Air Route Research Articles

PONTE-AÉREA RIO DE JANEIRO-SÃO PAULO NO CONTEXTO DA MEGARREGIÃO: A DINÂMICA DA FLUIDEZ AÉREA SELETIVA NO TERRITÓRIO BRASILEIRO

A relevância de uma das principais ponte-aérea do mundo incita uma análise pormenorizada da dinamicidade dessa fluidez seletiva. A essencialidade da ponte-aérea Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo, compreendida a partir dos aeroportos de Santos Dumont e Congonhas destaca-se, dentre outros efetivos, por se caracterizar como um importante eixo conectivo da megarregião Rio-São Paulo. Desse modo, a análise proposta busca evidenciar, por meio de uma abordagem geográfica, a importância dessa rota na rede aérea brasileira, destacando o potencial de geração de tráfego desses aeroportos, a dinâmica territorial promovida, o interesse do capital nos principais fixos dessa megarregião e a unicidade desses aeroportos e dessa ligação na rede aérea brasileira.
 Palavras-chave: ponte-aérea, megarregião, Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo, aeroportos

Competition and Sustainability Development of a Multi-Airport Region: A Case Study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area

A new era in the development of multi-airport regions (MARs) has been in China, especially in the construction of global urban areas such as the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). In order to better understand competition and provide significant advice to support sustainable development of Chinese MARs, this paper takes the GBA-MAR as an example, and then explores the competition between airports in this multi-airport region based on route level and its impact on passenger airport choice using three liner models. According to our findings, competition is concentrated on a few air routes in the Northeast–East Coastal region and the Asia-Pacific region, in which all three airports operate. Although the domestic market of the GBA-MAR has been relatively mature, the international air transport market is still left with considerable room, which is also reflected in connections to the world’s cities and tourist destinations. In addition, the research also found that different airport brands created by route type significantly affected passenger airport choice. Overall, the study revealed that whether from a supply or demand aspect, competition between airports in a multi-airport region—not just airline competition in a single airport—is an important topic.

The association of heavy metals concentration in air and health risk assessment in Paka, Malaysia

Heavy metals are classified as the materials that have density five times higher than water. They can be spread in the world through air, water and other routes. In this study, it was focused on heavy metals in air. Paka has be choosen in this study as it is the industrial estate that contributed to air pollution. The aim of this study was to determine an association between heavy metals concentration in air and health risk assessment in Paka, Malaysia. Eight points were selected for this study within two monsoon seasons. The sampling for southwest monsoon was done in August and September 2017 while for northeast monsoon was done in December 2017 and February 2018. The samples were digested by using aqua regia method. The concentration of heavy metals was analysed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). For southwest monsoon, the results showed that the concentration of Fe was the highest with the value of mean ±SD (0.272 mg/Kg ± 0.103) and the lowest mean concentration was recorded for Cu with the value of 0.002 mg/Kg ± 0.001. For northeast monsoon, Fe was recorded the highest concentration of heavy metals and As was the lowest with the value 0.125 mg/Kg ± 0.041 and 0.002 mg/Kg ± 0.001, respectively. The health risk assessment indicated no risks from these metals as the HQs and HIs of six metals were almost all lower than the safe level (=1) for the industrial workers. The HI values were decreased in the order of Fe>Cd>Pb>As>Zn>Cu. Fe and Cd showed higher values close to safe level, while Zn and Cu were lowest. It could be concluded that the industrial emission was the major source of heavy metals in the atmosphere along Paka industrial area. The human health risk assessment has proved to be a powerful tool to distinguish heavy metals and exposure routes of most concerns in urban environments to estimate the risk of mix metal contaminates.

A Cross Sectional Study of the Ten Longest Ultra-Long-Range Air Routes

Abstract In recent times, several airlines have commenced the operation of ultra-long-range (ULR) services. Using a mixed methods research approach, this paper examines the aircraft deployment, the target passenger market segments, the aircraft cabin configurations, the flight stage lengths and the available seat kilometres (ASKs) produced on the world’s ten longest air routes. The study found that some airlines are operating ultra-long-range services on a hub-to-hub basis, whilst other airlines are operating these services to open new spoke city markets. The case airlines are targeting the premium and leisure travel market segments. The Boeing 787-9 is the most popular aircraft type for these services followed by the Airbus A380-800 and the Boeing B777-200LR aircraft. Qatar Airways Doha to Auckland service has the longest flight stage length (14,535 kilometres). The other 9 air routes all exceed 13,400 kilometres in length. The greatest number of annual ASKs are produced on the Emirates Dubai to Auckland services (5.09 billion ASKs) and the smallest number of annual ASKs are on the Qantas Airways Perth to London services (2.49 billion ASKs).

Pre-flight rerouting combining A∗ algorithm and AHP under severe weather

Delays due to bad weather have become common in recent years.When the delay occurs, in most cases, flights will choose ground-holding which results in the waste of airspace resources and reduces the operating efficiency of the entire air route network. In order to deepen the reform of the ATC operations, local rerouting strategy before flight is imperative. In this paper, based on the influence degree and scope of severe weather, historical meteorological data and flight plan data, the damage situation of the air route is comprehensively analyzed, and the segment that pilots need to avoid in route selection is defined. Taking the priority of different city pairs into consideration, the OD pair allocation order model based on AHP (analytic hierarchy process) was established. In addition, this paper establishes the evaluation index of navigation modification combined with the actual operation, and makes a comparative analysis with an example.

関西空港・陸上ルート問題―環境影響評価の再検討と今後の展望―

関西空港・陸上ルート問題―環境影響評価の再検討と今後の展望―

Regional disparity and driving forces of CO2 emissions: Evidence from China's domestic aviation transport sector

•We estimate China domestic air passenger market's CO2 emissions in 2007 and 2014.•We assess the change of air route networks and emission features focused on regional disparity.•Applying decomposition method to identify the driving forces of estimated CO2 emissions.•Noteworthy offset to increasing CO2 emissions is indicated from modal split changes.

Modeling the resilience of an airline cargo transport network affected by a large scale disruptive event

This paper presents modeling the resilience of an airline cargo transport network affected by a given (large scale) disruptive event. The airports represent the nodes and the air routes and flights between them the links of the network. Modeling implies synthesizing a methodology consisting of two sets of the analytical models: (a) a generic (existing) analytical model for assessing the resilience of particular airports, routes/links, and the entire network; and (b) the new analytical models of the selected indicators of the network’s performance used as the FOMs (Figures-Of-Merit) for assessing the corresponding resilience. These indicators of performance include: (i) the airline flights; (ii) the airline transport work; (iii) the airline profits; (iv) the value of time of transported air cargo shipments; and (v) the inventory cost of air cargo shipments at the network nodes/airports. Such proposed methodology enabling assessment of the resilience of affected network over time, i.e., prior, during, and after the impact of a given disruptive event, has been applied to the real airline cargo network (FedEx Express, U.S.) affected by the large scale disruptive event (extreme snowstorm - the so-called nor’easter) characterized by its duration, intensity, and spatial scale. The results have indicated that the network’s resilience has been affected differently regarding the particular indicators of performance as FOMs. It has been the least affected regarding ‘value of time’ and the most regarding ‘inventory cost’ of the air cargo shipments.

북한 영토 및 영공을 경유한 백두산 관광의 가상가치평가법에 따른 가치 측정 : 통일인식 및 위험지각을 중심으로 한 추정

본 논문의 목적은 중국을 경유하지 않고 가상적 루트를 통해 북한 영토 또는 영공을 경유한 백두산의 이용가치(관광가치)를 추정하고, 철도와 항공을 이용한 백두산 관광상품의 지불의사액(WTP)을 추정하여 비교하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 가상가치평가법(CVM)을 이용하였으며, 양분선택형 질문법을 통해 백두산 관광상품의 지불의사액을 알아보았다. 또한, 본 연구는 철도와 항공을 이용한 백두산 관광상품의 지불의사에 영향을 미치는 주요 변수를 확인하였다. 특히 한국민들의 통일인식과 위험지각이 개개인이 인지하는 백두산 관광의 이용가치에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 실증적으로 파악하였다. CVM 추정 결과 북한을 경유한 백두산 관광객의 지불의사 금액은 철도와 항공 상품 모두 제시 가격이 낮을수록 지불확률이 높게 나타났다. 백두산 관광상품 지불의사액은 철도상품의 경우 평균값 기준 1인당 지불의사액은 1,389,000원, 전체평균 기준 1,324,790원, 절단된 평균값 기준 1,217,540원으로 추정되었고, 항공상품의 경우 1인당 지불의사액은 평균값 기준 1,384,270원, 전체평균 기준 1,321,390원, 절단된 평균값 기준 1,216,520원으로 추정 되었다. 한편, 로짓모델 추정결과 북한을 경유한 백두산 관광상품의 지불의사에 영향을 미치는 주요변수는 철도상품의 경우 제시금액, 방문횟수, 통일인식, 안전중요성이, 항공상품의 경우 제시금액, 연령, 월평균 가계소득, 안전중요성이 지불의사에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론에서는 실증분석결과를 토대로 실무적 시사점을 제시하고 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구에 대해 논의하였다.

Analysis and Forecast of Global Civil Aviation Accidents for the Period 1942-2016

With the increase of global civil aviation transportation, more and more researchers pay attention to the analysis of civil aviation accidents. Time series analysis can obtain the variation law in a large amount of data, and there is no research result of aviation accident time series yet. Based on the Mann-Kendall trend analysis and mutation analysis methods, this paper studied the change trend of accidents and casualties in different flight stages of civil aviation and built ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model) time series analysis model to predict the number of civil aviation accidents and casualties by the long-term data in the world.(1)The number of civil aviation accidents fluctuates generally in the world; from 1942 to 2016, there were two fluctuation periods of civil aviation accidents.(2)The number of global civil aviation casualties from 1942 to 2016 showed a parabola trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The highest number of casualties appeared in 1972, which was 2373; on the different flight stages, the number of accidents was different. In the air route and approach phase, the number of accidents was the most, and the number of casualties was more than other flight phases, accounting for about 50% of the whole flight phase.(3)In addition to the land phase, the number of accidents showed a significant decrease in other flight phases; while the air route and total number of casualties decreased significantly, the number of casualties at other flight phases did not decrease significantly. There were no sudden changes in the number of global civil aviation accidents and approach casualties.(4)The sudden change point of the global civil aviation casualties was 2013, the sudden change point of the air route stage accidents was 1980, the sudden change point of approach stage accidents was 2012, and the sudden change point of air route stage casualties was 2006. According to the ARIMA (1,0,1) model, the numbers of global civil aviation accidents and casualties were predicted to 2025. Through time series research, we have explored the variation law in the historical data of long-term aviation accidents and predicted the possible changes of future aviation accidents, providing data reference for aviation safety research.

Safety and Workload Assessment of Lost C2 Link on Seoul–Jeju Route

One of the most distinctive characteristics of the remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) is the absence of an onboard pilot. Because the aircraft is remotely controlled by the command and control (C2) link, it is important to establish procedures for a lost C2 link and understand their impacts. In this paper, three lost C2 link procedures (two return-to-base scenarios and one continue-to-destination scenario) are developed on a route between Seoul and Jeju: one of the busiest air routes in the world. Then, human-in-the-loop simulations of an RPAS in a lost C2 link situation are performed with a student controller and two experienced controllers. The simulation results are analyzed in terms of safety and controller workload metrics. The two return-to-base scenarios showed better scores than the continue-to-destination scenario in all the metrics. The well clear alert, which is a safety metric devised for RPAS operations, happened only in the continue-to-destination scenario. Although the subjective surveys did not show notable workload differences among the three scenarios, the participating controllers issued more heading change commands to surrounding traffic in the continue-to-destination scenario than in the two return-to-base scenarios, which suggests that controller workload is higher.

Research on the Classification of Air Route Intersections in the Airspace of China

As the intersecting points of crossing traffic flows, air route intersections are the major bottlenecks in the world’s airspace due to restricted airspace and rapid growth of air traffic. In order to reduce controller workload and maintain traffic safety, air traffic operation units in China devised the idea of “overpasses” at busy intersections. The basic idea is to strategically separate flows of aircraft on intersecting routes vertically by allocating distinct flight levels to them. In practice, aircraft are required to maintain an agreed flight level en route long before they cross the intersection. With more and more “overpasses” being established, the available airspace is becoming more restricted, the result of which is a drop in the overall airspace efficiency. Therefore, the air traffic management community would benefit from a quantification indicator to determine whether an overpass should be established at a particular intersection. In this paper, such an indicator—a classification index—is proposed for air route intersections based on the calculated intersection complexity and collision risk. Additionally, according to the calculation results of the classification index for typical intersections in Chinese airspace, an intersection classification system is presented, which can serve as guidance for the establishment of overpasses in the future. A case study is provided to demonstrate the working of the system. The proposed intersection classification method should help decision makers better understand the operation characteristics of intersections in Chinese airspace and make informed decisions to balance workload and efficiency.

"Airplane ear"-A neglected yet preventable problem.

Airplane ear or ear discomfort during flight is common irrespective of ticket price we pay for our flights according to class. Whether we get extra leg space or extra facilities during flying in business class, air travelers often face this problem of airplane ear (Figure 1). Airplane ear is also known as ear barotrauma, barotitis media or aerotitis media [1]–[5]. Severe earache affects individuals of varying levels of social determinants of health as it is entirely a physiological phenomenon [3]. Airplane ear is commonly experienced when the airplane is ascending or descending, which makes it one of the commonest health problems for people travelling in air routes. Open in a separate window Figure 1. Airplane ear. 2. Etiology Generally, airplane ear occurs due to quick changes in altitude and quick changes in air pressure [4]. In normal physiological conditions, the air pressure in our middle ear cavity is nearly equivalent to that of the external ear canal. This equalization of air pressure is maintained physiologically and contributes to regular auditory function and maintenance of normal balance among individuals. However, the eustachian tube dysfunction may occur with any changes in pressure and failure to ventilate through the middle ear space. This may result in outward bulging of the tympanic membrane causing moderate to severe earache. This phenomenon can be compared with a bread expanding while baking [3],[5]. Conversely, due to the vacuum effect, if the air pressure inside the middle ear space reduces rapidly compared to the external ear pressure, the tympanic membrane may be pulled inside due to the pressure gradient. The eustachian tube becomes flattened during the pressure changes and it necessitates bringing air into the middle ear (Figure 2). During sudden ascend or descend of an aeroplane, ear cavity pressure is often decreased complemented by an increase in the cabin compared to the outside air pressure. In such a scenario, the unusual stretching of the eardrum or tympanic membrane may precipitate pain in the ear. At the same time, individuals may also experience decreased hearing abilities and muffled sounds as the eardrum as it becomes unable to vibrate normally [2]–[4]. Open in a separate window Figure 2. Imbalance of air pressure in the middle ear. The pathophysiology remains the same in cases of scuba diving, in hyperbaric oxygen chambers, and during explosions happening nearby [2].

Integrating transportation and economic information for the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) risk modelling purposes in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) using online data and grey literature

Integrating transportation and economic information for the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) risk modelling purposes in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) using online data and grey literature

An Investigation of SO3 Control Routes in Ultra-low Emission Coal-fired Power Plants

With the implementation of ultra-low emission systems in coal-fired power plants in China, the emission of sulfur trioxide (SO3) has become an important issue in pollution control. However, systematic research and evaluation of SO3 control routes based on the existing ultra-low emission systems are still lacking. We assigned 148 coal-fired power plants to four categories based on their ultra-low emission control routes and selected a representative power plant from each category for comprehensive field testing. The results indicated great variability in the synergistic SO3 removal capability of different air pollution control devices and routes, resulting in removal efficiencies that ranged from 27% to 94%. Control Route 1, which lacked both a low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator (LLTESP) and a wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP), exhibited the lowest removal efficiency. The two routes equipped with either an LLTESP or a WESP (Control Routes 2 and 3) reduced the SO3 concentration in the flue gas produced by medium-sulfur-coal combustion to below 10 mg m–3, whereas Control Route 4, which utilized both an LLTESP and a WESP, reduced the SO3 concentration to below 5 mg m–3. Furthermore, sampling the emissions of the 148 power plants revealed that only 14% of the power plants complied with the 5 mg m–3 standard for SO3, although 44% and 64% of them complied with the 10 mg m–3 and the 20 mg m–3 standard, respectively. Our study evaluated the control routes within the context of the whole process, which can guide subsequent research and engineering practices.

An Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Based Lung Nodule Identification and Verification Module

The objective of the work is to propose and identify lung nodule system using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) which is as of now a hot research territory in medical field and it is trusted that it will get broad application to biomedical frameworks in the following couple of years. Neural systems are perfect in perceiving sicknesses utilizing checks since there is no undeniable reason to give a particular calculation on the most proficient method to distinguish the malady. This paper depicts a calculation to isolate the lung tissue from a Chest CT to lessen the measure of information that should be broke down. We will probably have a completely programmed calculation for sectioning the lung tissue, and to isolate the two lung sides too. The picture is threshold to isolate low-thickness tissue (lungs) from fat. Cleaning is performed to expel air, clamor and aviation routes. At last, an arrangement of morphological tasks is utilized to smooth the unpredictable limit. The database utilized for assessment is taken from a radiology-instructing document. The present assessment demonstrates that the connected division calculation takes a shot at an expansive number of various cases. The textural highlights were removed from the portioned lungs and it was given as. The neural system is utilized to distinguish the different lung maladies.

Trajectory optimization of an innovative-turbofan-powered aircraft based on particle swarm approach for low environmental impact

Flight route planning in civil aviation seeks to minimize the total cost of the operation while maintaining high safety standards. Therefore, the increase in the number of air routes as well as air...

Assessment of the volcanic hazard of Mt. Paektu explosion to international air traffic using South Korean airspace

A volcanic eruption is one of the most critical natural hazards in air transportation. In the European region, the Eyjafjallajokull eruption in 2010 triggered extensive discussions and efforts to adopt a risk-based volcanic contingency management plan in civil aviation. However, there has been relative lack of such efforts in the Asia–Pacific region. In this paper, a hypothetical eruption scenario of Mt. Paektu is studied to evaluate its impact on international air traffic using South Korean airspace. Mt. Paektu is an active volcano, and man-made earthquakes caused by North Korea’s recent nuclear weapons tests have elevated concerns about the possibility of an eruption. Based on multiple route closure tolerance criteria, direct and indirect losses including system serviceability, cancellation cost and passenger losses were evaluated, utilizing air route network data set and six-day ash dispersal scenario. Under the zero tolerance, system serviceability ranged between 3 and 60%. System serviceability ranged between 51 and 100% under the most lenient tolerance of 50%. Flight cancellation costs were $231 M and $68 M under the zero and 50% tolerance criteria. More than 80% of flights and 77% of cancellation costs were associated with the Asian region, especially China and Japan. In summary, impact on international air traffic was significant, and the gaps according to variation in tolerance were evident. Decisions on tolerance criteria are critical and must consider trade-offs between aircraft damage and system serviceability. Moreover, airspaces of China and Japan need to be considered in conjunction with Korea to assess the volcanic hazards in the region.

АКТИВНОСТЬ ВУЛКАНОВ КУРИЛЬСКИХ ОСТРОВОВ В 2018 г.

Based on visual and satellite data, the authors provide information that characterizes the volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands in 2018. Ebeko (Paramushir Island, the Northern Kurile Islands) and Sarychev Peak (Matua Island, the Central Kurile Islands) volcanoes were active in the Kuril Islands. Ebeko Volcano produced a weak (to moderate) explosive eruption in form of steam and ash-gas emissions (about 800 emissions at a height from 2 to 5.5 km). Sarychev Peak activity was characterized by a weak (to moderate) explosions (over the period from September till October the volcano produced at least 10 emissions that reached a height of 2 to 4.5 km). Due to the relatively low emission height and low ash concentration, the activity on Ebeko and Sarychev Peak in 2018 did not pose a serious threat to the international air routes, but could have a certain impact on the local airlines.

CAR: The Clean Air Routing Algorithm for Path Navigation With Minimal PM2.5 Exposure on the Move

Transport related pollution is becoming a major issue as it adversely affects human health and one way to lower the personal exposure to air pollutants is to choose a health-optimal route to the destination. Current navigation systems include options for the quickest paths (distance, traffic) and least expensive paths (fuel costs, tolls). In this paper, we come up with the CAR (Clean Air Routing) algorithm and use it to build a health-optimal route recommendation system between the origin and the destination. We combine the open source PM2.5 (Fine Particulate Matter with diameter less than 2.5 micrometers) concentration data for Taiwan, with the road network graph obtained through OpenStreetMaps. In addition, spatio-temporal interpolation of PM2.5 is performed to get PM2.5 concentration for the road network intersections. Our algorithm introduces a weight function that assesses how much PM2.5 the user is exposed to at each intersection of the road network and uses it to navigate through intersections with the lowest PM2.5 exposures. The algorithm can help people reduce their overall PM2.5 exposure by offering a healthier alternative route which may be slightly longer than the shortest path in some cases. We evaluate our algorithm for different travel modes, including driving, cycling and walking. An analysis is done for more than 4,000 real-world travel scenarios. The results show that our approach can lead to an average exposure reduction of 17.1% with an average distance increase of 2.4%.