These results demonstrate the possible use of La4BaCu5−xCoxO13+δ materials as cathode for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC).

Assessment of connectivity of Russian cities with passenger air transport links with Mongolia and China

Aviation passenger traffic is becoming increasingly important in international economic relations. The development of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor is no exception. Despite the fact that the media focuses on projects for the construction of the new high — speed Railways and oil and gas pipelines, a significant part of economic cooperation is implemented through air transport links. The study examines all the air routes between Russia and China, as well as Russia and Mongolia, available in the peak summer schedule of 2018. All routes connect 13 cities in Russia and 30 cities of China and the capital of Mongolia, forming a separate air corridor between the three countries studied. The population of cities is certainly one of the essential factors determining the level of development of aviation ties. Nevertheless, other factors play an important role: the high centrality of the Russian economy, the dominance of the Moscow air hub as a transfer point, the weak development of interregional air transport and others. Among the identified trends, it is a high proportion of flights to Irkutsk from Mongolia and China — with not so significant economic potential of the city, the main factor determining the leading position of the city was the tourist attraction of the region for travelers from the countries in the study.

A measure of identifying influential waypoints in air route networks.

As the basic carrier of air flight operation, air route network (ARN) is of great significance to the smooth operation of flights. However, the waypoint is a core part of the route, so it is an important topic to identify influential waypoints in ARN. In this paper, a method to identify the influence of the node in ARN based on an improved entropy weight (IEW) method is proposed. Then, centrality measures including degree, closeness, betweenness and eigenvector as the multi-attribute of ARN in IEW application. IEW method is used to aggregate the multi-attribute to obtain the evaluation of the influence of each waypoint. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the IEW method, three real ARNs are selected to conduct several experiments with susceptible infected recovered (SIR) model. The results show the efficiency and practicability of the proposed method.

Quantifying the substitutability and complementarity between high-speed rail and air transport

This paper quantifies the substitution and complementary effects of high-speed rail (HSR) on air travel demand in terms of both route traffic and airport enplanement. Employing the difference-in-differences (DID) method, the first part of the analysis measures the effect of new HSR routes on parallel air route traffic with a focus on East Asian regions (Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). The second part examines the effect of air-HSR integration on passenger enplanement at East Asian airports and compares with that in the Central European market. We find that in general the airport’s access cost (reflected by the distance from central city) has a negative impact on the air traffic. The substitution effects of HSR are the most significant on short- and medium-haul (below 1000 km) air routes while introducing HSR services has encouraged long distance (over 1000 km) air travels in Mainland China. The complementary effect is investigated in the context of air-HSR integration, which has significantly positive impacts on airport enplanement at primary hub airports when fitted with on-site HSR links. The benefit is limited at secondary hubs and regional airports possibly by locations and HSR service frequencies.

A detailed research for determination of Bi/Ga partial substitution effect in Bi-2212 superconducting matrix on crucial characteristic features

This multidisciplinary study paves way to investigate the crucial of fundamental characteristic properties including the bulk density, electrical, superconducting, flux pinning mechanism, crystal structure quality and strength quality of interaction between the superconducting grains in the Bi2.1Sr2.0Ca1.1Cu2.0Oy (Bi-2212) superconducting materials with the partial replacement of gallium foreign impurity by bismuth nanoparticles in the crystal structure. Characterizations of polycrystalline ceramic materials prepared by standard ceramic route in the atmospheric air are performed by means of conventional experimental measurement methods such as powder X-ray diffraction, Archimedes water displacement, dc electrical resistivity versus temperature and critical current density examinations. All the bulk Bi-site Ga partial replaced materials exhibit the Bi-2212 superconducting phase within the different fraction levels (%73.1–94.8), moderate self-field critical current densities 54–96 A/cm2 and wide-ranging offset and onset critical transition temperature range of 45.65 K–84.52 K and 70.06 K-85.00 K. As for the experimental findings of bulk density and related degrees of granularity (porosity) parameters, the bulk density parameter is found to be between 5.76 g/cm3 and 6.12 g/cm3 when the corresponding residual porosity value is also obtained to be in a range of 8.57 %–2.86%. Moreover, the mobile hole carrier concentrations in the short-range-ordered antiferromagnetic CuO2 layers are found to be in the range from 0.085 until 0.152. Additionally, the role of Ga/Bi partial substitution in the crystal lattice on the normal state resistivity, residual resistivity, residual resistivity ratio, vibrational mode intensities, texturing, superconducting volume fractions, mobile hole carrier concentrations, average crystallite sizes, Lotgering indices and cell parameters are discussed in details. All the experimental results and theoretical approaches show that the characteristic properties tend to improve regularly with the increment in the Ga foreign impurity level until x = 0.05 due to the increment in the crystal structure quality and interaction between the superconducting grains. After the critical Ga/Bi substitution level of x = 0.05, every feature degrades considerably.

The Strategic Deployment of the Airbus A350-900XWB Aircraft in a Full-Service Network Carrier Route Network: The Case of Singapore Airlines

In the global airline industry, an airline’s fleet routing affects its profitability, level of service and its competitive position. Using a qualitative research approach, this paper examines Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB fleet deployment and route network development for the period 2016 to 2018. The qualitative data was examined using document analysis. The study found that Singapore Airlines has deployed the Airbus A350-900XWB aircraft on new air routes from Singapore to Cape Town via Johannesburg, Düsseldorf and Stockholm via Moscow and return. The Airbus A350-900XWB aircraft are also replacing older, less efficient aircraft as part of the company’s fleet modernization strategy. Singapore Airlines is also acquiring the new ultra-long-range variant of the Airbus A350-900XWB for use on its proposed new non-stop services from Singapore to Los Angeles and Newark Liberty Airport in New Jersey, USA. The longest flight stage length is the Singapore to San Francisco route which is 7339 nautical miles (13,594 km) in length. The shortest stage length is between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur (160 nautical miles or 297 km). The new non-stop services from Singapore to Los Angeles and New York City will be the longest non-stop services operated by Singapore Airlines. The flight stage lengths between Singapore and Los Angeles and Singapore and Newark Liberty Airport are 7621 nautical miles (14,114 km) and 8285 nautical miles (15,344 km), respectively. The greatest number of available seat kilometers (ASKs) are generated on Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900 XWB service from Singapore to San Francisco (3.57 million ASKs). The smallest number of ASKs produced are on the short-haul service from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur (75,141 ASKs).

Stakeholder engagement in the development of international air services: A case study on Adelaide Airport

This paper examines the air route development process, including key stakeholder engagement, to identify essential factors in the successful establishment of new international air services at regional airports. Data from semi-structured interviews with airports, airlines and destination marketing organisations were analysed to provide perspective regarding Adelaide, an Australian regional international airport. The research proposes a model that maps out the relationships and processes of primary and secondary stakeholders for air route development and finds route profitability and stakeholder relationships as critical factors for air route development. The airport emerges as a leading actor in driving route development. Efficiencies and broader regional objectives are realised when the airport collaboratively engages with wide-ranging stakeholders. The paper provides future research direction to address identified limitations and provides recommendations to guide other regional airports and airlines in establishing new international air services.