Air-jet Texturing Research Articles

Optimization of air jet texturing parameters for acrylic filament yarns

A statistical work was performed to investigate effect of air jet texturing process parameters on acrylic filament yarn properties. It was shown that process parameters such as air pressure, overfeed and texturing speed significantly affect resultant yarn properties. Some structural changes were also observed by varying process parameters. Contrary to reported information in the literature, tenacity of air textured acrylic yarn increased by the increment of air pressure and it was found to be relevant with instability of the yarn. Overfeed and texturing speed had also significant effect as increase of both parameters resulted in lower yarn tenacity. Structural changes have also been observed especially with the change of air pressure and it was found that increase of air pressure up to some extent disturbed crystalline orientation of the yarn. According to statistical analysis and characterization methods, optimum parameters were determined as 300 m/min texturing speed, 5 bar air pressure and 5% overfeed for acrylic yarn used in this study.

HAVA-JETLİ TEKSTÜRE PBT İPLİKLERİN MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN VE KARARSIZLIK DAVRANIŞLARININ İNCELENMESİ

Hava-jetli tekstüre işlemi, sentetik filamentlerin iplik içerisindeki düzenli yerleşimlerini mekanik yolla değiştirerek, bu filamentleri birbirine karışmış, hacimli, doğal ipliklere benzer bir yapıya dönüştürür. Bu teknikte, uygulanan aşırı beslemenin yardımıyla her çeşit filament, tekstüre jetinden uygulanan süpersonik hava akımının tesiriyle karıştırılabilir. Hava-jetli tekstüre işleminde jetten tekstüre olarak çıkan ipliğe, alım silindiri ile sevk silindiri arasında bir mekanik germe işlemi uygulanır. Mekanik germenin amacı, tam olarak ilmek oluşturamamış filamentlerin çözülmesi ve ilmek oluşturabilmiş filamentlerin daha iyi kilitlenerek ipliğin mekanik özelliklerini daha kararlı hale getirmektir. Hava-jetli tekstüre ipliklerin yapısında bulunan ilmeklerin bir kısmı uygulanan kuvvetlerin etkisiyle yok olabilir, iplik üzerinde kalan ilmeklerin miktarı bu ilmeklerin “kararlılığı” ile ilişkilidir. Poliesterler ana zincirlerinde ester bağları bulunduran sentetik liflerdir. Bu lifler olumlu performans özellikleri nedeniyle konvansiyonel ve endüstriyel alanlarda sıklıkla tercih edilmektedir. Farklı poliester çeşitleri arasında, polibütilen tereftalat (PBT) lifleri özellikle iyi toparlanma davranışının istendiği uygulamalarda tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada hava-jetli tekstüre PBT ipliklerin mekanik özellikleri ve kararsızlık davranışları incelenmiştir. Yapılan ön denemelerde, mekanik germe oranının %6’nın üzerinde olduğu durumlarda iplik yapısında deformasyon gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada en yüksek %6 olacak şekilde 4 farklı mekanik germe (%0-2-4-6) ve 3 farklı aşırı besleme oranında (%20-40-60) hava-jetli tekstüre PBT iplikler üretilmiştir. Üretilen bu numunelerin, iplik numaraları, mekanik özellikleri ve elastik toparlanma davranışları incelenmiştir. Çekme ve elastik toparlanma deneylerinden elde edilen sonuçlar optik mikroskop deneyleriyle ilişkilendirilerek açıklanmıştır. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda, hava-jetli tekstüre PBT ipliklerde aşırı besleme oranındaki artışa bağlı olarak ilmekli yapıda bir artış gözlenmiştir. Bu durum, numunelerin iplik numarası ve kopma uzaması değerlerinde bir artışa, elastik toparlanma davranışlarında ise azalmaya neden olmuştur. En az ilmekli yapının gözlendiği %20 aşırı besleme ile üretilen numunelerde filamentler iplik eksenine olan paralelliklerini kısmen korumuştur. Dolayısıyla bu numuneler için hava-jetli tekstüre iplik yapısından ziyade filamentleri meydana getiren molekül zincirlerinin özellikleri ön plana çıkmış ve en iyi toparlanma bu iplik grubunda gözlenmiştir.

Preparation and properties of polyimide air-jet textured yarns and their woven fabrics

Two kinds of air-textured polyimide yarns with different overfeed ratios (0.5/2 and 8/8) were prepared by air-jet texturing technique, and three kinds of woven fabrics with similar tightness and thickness were produced with the same warp yarn but different weft yarns (polyimide flat yarn and the two air-jet textured polyimide yarns, respectively). The influence of air-jet textured yarn on the wearing properties of the fabrics was explored. The results show that, compared with the fabric containing polyimide flat yarn, the fabrics woven with polyimide air-jet textured yarns possess lower mechanical properties but have better air permeability, moisture permeability, heat resistance and luster. In addition, the smaller contact angle and larger wicking height of polyimide air-jet textured yarn fabrics indicate that the hydrophilicity of polyimide fabrics was improved. The effect of air-jet textured yarn on the hydrophilicity of polyimide fabrics was explained by Wenzel rough model and fabric surface roughness characteristics.

Steam as an alternative fluid for air in spun-like texturing: effect of core-yarn draw and core-yarn heat setting on texturing performance

The objectives of this research work were to investigate the use of high-pressure steam in order to replace air in the production of spun-like textured yarns and to investigate the effect of core-yarn draw ratio and core-yarn heat setting on texturing performance. An existing air jet texturing machine was modified to supply either air or steam to the texturing nozzle. Using an identical nozzle, both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns were manufactured. Results show that the core-yarn and textured yarn tension increase and the loop instability decreases when the core-yarn draw ratio is increased. Therefore, it can be predicted that the core-yarn draw ratio has influence on the performance of both air jet and steam jet texturing. Boiling water shrinkage of core-yarn as well as air-jet and steam-jet textured yarn increases when the core-yarn draw ratio was increased. However, steam-jet textured yarn has lower boiling water shrinkage than both core-yarn and air-jet textured yarn. Core-yarn heat setting does not have influence on core-yarn and textured yarn tension in the air jet texturing. In steam jet texturing, core-yarn heat setting reduces core-yarn and textured yarn tension. Therefore, it can be predicted that core-yarn heat setting is important for steam jet texturing.

Effects of filament cross section on the performance of automotive upholstery fabrics

Aim of this study was to investigate the effects of filament cross section on the performance of automotive upholstery fabrics. Thirty-six yarns were produced by changing the cross section of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers (round, octolobal and W-channel) and the air-jet texturing parameters (overfeed and number of core and effect yarns). After heat-setting and dyeing the yarns were woven into fabrics and laminated. Performance tests of both the air-jet textured yarns and the fabrics were carried out. It was observed that W-channel gave the most different air-jet textured yarn structure. It formed a bulky, uneven yarn structure with many open loops. No pronounced difference in the recovery from strain behaviors of the air-jet textured yarns was recorded. For all the cross-section types, increase in the looped structure resulted in higher permanent elongation values. In case of fabrics, all the filament cross sections gave satisfactory results for the light fastness and the abrasion resistance tests. It was concluded that changing filament cross section had the most significant effect on air permeability. W-channel gave the lowest air permeability, while octolobal gave the highest one.

Investigation of the use of steam for spun-like textured yarn manufacturing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of steam in order to replace air in the production of spun-like textured yarns. Further, this paper analyse the effect of production speed on process and textured yarn properties. Design/methodology/approach – An existing air-jet texturing machine was modified to supply either air or steam to the texturing nozzle. Using standard commercial nozzles, both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns were manufactured by varying production speed. Findings – It can be concluded that steam can be used as an alternative fluid for air in making spun-like textured yarns. Results show that yarn parameters for steam-jet texturing show a similar trend to those of air-jet texturing relative to the production speed. Further, sewing threads made from steam-jet textured yarns showed good sewability up to the speeds of 350 m/min. Research limitations/implications – Only the effect of production speed on process and yarn parameters is discussed in this paper. Production speed was limited to 350 m/min due to machine constraints. Practical implications – Steam is more economical than air to manufacture spun-like textured yarn at commercial pressures such as 8 bar. Steam-jet textured yarns could be used for commercial applications such as sewing threads at competitive speeds. Further, steam could be generated using sustainable and renewable fuel sources such as biomass. Originality/value – This research introduced steam as an alternative fluid for air in manufacturing spun-like textured yarns.

Effects of core-yarn overfeed on texturing performance: comparison between air-jet and steam-jet texturing

The objectives of this research work were to investigate the use of high-pressure steam in order to replace air in the production of spun-like textured yarns and to investigate the optimum level of core-yarn overfeed ratio for steam-jet textured yarn for the application of sewing threads. An existing air-jet texturing machine was modified to supply either air or steam to the texturing nozzle. Using an identical nozzle, both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns were manufactured. Loop instability and loop density increased and strength and tenacity decreased when the core-yarn overfeed was increased in both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns. Steam-jet textured yarns have lower loop instability, lower loop density and higher tensile properties than that of the air-jet textured yarns. Sewability results show that for both air-jet and steam-jet textured sewing threads, core-yarn overfeed ratios of 5.5 and 8.3% give better sewability.

Effect of Nylon/Aramid Filaments Characteristics on the Physical Property of Air Textured Yarns for Protective Garment

This study investigated the physical properties of aramid/nylon ATY and aramid ATY for protective garments according to the aramid and nylon characteristics fed on the core and effect components of air jet texturing equipment. Tenacity decrease of aramid ATY was much more higher than that of nylon ATY because of slick of aramid filament surface. Tenacity of aramid/nylon ATY was most affected by the tenacity of nylon on the effect component of ATY. Breaking strain of nylon ATY was two times higher than that of nylon before air jet texturing, then, in case of aramid ATY and aramid/nylon ATY, were 5.9-6.7 times higher than those before air jet texturing. Initial modulus decrease of aramid ATY showed 86.5% of initial modulus of aramid before air jet texturing, then aramid/nylon hibrid ATY showed arithmetic average value of initial modulus of aramid and nylon ATY. Wet and dry thermal shrinkages of aramid/nylon hybrid ATY were dominated by those of nylon filament on the effect component of ATY.

Effect of nozzle size on texturing performance: comparison between air-jet and steam-jet texturing

The objectives of this research work were to investigate the use of steam in order to replace air in the production of spun-like textured yarn and to investigate the optimum nozzle size for steam-jet textured yarn for the application of sewing thread. An existing air-jet texturing machine was modified to supply either air or steam to the texturing nozzle. Using four texturing nozzles, both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns were manufactured. The effect of nozzle size on process and yarn parameters has been studied and compared with air-jet textured yarns. The results show that spun-like textured yarn manufactured using steam has lower loop instability and higher tensile properties than air at comparable fluid pressures. SEM image analysis shows that the entangled structure of the steam-jet textured yarns is similar to air-jet textured yarns. Further, sewability results show that steam-jet textured yarns are suitable to manufacture sewing threads.

Investigation of the effect of core-yarn wetting on air-jet and steam-jet spun-like texturing performance

The objective of the research work was to investigate the use of steam as an alternative fluid for air in spun-like textured yarn manufacturing and to investigate the effect of wetting on texturing performance. An existing air-jet texturing machine was modified to supply either air or steam to the texturing nozzle. Both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns were made using the same process parameters with and without core-yarn wetting. The effect of core-yarn wetting on the texturing performance has been studied. Results show that core-yarn wetting is critical for air-jet texturing but do not have considerable impact on steam-jet texturing. Therefore, core-yarn wetting could be eliminated in steam-jet texturing. Further, steam-jet texturing shows its capability in manufacturing spun-like textured yarns with better performance than the air-jet. Therefore, it can be concluded that steam can be used as an alternative fluid for air in making spun-like textured yarns without core-yarn wetting.

Investigation of the influence of effect-yarn draw and effect-yarn overfeed on texturing performance: comparison between air-jet and steam-jet textured yarn

AbstractThe objective of this research work was to investigate the use of steam as a substitute fluid for air in spun-like textured yarn manufacturing. The new substitute product holds the potential for competitive advantage, lower manufacturing costs and streamlined manufacturing capabilities. Generally high-pressure steam is known to be cheaper to produce than compressed air. An existing air-jet texturing machine was modified to supply either air or steam to the texturing nozzle. Using an identical nozzle, both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns were manufactured. The influence of effect-yarn parameters on the steam-jet texturing performance has been studied. Furthermore, steam-jet texturing was compared with air-jet texturing in terms of the processing parameters and the textured yarn properties. The results show that spun-like textured yarn manufactured using steam has lower loop instability, lower loop density and higher tensile properties than air at comparable fluid pressures. SEM image analysis shows that the entangled structure of the steam-jet textured yarns is comparable to the air-jet textured yarns. To verify the commercial feasibility of the new product, sewing threads were manufactured using both steam-jet and air-jet textured yarns and tested for sewability under commercial specifications. Sewability results indicated that the steam-jet textured sewing threads can withstand sewing at high-speeds like air-jet textured threads and are therefore suitable for manufacture of sewing threads. Therefore, it can be concluded that steam can be used as an alternative fluid for air in making spun-like textured yarns.

Mechanical properties of composites made from locally manufactured carbon fabrics and the composites produced from air-textured glass yarns

Composite materials have a wide range of applications in structural components because of their high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios. However, the most crucial and common life-restricting crack growth mode in laminated composites i.e. delamination is of great concern. Air jet texturing was selected to provide a small amount of bulk to the glass yarn. The purpose was to provide more surface contact between the fibres and resin and also to increase the adhesion between the neighbouring layers. These were expected to enhance the resistance to delamination in the woven glass composites. The development and characterisation of core-and-effect textured glass yarns was presented in the previous paper. This paper describes the comparison of the mechanical properties of composites produced from air-textured glass yarns and the composites made from locally manufactured carbon fabrics. The tensile, flexure and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) were compared and it was observed that although glass fibres are inferior to carbon fibres in terms of mechanical properties however, the flexure strength and ILSS of glass based composites increases after texturing and were found closer to the properties of carbon based composites.

Investigation of the use of steam for spun-like textured yarn manufacturing: effect of fluid pressure on yarn properties

The objective of this research work was to investigate the use of steam in order to replace air in the production of air-jet (spun-like) textured yarns. An existing air-jet texturing machine was modified to supply either air or steam to the texturing nozzle. Using standard commercial nozzles, both air-jet and steam-jet textured yarns were manufactured. The effect of fluid pressure on yarn tension, loop instability, loop density, linear density, strength, tenacity and elongation has been studied. The results show that spun-like textured yarn manufactured using steam has lower loop instability, higher liner density, strength, tension and elongation than the one manufactured using air at comparable fluid pressures. SEM image analysis shows that the intermingled structure of the steam-jet textured yarns is comparable to the air-jet textured yarns. Therefore, it can be concluded that steam can be used as an alternative fluid for air in making spun-like textured yarns.

Characterisation of air-jet textured yarn structure through image analysis

Air-jet texturing, also known as cold fluid texturing, is one of the three major processes used to impart bulk to flat continuous filament yarns via a supersonic turbulent air flow. Air-jet texturing produces loops which surround the entangled, relatively straight parts of the filaments in the core of the textured yarn. Several classical techniques as well as more modern image analysis based methods have been used to characterise the air-jet textured yarn structure via parameters such as core diameter, overall diameter, average loop size and loop frequency. However, all these techniques use a single image which is not representative of the three-dimensional structure. Research is reported to develop a more comprehensive technique, capable of characterising the structure via Canny edge detector and segmentation techniques. The proposed image analysis-based technique uses two images captured at right angles from the same part of a yarn. Validation against manual measurements suggests that the technique has good accuracy and potential to characterise air-jet textured yarn structures.

ATY 노즐 직경에 따른 방호의류용 아라미드와 아라미드/나일론 하이브리드 ATY사의 물성변화

This paper investigates the physical properties of aramid and aramid/nylon hybrid air jet textured filaments for protective garments relative to ATY nozzle diameters. Three types of para-aramids(840d, 1,000d, 1,500d) and nylon(420d) filaments were prepared; in addition, 840d aramid/420d nylon and three kinds of aramid filaments were texturized with a variation of air jet nozzle diameters(0.6, 0.75, 1 and 1.2 mm) on the AIKI air jet texturing machine. The measured physical properties of 16 specimens are as follows. The linear densities of aramid and aramid/nylon hybrid ATY increased with a larger nozzle diameter. The tenacity and initial modulus of aramid and hybrid ATY linearly decreased with a larger nozzle diameter; in addition, the breaking strain increased with the nozzle diameter. The dry and wet thermal shrinkage of hybrid ATY increased with a larger nozzle diameter from 0.6 mm to 1 mm and then decreased at a nozzle diameter of 1.2 mm (which seems to be a critical diameter). The wet and dry thermal shrinkage of aramid/nylon hybrid ATY are influenced by the nylon part of the hybrid yarns because the wet and dry thermal shrinkages of aramid ATY are less than 0.2%. The instabilities of aramid and aramid/nylon hybrid ATY were not influenced by the air jet nozzle diameter; however, they increased with the linear density of ATY.

Improvement in the fracture toughness (Mode I) of laminated glass fabric composites through air-jet texturing

Delamination is the most common failure mode in laminated composites due to the reduced strength in the through-the-thickness direction. Air-jet texturing was used to provide more surface contact between the fibres and the resin by producing bulk and loops in the yarn. The development and characterization of core-and-effect textured glass yarns and the effect of texturing on the mechanical properties of laminated composites were presented in the previous papers. This paper describes the effect of texturing on the inter-laminar fracture toughness (Mode I) of glass laminated composites. The composites of twill weave fabrics were developed from both the textured and non-textured yarn and fracture toughness is tested in warp and weft directions. Significant improvement was observed in the Mode I fracture toughness of the composites after texturing. The bulkier, loopy structure of the textured yarn provided more surface contact between the fibre and the resin and significantly improved the bonding strength.

에어제트 텍스처링 조건이 저융점 폴리에스터/텐셀 복합사의 물리적 특성에 미치는 영향

Physical properties of the composite yarn using low-melting(LM) polyester/Tencel were investigated with air-jet texturing conditions such as temperature, take-up overfeed, yarn speed and air pressure. Surface morphology, microstructure, tensile property, glossiness were evaluated. Surface morphology of a composite yarn had more damaged and loosened structure according to increase of take-up overfeed, yarn speed and air pressure. Crystallinity was affected by parameters such as temperature, yarn speed, take-up overfeed and air pressure and especially, yarn speed was most effective for increase of crystallinity. Also, it was found that temperature and air pressure had significantly affected tensile properties of a composite yarn. The glossiness of yarn increased with increase of temperature, yarn speed and air pressure.

Development of air textured core-and-effect glass yarns for improving the bonding strength of laminated composites

Delamination is the most common failure mode in laminated composites, due to the reduced strength in the through-the-thickness direction. This paper describes the development of core-and-effect textured glass yarns for improving the bonding strength of laminated glass woven fabric composites. Air-jet texturing introduces bulk and loops in the yarn which provides more contact surface between the fibers and the resin. However, the yarn tenacity decreases after texturing because of the reduced alignment of the filaments. The effects of texturing air pressure, yarn overfeed ratio, yarn linear density and core-sheath ratio were studied in this paper. The tenacity of glass yarns decreased significantly after the texturing process. The reduction was smaller for yarns with a higher core linear density. The effects of texturing air pressure on the tenacity were found to be insignificant.

Effect of blends proportion on the characteristics of dry and Pre-wet nylon/viscose blended air-jet textured yarns

Blending of nylon filament with viscose can overcome the drawbacks of these yarns. Thermoplastic and thermoset filament yarns can be blended in air-jet texturising method. The characteristics of nylon/viscose blended filament yarns are required to be understood in order to convert them in to useful products. Therefore, nylon/viscose blended yarns in different proportions were produced using nylon 6 and viscose filament yarns in air jet texturising machine. The textured yarns were also produced in dry and pre-wet conditions to understand the effect of water on textured yarn characteristics. It was found that the loops frequency, bulkiness of nylon/viscose blended textured yarns increase with increase in viscose proportion. The Loops stability, tenacity and breaking elongation decrease with increase in viscose proportion. Pre-wet textured yarn show higher loops, bulkiness, and good loop stability than their corresponding dry textured yarns.

Effect of Air-Jet Texturing on Adhesion Behaviour of Technical Polyester Yarns to Rubber

Air-jet texturing of technical polyester yarns was performed in order to improve its adhesion to rubber. The air-jet texturing parameters were selected with great care to minimize the mechanical loss. H-adhesion tests were used to characterize the adhesion of the yarns to rubber. A significant increase in the adhesion of dimensionally stable polyethylene terephthalate yarn, textured with an overfeed level of 15% (DSPET15), was recorded, while a decrease in the adhesion of high tenacity polyethylene terephthalate (HTPET) yarn was observed for all overfeed levels. The effects of air-jet texturing on the adhesion of technical polyester yarns were discussed in terms of changes in the yarn geometry and changes on the single fiber surfaces. Changes in the yarn geometry were investigated by optical microscopy studies, while changes on the fiber surface were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) studies. It was observed that air-jet texturing alters both the yarn geometry and the single fiber surfaces, leading to a change in the adhesion to rubber.