Air Humidity Levels Research Articles

IoT-Based Connected Environmental Monitoring System Using NodeMCU

The Connected Environmental Monitoring System leverages the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller in conjunction with various sensors, including the MQ-135, DHT22, BMP280, and a sound sensor, to enable real-time monitoring of critical environmental parameters. This project aims to provide comprehensive insights into air quality, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and noise levels, fostering awareness and informed decision-making regarding environmental conditions. Data collected by the sensors is transmitted wirelessly to the ThingSpeak cloud platform, where it is stored and visualized through user-friendly dashboards. The system also incorporates alert mechanisms to notify users when specific parameters exceed predefined thresholds, facilitating timely interventions. The modular architecture of the system allows for scalability and flexibility, making it adaptable for various applications, including urban management and smart city initiatives. Overall, this project demonstrates the efficacy of IoT solutions in addressing environmental monitoring challenges, contributing to the development of sustainable practices and enhanced community well-being.

A novel dataset of indoor environmental conditions in work-from-home settings

During the last week of March 2020, millions of workers around the world transitioned to working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. While much research has explored the behavioural and psychological aspects of work-from-home (WFH), few studies have provided data-driven evaluations of indoor environmental quality (IEQ). This paper presents findings from a summer 2022 field study of IEQ conditions in WFH settings, involving 95 participants in the North American Pacific Northwest. Sensors installed on participants' work desks continuously measured total volatile organic compounds (tVOC), particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2) air temperature, humidity, and sound pressure levels (SPLs). Participants also completed surveys on home and workspace characteristics, as well as their subjective assessments of IEQ, well-being, and productivity. The study found that mean indoor concentrations of tVOC, PM2.5, and CO2 were 262 ppb, 5 µg/m3, and 712 ppm, respectively. Indoor air temperature ranged between 14.7–32.3°C, with a mean of 22.8°C, while relative humidity and SPL averaged at 52.5% and 53.7 dBA. Statistically-significant associations were observed between IEQ variables and factors such as residence type, cooking habits, workspace type, and window availability. A future paper will assess the surveyed behavioural and psychological characteristics in greater detail.

High relative humidity environment alleviates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice

The environment has long been considered a crucial factor influencing the onset and progression of pulmonary diseases. Environmental therapy is also a practical treatment approach for many conditions. While research has explored the effects of factors like air pressure and oxygen concentration on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the impact of air humidity on PAH has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the role of different air humidity levels in a mouse model of PAH by controlling relative humidity. We induced PAH in mice using 10 % hypoxia, which led to significant thickening of the pulmonary vasculature, elevated right ventricular systolic pressure, and an increased right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI). However, when exposed to an environment with 80–95 % relative humidity, there was a marked reduction in the extent of pulmonary vascular remodeling, decreased vascular thickening, and lower RVHI, effectively preserving right heart function. Notably, changes in the Bmpr2/Tgf-β signaling pathway were significant and may play a pivotal role in this protective effect. In summary, our findings indicate that high relative humidity confers a protective effect on hypoxia-induced PAH in mice, providing novel insights into potential treatments for PAH.

Experimental investigation for the influence mechanism of air intake method and humidity level on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

As pivotal component of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) play a crucial role in determining performance and energy efficiency of HFCVs. In this study, comprehensive bench tests of fuel cell stack and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests of single cells were conducted, and influence mechanisms of air intake methods and humidity levels on performance of stack and single cells at different locations were analyzed in depth. The results indicate that counter-flow inlet method exhibits superior voltage output performance and stability across various relative humidity (RH) and current densities (CDs). A moderate increase in RH can mitigate performance degradation, but excessive humidity can lead to flooding. When RH is increased to 60%, the voltage difference between co-flow and counter-flow of fuel cell stack does not exceed 0.05 V at 1.6 A/cm2. Meanwhile, the performance of cells near inlet end plate is consistently worse than those farther away under different inlet conditions. In addition, the performance trend of single cells in serpentine channels aligns with that of fuel cell stack, underscoring strong adaptability of mechanisms influencing performance under different conditions. These findings provide theoretical guidance and data support for optimizing performance and preventing failures in PEMFCs.

Implementation Of Temperature, Humidity And Ammonia Measuring Equipment And Adding Notifications To Sibebe (Case Study: Berkah Bersama)

Broiler chickens are a rapidly growing breed, and their growth is influenced by environmental conditions. The poultry house is one of the most crucial aspects of broiler chicken management, particularly the conditions inside the house, such as air temperature, humidity, and ammonia levels. Therefore, it is essential to regularly check the poultry house conditions. In this research, the author developed an embedded system capable of detecting temperature, humidity, and ammonia levels inside the poultry house. The system periodically sends temperature, humidity, and ammonia gas information to the Berkah Bersama information system, and this information is displayed in the form of graphs. Temperature, humidity, and ammonia gas information will be sent via email if the environmental conditions exceed or fall below the threshold. The embedded system was created using a microcontroller, temperature and humidity sensors (DHT11), and an ammonia level sensor (MQ-135). Arduino serves as the microcontroller, and NodeMCU ESP8266 is used as the communication tool to send poultry house environmental conditions to the Berkah Bersama information system (SIBEBE) and the manager via email. Testing was conducted in two stages: functionality and connectivity. Functionality testing demonstrated that the sensors can produce air temperature, humidity, andammonia level information by comparing them with conventional tools. Connectivity testing proved that the NodeMCU ESP8266 module can send monitoring data every day and under specific conditions.

Optimization of air parameters in classrooms of educational organizations using interactive panels

Modern education involves the active use of digital learning tools, which may have potential health risks for children and adolescents. Thus, the use of interactive panels (IP) in educational organizations, which everywhere replace traditional blackboards, causes a negative impact on the air parameters of classrooms: temperature rises, humidity decreases, and an imbalance in the content of positive and negative polarity aeroions appears. As you know, these indicators affect a person’s well-being, determine their performance, which determines the need to optimize classroom air. Comparative studies of the microclimate and aeroion composition of the air of classes equipped with IP have been carried out in the process of applying various methods of air optimization: additional wet cleaning, the use of an air humidifier and an air ionizer with a humidification function. Measurements were carried out in the dynamics of the educational organization’s school day: in the first, third and fifth lessons. The use of a humidifier and an ionizer helps to maintain the temperature, relative humidity and aeroionic composition of the air at a relatively stable level. In the absence of additional means of optimizing the air environment in classrooms with IP, the temperature, humidity and content of aeroions already in the middle of the school day go beyond the limits of hygienic standards. During additional wet cleaning, an almost similar pattern is observed, with the exception of the air humidity level, the decrease of which can be somewhat delayed. The results obtained indicate the expediency of optimizing classroom air when using an interactive panel: the use of a humidifier and/or an air ionizer contributed to maintaining the studied parameters practically within the normalized values throughout the school day.

Do the expected heatwaves pose a threat to lichens?: Linkage between a passive decline in water content in thalli and response to heat stress.

Being poikilohydric, lichens are inherently exposed to alternating desiccation and hydration cycles. They can exhibit extraordinary resistance to extreme temperatures in a dehydrated state but thermal thresholds for hydrated lichens are lower. The ability of the lichen Cetraria aculeata to recovery after high temperature treatment (40°C, 60°C) at different air humidity levels (relative humidity [RH]: <15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, ≅100%) was examined to find a linkage between passive dehydration of the lichen and its physiological resistance to heat stress. The response to heating was determined by measuring parameters related to photosynthesis and respiration after 2- and 24-h recovery. A higher RH level resulted in a slower decline in relative water content (RWC) in hydrated thalli. In turn, the stress resistance of active thalli depended on the ambient humidity and associated RWC reduction. Elevated temperature had a negative impact on bioenergetic processes, but only an unnatural state of permanent full hydration during heat stress resulted in a lethal effect. Hydrated lichen thalli heated at 40°C and 50% relative humidity (RH) tended to be least susceptible to stress-induced damage. Although atypical climatic conditions may lead lichens to lethal thresholds, the actual likelihood of deadly threat to lichens due to heat events per se is debatable.

E. Coli inactivation by humidified air barrier discharge plasmas and the chemical stability of amino acids

In this study, we use atmospheric air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma to inactivate E. coli (E. coli) by changing the air humidity levels. In order to analyze the inactivation process of E. coli during the humidified air DBD plasma treatment, we analyze the byproducts of 12 representational amino acids and compare their chemical stability. The experimental results show that the E. coli surface density (CFU cm−2) on a steel disc decreased significantly when the air humidity was increased from 20% to 60%, and humidified air DBD plasma at 60% humidity is very effective in inactivating E. coli. A consistently potent deactivation effect on E. coli can be seen in plasma afterglow treatment experiments over a storage time of two minutes, indicating that plasma-activated long-lived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a crucial role in controlling the E. coli inactivation. Compared to the low humidity (20%) condition, the concentration of reactive species produced by the plasma at high humidity (60%) increased 2-fold for 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid and 5-fold for hydrogen peroxide while ozone production was halved. Amino acid experiments showed that amino acids may be oxidized, hydroxylated and nitroxylated by reactive species. The reduction of amino acids by air DBD plasma was even more pronounced at high air humidity compared to low air humidity. Our analysis indicates that the significant inactivation of E. coli by humified air DBD plasma is related to the chemical instability of amino acids.

Performance assessment of packed bed systems for humidity control in greenhouse applications: An experimental-based AI modeling approach

Optimal humidity control is essential for enhancing crop yields and ensuring favorable growth conditions in greenhouse agriculture. Packed bed systems have emerged as effective tools for regulating humidity levels, yet accurately assessing their performance remains unexplored, especially for temperate oceanic climates. This paper presents a packed-bed system with water as the working fluid to increase the humidity level during the winter for greenhouse cultivation. Accordingly, an experimental setup is developed, and a detailed parametric study is conducted. Further, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based modeling approach is developed for evaluating the performance of packed bed systems for greenhouse applications under varying environmental conditions with various inlet air flowrates, such as 176 m³/hr, 286 m³/hr, 383 m³/hr, and 428 m³/hr. Operating with water at an average temperature of 15.7 °C and a flow rate of 12.8 kg/min, the system achieves a significant 50% increase in humidity ratio, transitioning from an inlet humidity ratio of 6 g/kgda to an outlet ratio of 9 g/kgda, indicating its efficiency in elevating air humidity levels. The multi-layer perceptron neural network, trained with 112 non-repeated datasets and employing a 2-10-10-1 topology, demonstrates high accuracy and resilience in estimating Δωa values for the packed bed system, with predictions closely aligning with experimental data and exhibiting a maximum discrepancy within ± 2.5%. This research contributes to the advancement of precision agriculture practices by providing a comprehensive framework for assessing and improving humidity control in greenhouse environments.

Analisis Korelasi Kelembaban Udara terhadap Epidemi Demam Berdarah yang Terjadi di Kota Bengkulu

Dengue (Dengue Fever) is a vector bone disease caused by the Aedes Aegepty Mosquito. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between air humidity levels and the Dengue Fever epidemic that occurred in Bengkulu Municipality. This research is a type of descriptive research with quantitative methods which aims to determine and show the relationship between air humidity levels and cases of Dengue Fever (DHF). This research was conducted in the Municipality of Bengkulu, using quantitative data on air humidity obtained from the Climatology Station (Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency) Baai Island, Bengkulu City, namely air humidity data from 2009 to 2014 and data on Dengue Fever cases in the Municipality obtained from the Department Bengkulu Province Health from 2009 to 2014 data. Judging from the results, the level of increase in air humidity in Bengkulu Municipality in 2009-2014 ranged from 82% - 86%. It can be seen that the number of dengue fever cases in Bengkulu Municipality in 2009-2014 was around 173 - 472 people. Data processing was carried out by computer using SPSS and Microsoft Excel programs. The results of the analysis using the bivariate test show that air humidity has a relationship between the incidence of Dengue Fever that occurs in the Municipality of Bengkulu, with a value of r=0.408 and p-value=0.007.

How teacher behaviors and perceptions, air change rates, and portable air purifiers affect indoor air quality in naturally ventilated schools.

Many school buildings have inadequate ventilation, rudimentary if any air filtration, and aging and poorly maintained mechanical systems, all of which can lead to poor indoor air quality (IAQ). These issues are especially acute in environmental justice (EJ) communities where schools are located in polluted areas. This community-based participatory research examines how IAQ in naturally ventilated school buildings is affected by the use of air purifiers, air change rates, outdoor pollution levels, and teacher and staff behavior. IAQ assessments were performed at two schools in Detroit, Michigan, which included building walk-through inspections and continuous indoor and outdoor measurements of black carbon (BC), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), air change rates (ACRs), temperature, humidity, and sound pressure levels. Air purifiers with usage monitors were then installed, and the IAQ assessments were repeated. Teachers were surveyed before and after purifier deployment. At baseline, classrooms had low ACRs (0.58-1.38 h-1), moderate PM2.5 levels (2.8-8.9 μg/m3), highly variable PM10 concentrations (4.7-37.5 μg/m3), and elevated BC levels (0.3-0.7 μg/m3), reflecting emissions from local traffic, industry and other sources. The installation and use of purifiers reduced pollutant levels and the overall performance matched the predictions of a single compartment model. However, daily reductions varied widely among classrooms, reflecting differences in teacher behavior regarding the frequency of opening windows and the operation of purifiers, including differences in purifier fan speed settings and whether purifiers were used at night. Survey responses indicated that many teachers were aware of IAQ problems. The higher rates reported for health symptoms and dissatisfaction at one school may have lowered the teachers' tolerance to noise and reduced purifier use. The study helps explain the variation reported in prior studies using purifiers, and it reinforces the need to monitor IAQ and purifier use, use enhanced filtration and increase ventilation, and engage with teachers and school staff to support and maintain IAQ programs in schools.

COLD LOGISTICS AS A COMPONENT OF TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS SYSTEMS IN PORT CITIES

Abstract.Cold logistics in the modern world is gaining more and more relevance. The development of international trade and the globalization of the economy contribute to an increase in the volume of transportation of goods that require special storage and transportation conditions. Cold logistics originated in the pharmaceutical industry, now more and more goods require a special temperature regime - agricultural products, fish and meat products, etc. Also, in connection with the growing popularity of a healthy lifestyle and increasing awareness of the importance of proper nutrition, the demand for fresh vegetables and fruits is actively growing. This presents new tasks and requirements for the cold logistics system.Changes in temperature regimes, increased air humidity levels, and other factors can negatively impact the quality and safety of products during transportation. Therefore, addressing these issues requires the implementation of innovative technologies and logistics management strategies aimed at ensuring stability and safety of supplies.As a result of the conducted research, it was found that cold logistics represents an important field of logistics specializing in effectively maintaining temperature conditions during the storage and transportation of products. This sector plays a key role in ensuring the safety, quality, and freshness of food products, especially those prone to rapid spoilage.Recently, there has been a trend towards consolidation of cold supply chains. Understanding the essence of cold logistics and the peculiarities of the transportation organization in the cold chain are important aspects for ensuring the efficiency and reliability of logistics processes.This article examines theoretical approaches to defining the concept of "cold logistics", investigates the characteristic features of cold logistics, provides a characterization of "fresh" and "frozen" category goods, identifies factors stimulating and restraining the development of the cold logistics market, and explores the interaction of participants in cold supply chains in transport and logistics systems of port cities.Keywords: cold logistics, transport and logistics system, port cities, supply chain

Vegetation Scattering Attenuation Characteristics of Terahertz Wave

A terahertz (THz) wave transmitted through vegetation experiences both absorption and scattering caused by the air molecules and leaves. This paper presents the scattering attenuation characteristics of vegetation in a THz range. The theoretical path loss model near the vegetation yields the average attenuation of THz waves in a mixed channel composed of air and vegetation leaves. Furthermore, a simplified model of the vegetation structure is obtained for generic vegetation types based on a variety of parameters, such as leaf size, distribution, and moisture content. Finally, based on specific vegetation species and different levels of air humidity, the attenuation characteristics under different conditions are calculated, and the influence of different model parameters on the attenuation characteristics is obtained.

Blynk App-Based Plant Monitoring System Design

Plantations represent a vital economic sector in Indonesia. However, farmers who rely on plantations for their livelihood often encounter challenges related to air and soil quality, which can significantly impact plant growth. Each type of plant requires specific air and soil conditions to thrive optimally, including factors such as air temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and pH levels. To address these issues, a solution has been developed in the form of a plantation monitoring system that can be accessed remotely and in real-time through cellular and desktop applications. This monitoring system utilizes various sensors, including DHT11 sensors, resistive soil moisture sensors, and soil pH sensors, all of which are meticulously calibrated with digital soil sensors. The collected data can be conveniently monitored and managed through an Internet of Things platform, such as Blynk.Based on the case study, the measurement system that is displayed on Blynk has a range of 0-100 °C for air temperature, 0-100% for air humidity, 0-1000 for soil moisture, and 0-14 for soil pH.

Experimental investigation of effect of extent and position of bypass openings on performance of a single unit liquid desiccant based indirect evaporative cooler

In high temperature and high humidity zones, evaporative cooling is ineffective and vapour compression systems are less energy efficient. Therefore, an alternative system is highly desirable which is effective, energy efficient and enables the use of cheap and sustainable energy sources. Indirect evaporative cooling helps in retaining humidity level of air, but is less effective in attaining lower air temperatures. To mitigate this challenge, M-cycle indirect evaporative cooling system helps in achieving sub-wet bulb temperatures. In this work, performance of a novel modified indirect evaporative M-cycle cooling system assisted by 40% aqueous Li-Cl liquid desiccant is experimentally investigated against various parameters. The cooling system used in this study is a single unit system which can perform indirect evaporative cooling, liquid desiccant dehumidification and internal cooling to the liquid desiccant. With an air velocity of 1 m/s at the inlet, the introduction of openings in between inlet and exit of the cooling system has shown a maximum improvement of 19.2% in its dew point effectiveness, with unaffected dehumidification effectiveness. Furthermore, it is observed that the dew point effectiveness is decreased with the increasing distance of openings from the inlet. The investigated cooling and dehumidification system is useful as a pre-air-conditioner to conventional air-conditioning systems and also as a stand-alone air-conditioning system.

Transmission of COVID-19 in Cities with Weather Conditions of High Air Humidity: Lessons Learned from Turkish Black Sea Region to Face Next Pandemic Crisis

The goal of this study is to analyze associations between COVID-19 transmission and meteorological indicators in cities of the Black Sea region of Turkey, located specifically in the dampest area, with excess rainfall and recurring fog. In particular, the working hypothesis is that the widespread transmission of new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (leading to the airborne disease COVID-19) in cities can be explained by specific weather conditions, namely high levels of air humidity. Statistical evidence here does not seem, in general, to support the hypothesis that the accelerated transmission of COVID-19 in the studied cities can be explained by high levels of humidity because different meteorological, environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic factors also plays a critical role in the disease transmission dynamics of the investigated region. The main implications of our findings here are that the demographic structure of the population, climate indicators, organization of the health system, and environmental factors (e.g., air pollution, etc.) should be considered through a systemic approach when designing effective national and regional pandemic plans directed to implement health policies for facing new variants of COVID-19 and/or new airborne diseases, in order to reduce their negative effects on health, social and economic systems.

Lightweight extensive green roof for building renovation: Summer performance analysis and application in a living laboratory

Extensive green roofs are considered an effective energy conservation measure for increasing buildings’ energy efficiency and reducing the heat wave effect in dense build environments. In this context the present work has a two-fold objective: the first is to test and analyse a commercial extensive lightweight green roof sample through an experimental monitoring campaign carried out in a hot climate during the summer time; the second is to provide a practical case study application showing the architectural integration of the extensive green roof technology for existing buildings. The experimental monitoring campaign has been set for analyzing the temperature levels of an extensive green roof compared with a traditional horizontal roof finished with cement tile. The temperature levels have been analysed through a set of sensors positioned at different levels to characterise the green roof response to the climatic forces during summer. The results show that the air temperature in proximity to the green surface (15 cm above the greenery) is warmer than the undisturbed ambient air temperature during the day and lower during the night by 2–2.5 °C. The soil substrate and the vegetative layer contribute to increase ambient air humidity levels. As expected, the evapotranspiration of the green layer increases during a typical sunny day resulting in more water content in the air above the vegetative level of about 4–8 %. The surface temperature of the ground below the vegetation layer and the temperature of the ground layer (8 cm deep) shows beneficial attenuation and time shift properties with respectively 12–15 °C and 3–4 h. Compared to the traditional cement tiles the green roof shows lower intralayer temperature with differences ranging from 6 to 8 °C. Moreover, the renovation case study represents a practical example of green roof technology integration in a real environment. The study has high replicability, and it is meant to be an interesting example for researchers and professionals to boost the green roof technology application for higher-quality built environments.

What altitude is safe for infants? An expert panel survey

AimTo assess advice given to parents who wish to travel to high altitudes with an infant and to provide guidance on this topic. MethodUsing an anonymous self-report survey online, we collected information on the advice provided by practitioners, who practice in mountain environments, to parents who wish to travel to altitude with an infant. General practitioners and pediatricians working in the French Alps were asked about the maximum allowable altitude for different ages and the specific recommendations given. ResultsA total of 104 practitioners (39% general practitioners) responded to the study. Overall, to spend 1 day at altitude, practitioners recommended a median altitude of 1200, 1500, 1600, and 2000 m for infants under 1, 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Their main recommendations for infant protection focused on cold protection, increased hydration, and increased humidity level in the ambient air. Prevention of sudden infant death syndrome was essential according to the respondents. For infants with upper airway infection, most of the participants (90%, n = 94) recommended against traveling to altitude. ConclusionThis survey revealed a certain consensus about the maximum travel altitude to be recommended for infants.

Impact of Indoor Environmental Quality on Students’ Comfort in High School Buildings during the Summer Season in an Extreme Climate

Maintaining a satisfactory indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is an integral element of improving occupant health and well-being. In particular, IEQ is an essential factor in some facilities, such as school buildings, to improve student academic performance. This study employed an objective and subjective measurement approach to assess IEQ in a government high school (GHS) and a private high school (PHS) located in Oman, which is characterized by its extreme hot climate. A total of 212 high school students were surveyed during the summer season across 10 different classrooms to ascertain their perception of IEQ situations. The results suggested that most of the observed IEQ factors, including air temperature, relative humidity, and lighting levels across the classrooms in GHS and PHS, satisfied the ASHRAE standard, except the indoor air temperature, which was slightly above the maximum threshold of the European Standard (EN). The average indoor sound levels (>60 dB) exceeded critical limits of 35 dB for school buildings, which may pose the risk of high annoyance (HA) to 30% of students. Satisfactory predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) scores were obtained from both schools when they were evaluated against the ASHRAE standard compared with the EN standard. The maximum proportion of the students reported their classroom’s air temperature (33%), relative humidity (25%), and air movement (47%) levels as not acceptable, and thermal comfort (33%), visual comfort (22%), and air quality (41%) as bad (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed a strong linear relationship between indoor air temperature (R2 = 0.89) and other IEQ parameters, while PPD (R2 = 0.45) and PMV (R2 = 0.17) showed a weak relationship with outdoor environmental factors. Outdoor air temperature and humidity levels accounted for greater changes in indoor air temperature levels in the PHS than in the GHS. Providing increased urban vegetation, green façade, and retrofitting and the utilization of passive cooling could help improve IEQ in Oman schools.

Broad Scale Spatial Modelling of Wet Bulb Globe Temperature to Investigate Impact of Shade and Airflow on Heat Injury Risk and Labour Capacity in Warm to Hot Climates.

While shade and air flow are recognised factors that reduce outdoor heat exposure, the level of reduction in terms of labour capacity at varying air temperature and humidity levels is poorly understood. This study investigated cooling effects on the commonly used heat index, wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), and subsequent impact on labour capacity, for a range of air flow and shade conditions in warm to hot climates. We modelled heat exposure using a physics-based method to map WBGT for a case study region which experiences a range of heat categories with varying levels of health risks for outdoor workers. Continent-scale modelling confirmed significant spatial variability in the effect of various shade and wind speed scenarios across a range of real-world mid-summer daytime conditions. At high WBGTs, increasing shade or air flow for outdoor workers lowered heat exposure and increases labour capacity, with shade giving the greatest benefit, but cooling varied considerably depending upon underlying air temperature and humidity. Shade had the greater cooling effect; reducing incident radiation by 90% decreased WBGT by 2-6 °C depending on location. Wind had a lower cooling effect in the hottest regions, with a decreasing exponential relationship between wind speed and WBGT observed.