Air Permeability Research Articles

Antibacterial and yellowing performances of sports underwear fabric with polyamide/silver ion polyurethane filaments

Abstract To develop antibacterial durability and low yellowing of sports underwear fabric, silver ion polyurethane filaments (Ag+ PUFs) were used as base yarn, and polyamide filaments were used as face yarn. Nine fabric samples with different Ag+ PUF contents (7, 8, 9, 17, 18, and 19%) were prepared. The fabrics were dyed in light, medium, and dark pink. Ag+ PUF was characterized by scanning electron microscopes for the morphology. Antibacterial properties and mechanical properties of Ag+ PUF were measured. The antibacterial durability, yellowing, elastic recovery, air, and moisture permeability were tested, and fuzzy mathematics was used for comprehensive evaluation. The results demonstrated that Ag+ PUF has good antibacterial properties and mechanical properties. The inhibition rates of the fabric against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 100%. When Ag+ PUF content was 18 and 19%, the antibacterial rates of medium pink fabrics both E. coli and S. aureus were 100% after laundering 30 times. The yellowing of the fabric before dyeing was the lowest when Ag+ PUF content was 7%. Compared with before dyeing, the yellowing of the fabric decreased by 19.13 % after dyeing. The comprehensive performance of 3# fabric is the best, and it has antibacterial persistence and low yellowing.

Enhanced side illumination property of end emitting polymer optical fiber (EEPOF)/polyester (PET) woven fabrics by acetone/methanol mixture etching process

The rapid development of fiber optic technology has enriched smart wearable technology. Standard (end emitting) polymer optical fibers (EEPOF) are linear and flexible, which is feasible to integrated them into textiles and applied to curved parts of the human body for achieving individualized functionality (e.g., safety light-emitting garments, wearable photo-therapeutic textiles, fashionable displays, smart sensing apparel for monitoring etc.). However, the luminance of the EEPOF-incorporated fabric should be improved. In this work, the EEPOF/polyester (PET) woven fabrics (POF-PET-Fs) were firstly prepared and then etched by using acetone/methanol mixtures with different acetone concentrations. The morphology, breathability, and side illumination behavior of the etched POF-PET-Fs were investigated. As a result, higher acetone concentration in acetone/methanol mixture causes more destroy of EEPOF cladding layer and even a slight damage for core material. With higher acetone concentration is used, the dissolving cladding material blocks the pores of the warp and weft interweave of the woven fabric, thus affecting its air permeability. Besides, the bell-shaped side illumination behavior of etched POF-PET-Fs is found. The maximum luminance value of POF-PET-Fs reaches 74.8 cd/m2 when 80% acetone concentration in the acetone/methanol mixture is used. This work provides a feasible method for the preparation of POF fabrics for luminous purpose, which is beneficial to the textile industry and POF-related fields.

Eco-Friendly Leather: Durable and Crack-Resistant Shoe Uppers By IJISRT

Today in this developing world we always want something new or an advanced product and technology. In this daily life we use shoes everyday as office wear, formalwear, casualwear, nightwear etc. It should be comfortable from inside even from outside too, it will have significant work efficiency of the product. This invention is related to development of new crack free leather for shoe upper. It may upgrade the quality of leather and also helps to resolve the finishing operation to make leather more pliable, durable, breathable and comfortable for a long time. Aqueous finishing ageing time and its durability will be increased; it could sustain the leather for a longer period. It will provide a brilliant texture as well as smooth and uniform grain structure. Also it has a tendency till a certain level to protect leather from UV rays. It will have high thermal resistance. Zinc Oxide (ZnO), the element of the bottom layer of leather serves protection from UV rays, also gives shine to the leather which can perform better bondage with collagen (protein peptide). Cowhides last very long due to their greater strength properties and it is widely available in the market due to its constant demand in the market. Cowhide a bovine leather is mostly used for shoe upper and outsole of the shoe as per its high air permeability and water permeability as well as its comfort and durability. It also maintains its shape with chrome tanned. This invention may change the quality of leather and also helps to become environmentally friendly.

Development and characterization of a through-air thermobonding process with high heating rate for activating the binder and producing preforms for fibre-reinforced polymers

This study focuses on the development of an advanced high heating rate thermobonding process for the manufacture of preforms and the metrological characterisation of the process. The process involves passing hot air, driven by pressure differential, through a textile stack consisting of several plies of a quadraxial fabric coated with a binder. Heat is transferred into the stack and into the binder by forced convection, melting the binder. The process is used in the same way to cool the stack and binder so that the plies are bonded together. The pressure differential compacts the stack. The comprehensive methodological characterisation of the process includes first determining the air permeability of the stack and thus the volume flow of air as a function of the number of plies stacked. Further characterisation focuses on a comprehensive determination of the heating behaviour in the individual plies as a function of time, using thermocouples and thermal imaging to determine the temperatures of hot air and textiles. These are compared and related using a mathematical approach as different values have been found. The results indicate high heating rates, reducing process time by at least 85% compared to previous binder activation methods. In addition, the cantilever method assesses the flexural stiffness of the processed stacks and shows a twofold improvement in bond strength compared to uncompacted stacks. Results and discussions include orifice based volume flow determination, thermography calibration, mathematical modelling, stiffness of bonded textile plies, process comparison, process control and potential energy savings.

A Heat Loss Sensitivity Index to Inform Housing Retrofit Policy in the UK

A substantial number of dwellings in the UK have poor building fabric, leading to higher carbon emissions, fuel expenses, and the risk of cold homes. To tackle these challenges, domestic energy efficiency policies are being implemented. One effective approach is the use of energy models, which enable sensitivity analysis to provide valuable insights for policymakers. This study employed dynamic thermal simulation models for 32 housing archetypes representative of solid-walled homes in the UK to calculate the heat loss and the sensitivity coefficient per building fabric feature, after which a metric Heat Loss Sensitivity (HLS) index was established to guide the selection of retrofit features for each archetype. The building fabric features’ inputs were then adjusted to establish both lower and upper bounds, simulating low and high performance levels, to predict the how space heating energy demand varies. The analysis was extended by replicating the process with various scenarios considering climates, window-to-wall ratios, and overshadowing. The findings highlight the external wall as the primary consideration in retrofitting due to its high HLS index, even at high window-to-wall ratios. It was also established that dwelling type is important in retrofit decision-making, with floor and loft retrofits having a high HLS index in bungalows. Furthermore, the analysis underlines the necessity for Standard Assessment Procedure assessors to evaluate loft U-value and air permeability rates prior to implementing retrofit measures, given the significance of these factors in the lower and upper bounds analysis. Researchers globally can replicate the HLS index approach, facilitating the implementation of housing retrofit policies worldwide.

Comfort Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Cotton and Nylon/PU Knits Treated with Microcapsules Containing Sea Buckthorn Oil

This study was performed to investigate comfort properties and antimicrobial activity of cotton and nylon knits treated with microcapsules containing sea buckthorn fruit oil reported as having antimicrobial efficacy depending on concentration of microcapsules and treatment types. Chitosan-arabic gum microcapsules containing sea buckthorn fruit oil were prepared and they were treated on cotton and nylon/PU knit respectively by an experimental design of 2 different treatment types (bath immersion method and screen printing method) Χ 5 different concentration levels of microcapsules (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% on the weight of fabric). As comfort properties, stiffness, water-vapor permeability, and air permeability were measured objectively. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by calculating the percentage reduction of the bacterium. As results, stiffness values of the treated knits were slightly higher than those of untreated ones, which was thought not to affect touch in wear. The values of water-vapor permeability and air permeability of both cotton and nylon after the treatment were not significantly decreased. These results means that microcapsules loaded on the knits might not worsen their wear comfort. As for antimicrobial activity, more than 90% of bacterial reduction rates against S. Aureus were shown in cotton jersey by screen printing even after repeated laundry while those was found in nylon/PU tricot by bath immersion. From these results, it was concluded that chitosan-arabic gum microcapsule containing sea buckthorn fruit oil could be utilized for textiles to provide antimicrobial activity.

The effect of recycled fiber content on performance/quality properties of swimwear fabrics

Due to the decrease in natural resources all over the world and the increase in global CO2 emissions, which make the biggest contribution to global warming and climate change, the use of recycled materials has gained great importance in the textile industry, as in other application areas. Reducing the use of new raw materials and producing products from old raw materials not only minimizes environmental impacts such as lower CO2 emissions during the landfilling, reduced consumption of natural resources, reduced waste disposal, but also reduces costs and provides a longer product life. This study investigates the effect of recycled polyester fiber on the performance/quality properties of swimwear fabrics. Swimwear fabric samples were produced from 100% recycled polyester, 50% recycled polyester/50% polyamide, 100% polyester and 100% polyamide, and tested in terms of bursting strength, seam strength, abrasion resistance, air permeability and color fastness properties.

Numerical Simulation on Dispersion of Hydrogen Leaked in Particle Layers of Glass Beads and Soil

In order to understand the dispersion of hydrogen (H2) leaked in packed beds of nonporous/porous particles in a partially open space practically, the dispersion of H2 in the particle layers of glass beads and soil was analytically studied using a computational fluid dynamics code to be compared with the experiments and to elucidate the effects of the particle layer. The packed beds in the partially open space can be considered as a basic model for all processes of transfer, treatment, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials containing fuel debris in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities after a severe accident. The H2 flowing out from a single leak point in the particle layer of nonporous glass beads was affected by buoyancy around the leak point and diffused directly above the leak point in an elliptical shape faster than in the horizontal direction. After that, when it reached the air layer in the head space above the particle layer, the H2 spread horizontally, formed a large concentration gradient near the boundary between the particle layer and the air layer, and further diffused in the air layer until the H2 concentration became about 1/3 or less of the concentration near the surface of the particle layer. When the particle diameters were 512 μm and 1200 μm, this tendency was more pronounced when the porosity was the same and the particle diameter was smaller. The calculations largely reproduced the experimental concentration distributions. When the particle layer was porous decomposed granite soil, the diffusion behavior of H2 in the particle layer proceeded in the same manner as in the case of the glass beads. However, a large concentration gradient was formed near the boundary between the particle layer and the air layer, and then H2 diffused in the air layer until the H2 concentration became below the lower combustion limit. It was suggested through sensitivity analysis that the air permeability coefficient had a large effect on the time course of the H2 concentration distribution. Based on this information, we further simulated H2 behavior in the vessel containing the H2 leaked particle layer. By inserting multiple vent pipes without considering H2 generation distribution and particle properties in the particle layer, H2 accumulated from one pipe was discharged by buoyancy without depending on the H2 generation distribution and particle properties in the particle layer and air flowed in from the other pipe. It was suggested that such a natural ventilation process would reduce the H2 concentration in the container.

FRACTIONATION OF OLD CORRUGATED CONTAINERS FOR MANUFACTURE OF TEST LINER AND FLUTING PAPER

Old corrugated container (OCC) pulp was fractionated and it was found that the longer fiber fraction represented 76.54% and the short fiber fraction – 21.3% of the OCC pulp. The fiber length was 1.22 mm for the long fiber fraction and 0.6 mm for the short fiber, which was longer and shorter, respectively, than the fiber length of the whole OCC pulp (0.95 mm). In addition to fibers in pulp, the cellulosic microparticles that pass through a mesh screen or a perforated plate with a hole diameter of 76 μm, called fines, also have an impact on the properties of the final paper product. The fines content in both longer and shorter fiber fractions was lower than in the whole OCC pulp, consequently, drainage resistance (°SR) in the longer fiber fraction decreased to 14 from 21 in the whole OCC pulp. The air permeability and papermaking properties of the longer fiber were higher than those corresponding to the whole OCC and shorter fiber pulp. Therefore, the longer fraction of pulps can be used to manufacture test liner products and the shorter fiber fraction – for fluting paper.

Linear regression analysis of properties related to moisture management using cotton–polyester knitted fabrics

The complex evaluation of thermo-physiological comfort for a particular garment is still challenging, as it depends on the different structural parameters and individual properties of textiles. Measurement of relevant fabric characteristics requires very specific laboratory equipment, such as an M 290 moisture management tester (SDL ATLAS) or similar. For this reason, it is obvious that there is a great demand to predict the overall moisture management capability ( OMMC) based on the individual properties that are responsible for clothing comfort and testing according to different standards rather than OMMC-specific calculation using the M 290 tester. Therefore, in this research, linear regression analysis was performed using MATLAB software to predict the OMMC for cotton–polyester fabrics knitted in two patterns, namely 1 × 1 rib and half-Milano rib, using four percentages of fibers. Water vapor permeability, water vapor resistance, water absorption capacity, water absorption time, and air permeability were used as input variables for linear regression analysis to predict the OMMC of fabrics. The performed analysis has shown that the OMMC is directly dependent on the relative water vapor permeability and air permeability, and the linear regression equation suggested in this research can predict the suitability of a textile for a particular garment concerning its moisture management behavior.

Thermal behavior of flexible and breathable sandwich fibrous polyethylene glycol (PEG) encapsulations

Textiles incorporating phase change material have attracted increasing attention due to their temperature regulating function. Although a great progress has been made in the development of phase change material textiles, it has been found that the loading amount of phase change materials is limited by other final properties. Recently, we have proposed a sandwich fibrous phase change material encapsulation with a relatively high phase change material loading amount, which is a multi-layer fabric structure containing phase change material. However, the breathability of sandwich fibrous phase change material encapsulation should be improved because there is no path for air to penetrate through. In this work, the sandwich fibrous phase change material encapsulation structure with polyethylene glycol as phase change material is modified by introducing different air pockets in the thermal function layer ranging from 19% to 64%. The leakage phenomenon, phase transition behavior, thermal energy storage, breathability, T-history and practicality of the breathable sandwich fibrous phase change material encapsulations are investigated. As a result, the maximum polyethylene glycol loading amount of the phase change materials pocket is 83 wt%, and there is no leakage of polyethylene glycol during working time. The overall enthalpy value of the breathable sandwich fibrous phase change material encapsulation ranges from 27 J/g to 48 J/g. The optimal air permeability and water vapor resistance of the breathable sandwich fibrous phase change material encapsulation is 9 mm/s under 100 Pa and 34.5 m2 Pa W−1. Furthermore, the heterogeneous heat transfer through the breathable sandwich fibrous phase change material encapsulation is found due to the complicated thermal resistances of the hybrid thermal functional layer. In addition, for breathable sandwich fibrous phase change material encapsulation, the flexibility, hydrophobicity, self-cleaning property, abrasion resistance, and stability after water immersion are found. We believe the research has a great potential in various applications related to phase change material.

Exploring the influence of calcinated eggshell powder on lightweight foamed concrete: A comprehensive study on freshness, mechanical strength, thermal characteristics and transport properties

This research aimed to explore the feasibility of using calcined eggshell powder (CESP) as a substitute for cement in the production of lightweight foamed concrete (LWFC), considering its high calcium content. Ten LWFC mixtures consisting of two densities of 600 kg/m3 and 1200 kg/m3 were produced and tested. Each density comprised mixtures with varying proportions of CESP, ranging from 0% to 20% in increments of 5%. The ES was calcined at 900 °C to convert the CaCO3 into CaO. The fresh, transport, mechanical, microstructural, and thermal properties were investigated. The findings revealed that the slump flow and setting times progressively decreased as the CESP proportion increased. The water absorption, sorptivity and intrinsic air permeability improved steadily as the CESP proportions were increased from 5% to 20%. Additionally, the compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and drying shrinkage went through an initial increase and then a decrease, and the optimal CESP replacement rate was found to be 15%. The 28-days compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths enhancements with 15% CESP replacement were 44.3%, 41.2% and 41.7% and 39.7%, 56.5% and 57.6% for 600 kg/m3 and 1200 kg/m3 densities respectively compared to control mix. Besides, a marginal rise in thermal conductivity and diffusivity was observed as the proportion of CESP increased. Based on the SEM and pore dispersion results, the incorporation of up to 15% CESP into both LWFC densities resulted in an improved microstructure and enhanced pore dispersion, leading to the formation of a greater amount of C–S–H compounds. The findings were substantiated by enhanced mechanical properties, transport characteristics and SEM results.

Fixed position varying pore structure of weft-knitted seamless fabric and heat/moisture transfer mechanism

In this work, two functional superfine polyester yarns were selected as face yarns, three conventional yarns were selected as ground yarns, and 18 fabrics were designed by using a combination of three different plating structures. Then, through contact angle measurements, moisture management performance, thermal management performance, and breathability tests, we evaluated the effects of raw material, structure, and pore characteristics on the fabric’s hygrothermal comfort, and furthermore assessed the prioritization of the three factors using a range analysis. The results show that fabrics with face yarn of 75 D/288 F have better hydrophilicity, and fabrics with face yarn of 50 D/216 F have a better temperature control effect. The fabric with spandex/polyester covered yarn or spandex/nylon covered yarn has the best moisture transmission, and the unidirectional transfer index can reach 300%. The microstructure has a great influence on air permeability, and the surface porosity is positively correlated with air permeability. Combined with the heat and humidity division of the sports body, the development of efficient zonal positioning of heat and moisture management sports undershirts can provide certain theoretical support for the design of weft-knitted seamless sports products.

Sustainable fabric printing by using pre-consumed cellulosic textile wastes: The effect of waste particle content

The textile industry generates significant amounts of waste, including yarn/fiber fluffs, fabric scraps, offcuts, etc. These wastes can be recycled and repurposed for usage in screen printing which is a versatile and cost-effective printing technique by producing high-quality prints. In this study, pre-consumed colored cotton wastes were milled into 30–70 μm particle size by using a miller. Then the colored waste particles were included in a commercial printing paste and applied on cotton fabrics via screen printing. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were employed to observe the chemical changes in the printed textile fabrics. The printed fabrics were evaluated through color, wash/rub fastness, tensile strength, surface wettability, tactile, and air permeability properties. The dispersion quality of the waste particles on textile fabrics was observed by using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The overall results demonstrate that a 10% amount of waste fibrous particle inclusion to the printing paste gave optimum results by means of dispersion quality of wastes, air permeability, and handle properties. Above 10% waste amounts, the waste particles cannot be dissipated well on the fabric surface, resulting in agglomerated and non-uniform printed areas. These findings hold substantial potential for promoting sustainable coloring applications by using colored pre-consumed textile wastes within the textile industry while maintaining high-quality fabric products.

Hybrid 3D printing and electrospinning technique for the production of air filter materials and the effect of different infill patterns on air permeability

Hybrid 3D printing and electrospinning technique for the production of air filter materials and the effect of different infill patterns on air permeability

Assessment of Impact of the Surface Modification Techniques on Structural, Biophysical, and Electrically Conductive Properties of Different Fabrics.

This article presents studies on the evaluation of the impact of surface modification of cotton, viscose, and polyester fabrics using three techniques (flocking, layer by layer, and screen printing) with materials with electrically conductive properties on their structural, biophysical, and conductive properties. Each tested fabric is characterized by specific biophysical properties. which can be disturbed by various modification methods, therefore, the following tests were carried out in the article: optical microscopy, micro-computed tomography, guarded perspiration heating plate, air permeability, sorption and electrical conductivity tester. The use of screen printing increased the thermal resistance of the cotton woven fabric by 119%, the polyester woven fabric by 156%, and the viscose fabric by 261%. The smallest changes in thermal resistance compared to unmodified textiles were observed in layer by layer modified fabrics and are as follows: -15% (cotton woven fabric), +77% (PES woven fabric), and +80% (viscose woven fabric).

Electrospun PCL Filtration Membranes Enhanced with an Electrosprayed Lignin Coating to Control Wettability and Anti-Bacterial Properties.

This study reports on the two-step manufacturing process of a filtration media obtained by first electrospinning a layer of polycaprolactone (PCL) non-woven fibers onto a paper filter backing and subsequently coating it by electrospraying with a second layer made of pure acidolysis lignin. The manufacturing of pure lignin coatings by solution electrospraying represents a novel development that requires fine control of the underlying electrodynamic processing. The effect of increasing deposition time on the lignin coating was investigated for electrospray time from 2.5 min to 120 min. Microstructural and physical characterization included SEM, surface roughness analysis, porosity tests, permeability tests by a Gurley densometer, ATR-FTIR analysis, and contact angle measurements vs. both water and oil. The results indicate that, from a functional viewpoint, such a natural coating endowed the membrane with an amphiphilic behavior that enabled modulating the nature of the bare PCL non-woven substrate. Accordingly, the intrinsic hydrophobic behavior of bare PCL electrospun fibers could be reduced, with a marked decrease already for a thin coating of less than 50 nm. Instead, the wettability of PCL vs. apolar liquids was altered in a less predictable manner, i.e., producing an initial increase of the oil contact angles (OCA) for thin lignin coating, followed by a steady decrease in OCA for higher densities of deposited lignin. To highlight the effect of the lignin type on the results, two grades of oak (AL-OA) of the Quercus cerris L. species and eucalyptus (AL-EU) of the Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh species were compared throughout the investigation. All grades of lignin yielded coatings with measurable antibacterial properties, which were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, yielding superior results for AL-EU. Remarkably, the lignin coatings did not change overall porosity but smoothed the surface roughness and allowed modulating air permeability, which is relevant for filtration applications. The findings are relevant for applications of this abundant biopolymer not only for filtration but also in biotechnology, health, packaging, and circular economy applications in general, where the reuse of such natural byproducts also brings a fundamental demanufacturing advantage.

Influence of wind barrier on aerodynamic characteristics of vehicle on railway–highway combined bridge

Wind barriers with different parameters will change the aerodynamic force of the car on the bridge as well as the stability of the vehicle–bridge system, affecting the vehicle’s safety and comfort. A numerical simulation test was conducted on the bridge-deck with three different air permeability wind barriers under three distinct vehicles of varying sizes and wind directions, with a large-span road–rail asymmetric cable-stayed bridge serving as the engineering foundation. The results show that the roll force of the bridge is proportional to the width of the body and inversely related to the height of the train. The roll force of a vehicle is inversely proportional to its height and width. The type of vehicle and the properties of the bridge deck exert minimal influence on the stability of the bridge when a single vehicle is positioned upstream. When a single vehicle is situated downstream, the tri-component force coefficient of the bridge undergoes significant changes, and the vehicle’s impact on the bridge’s stability becomes more pronounced. When the bridge deck’s ventilation rate is at 50%, the drag coefficient of the bridge deck doubles compared to that of a bare bridge deck, and the wind pressure coefficient of the vehicle surface on the bridge approaches zero. In scenarios involving two vehicles, the shielding effect caused by the vehicles positioned upstream and downstream results in a substantial shift in the aerodynamic forces acting on the two vehicles. This increases the wake width of the bridge and generates a visible vortex in the wake.

Investigation of seaming performance of dyed and finished polyester/viscose fabrics

Seaming performance of a fabric is an important property because seams on a garment play a major role in determining the quality of the garment. Seam efficiency is calculated by the ratio of seam strength to fabric tensile strength. Seam strength and fabric strength are affected by the fabric-related properties and the stitch-related parameters. Therefore, as well as the effects of seaming parameters, dyeing, finishing, and laundering processes that the fabric is exposed to before the seaming processes have an effect on the seam efficiency. Polyester/viscose blended fabrics, which are frequently preferred in textiles, are used in this study, and the effects of bleaching, dyeing, finishing, laundering, and seaming processes on seam strength and seam efficiency, fabric tensile strength and fabric tensile elongation, air permeability, and thickness properties of these fabrics are examined. After the processes, there will be an increase or decrease in the properties depending on which process is examined in detail. The results are evaluated statistically. According to the results obtained, it has been observed that the mentioned processes are effective on seam efficiency. It can be said that seam strength and seam efficiency values are affected by the processes in different ways, and also that seam parameters are effective on seam strength values. Different effects of fabric direction on tensile strength and seam strength values were also observed. As explained in the study, these processes affect the other features differently.

Investigating the properties of rubbing fastness in jute-cotton blended pigment-printed fabric

Jute and cotton, both being natural cellulosic fibers, can be blended together to create a sustainable fabric that offers a new addition to the market. In this particular study, the focus was on investigating the fastness properties of jute-cotton blended pigment printed fabric. Fastness properties are crucial for any colored fabric, including jute-cotton blended ones, as they determine the fabric's ability to retain its color and resist any changes caused by external factors. The study examined the rubbing fastness of five different jute-cotton blended pigment printed fabrics. Rubbing fastness refers to the fabric's resistance to color staining and color change when subjected to rubbing or friction. The results of the rubbing fastness tests were evaluated on a grey scale, and they ranged between 3 and 5, indicating varying degrees of staining and color change. Additionally, other important parameters such as Ends per Inch, Picks per Inch, Gram per Square Meter (GSM), and air permeability were measured for the jute-cotton blended pigment printed fabric samples. Ends per Inch and Picks per Inch refer to the number of warp and weft threads per inch, respectively, and they contribute to the fabric's overall density and strength. The GSM, which measures the weight of the fabric per square meter, ranged between 191 and 285 for the samples. Furthermore, the air permeability, which indicates the fabric's breathability, ranged from 614 m3/m2/h to 1628 m3/m2/h.