Excess Air Research Articles

COMPRESSING AIR IN A TANK PARTIALLY FILLED FROZEN WATER AND ITS USE TO DRAIN WATER FROM SOLAR COLLECTORS

The use of the effect of increasing the volume of ice when freezing water to compress the air in a tank partially filled with water is considered. The aim of the study is to create conditions for the movement of the ice surface and determine the final air pressure after freezing water. A method of air compression has been developed and theoretical and experimental studies of the final air pressure have been performed. Experimental tests of a patented method of air compression with the provision of a movable ice surface by applying thermal insulation to the air chamber at the top of the tank were carried out. For this purpose, two air compressors of different sizes are made using cold air and a mixture of ice and salt. Obtained excess air pressures from 0.3 to 0.5 bar. The thermodynamic analysis of the process is carried out. The equation for determining the pressure at complete freezing of water, with a constant cross-section of the air compressor is obtained. Compression calculations are close to experimental data. Studies have shown the real technical possibility of air compression when water freezes in a rigid sealed tank and its use for automatic drainage of water from solar panels at the onset of frost. 1. The proposed and experimentally investigated method of ensuring the movement of the ice surface relative to the walls of the tank when compression of the air in the tank, by thermal insulation of the airspace. Obtained thermodynamic analysis of the equation for the final pressure of the air compressed by ice. When using a tank with a constant horizontal section, the final pressure does not depend on the area of ​​the cross section and increases with increasing water level. The experiments on two installations showed that excess pressure reaches 0.3 - 0.5 bar. Freezing water tank is proposed to be used as a temperature sensor, and compressed air can drive a direct action valve. Calculations of water freezing time for compression of the air showed its significant reduction with the growth of the tank coefficient.

Combustion of Pulverized Coconut Shell in Lab-Scaled Incinerator Rig using CFD

In power generation, particle size distribution (PSD) of pulverized coal used in a power plant was 65%-70% passing 200 mesh or known as 76 microns. Since coal took hundreds of millions of years to form, it is not renewable energy and coal will release harmful gases after-burn. Thus, biomass has become an alternative fuel for reducing the consumption of coal and the emission of harmful gases. Coconut shell has the potential to substitute coal as fuel. In this study, Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) is used for simulating the combustion process in the lab-scaled incinerator rig (LSIR). The behaviours of pulverized coconut shells and the effect of excess air during combustion are studied. The results showed that the average carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fraction was calculated at 0.0196 and 0.257 respectively. The combustion efficiency was determined as 92.94%. The percentage of excess air (EA%) was increased by increasing the velocity of inlet air for investigating the responses of combustion efficiency. The EA with 39% was predicted as the most suitable EA for the combustion because the heat generated at 39% EA was the highest and its volume average temperature was recorded as 1198.7K. Besides, the combustion efficiency was increasing when the EA% is increased by calculating from every volume average of mass fraction of CO and CO2.

Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants

Abstract Energy cost and consumption are increasing, so that efficiency becomes more important, from the production to the end users. Energy reserves are limited; increasing demand and environmental concerns make efficiency important. To provide cost-effective and clean power generation, gas turbines and cogeneration are becoming the key technology that must be researched and developed. Three different cogeneration cycles are analyzed by using first and second laws of thermodynamics and exergy analysis method. The three cycles are basic, air heated, and fuel air heated cycles. The performance analysis of the devices such as turbine, recuperator, combustion chamber, compressor, and heat exchanger for the whole cycle is obtained and discussed. For different excess air rates, compression ratios (r), and ambient (inlet air) temperatures, the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy), specific fuel consumption, and specific work and other performance parameters of the devices were obtained and discussed. It is found that excess air rates have the most effect on the performance of the three cycles.

Reduction in CO Emission from Small Reciprocating Engine Operated with Wood Gasifier by Mixture LHV Changing

In order to exchange the wood biomass energy for electric power with small capacity and high efficiency, it is most effective to use a reciprocating engine operated with a wood gasifier. On the other hand, such a small-capacity system is often installed in urban areas. Therefore, strict emission regulation should be observed. Normally, as the low heating value (LHV) of bio-syngas is small, the engine should be operated with a stoichiometric mixture to achieve a maximum power density. However, the emission with a stoichiometric mixture contains much unburned CO. This means that a stoichiometric mixture operation shows low efficiency and can’t observe the regulations. In this report, a mechanism of the unburned CO is considered, and a method to reduce the unburned CO ratio is shown with experimental results. In the experiment, a commercial reciprocating engine (4-stroke, modified single cylinder) is used. The bio-syngas, a producer gas from a fixed bed gasifier, is produced by a self-made wood pellet gasifier (fixed bed, auto thermal down-draft). The bio-syngas flow rate is calculated with the nitrogen ratio between input air and bio-syngas. The LHV is adjusted with the city gas (as an alternative to methane) and hydrogen. The CO volume ratio of the exhaust from the engine is more than 3 v% when the excess air ratio of bio-syngas/air mixture is 1.3, as the LHV of bio-syngas is less than 5.0 MJ/m3-LHV. On the other hand, the CO volume ratio of the exhaust under operation of the mixture, the bio-syngas, and methane with more than 7.0 MJ/m3-LHV was less than 0.2 v%. The CO in the exhaust with low LHV fuel means that the combustion is not finished in the chamber. The unburned ratio could be predicted in consideration of the gap/clearance as crevice, the temperature boundary layer, and the quenching distance.

Analysis on influencing factors and improvement of thermal efficiency of bagasse boilers based on performance test data

Based on the performance test data of the 136 samples for bagasse boiler in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, the energy analysis of bagasse boilers is performed. The results show that the average thermal efficiency was estimated to be 86.75%, and 39.71% of samples did not meet the limited value requirements, only 1.47% in quantity met the target value, and the energy saving potential is very large. The heat loss of bagasse boilers is dominated by the heat loss of flue gases. Therefore, the effects of bagasse moisture content, excess air ratio and oxygen concentration on flow rate of flue gas and thermal efficiency were further simulated. The average thermal efficiency of bagasse sample boiler will increase obviously, when the moisture content of bagasse and excess air ratio decrease and oxygen concentration increases. In addition, the average value of carbon dioxide emission was 131 kg/GJ. If the thermal efficiency of the substandard boilers reaches the target level, bagasse consumption and carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 526 kt and 466 kt per year, respectively. This will be of great significance to energy conservation and emission reduction.

Experimental study on the effect of hydrogen substitution rate on combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia internal combustion engine under different excess air ratio

Reducing carbon emissions in the transport sector requires technology upgrades to engines and the use of carbon–neutral fuels. Ammonia is a zero-carbon renewable fuel that complements hydrogen. This study is based on a Miller cycle spark ignition engine using ammonia-hydrogen fuel. The effects of the mixture ratio of ammonia and hydrogen under stoichiometric ratio and lean burn condition on the performance of the Miller cycle engine are focused. First, a commercial Miller-cycle ICE was modified to allow a dual fuel supply of ammonia and hydrogen. The engine was run steadily at 1500 rpm with the manifold absolute pressure (MAP) maintained at 60 kPa, and the ammonia and hydrogen supplies were adjusted to achieve different mixing ratios and excess air ratios. The test results showed that an increased ammonia percentage under stoichiometric ratio conditions significantly improved the Braking mean effective pressure (BMEP) and Braking thermal efficiency (BTE) of the ICE. Under lean burn conditions, the changes of BMEP and BTE are small with the increase of the ammonia ratio. The exhaust temperature of the ammonia-hydrogen engine is relatively low, so it is necessary to consider matching a small inertia turbocharger. Ammonia ratios above 80 % by volume resulted in erratic engine operation and even misfires. Ammonia-hydrogen fuel blends lead to higher Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.

A compilation of operability and emissions performance of residential water heaters operated on blends of natural gas and hydrogen including consideration for reporting bases

The impact of hydrogen added to natural gas on the performance of commercial domestic water heating devices has been discussed in several recent papers in the literature. Much of the work focuses on performance at specific hydrogen levels (by volume) up to 20–30% as a near term blend target. In the current work, new data on several commercial devices have been obtained to help quantify upper limits based on flashback limits. In addition, results from 39 individual devices are compiled to help generalize observations regarding performance. The emphasis of this work is on emissions performance and especially NOx emissions. It is important to consider the reporting bases of the emissions numbers to avoid any unitended bias. For water heaters, the trends associated with both mass per fuel energy input and concentration-based representation are similar For carbon free fuels, bases such as 12% CO2 should be avoided. In general, the compiled data shows that NOx, NO, UHC, and CO levels decrease with increasing hydrogen percentage. The % decrease in NOx and NO is greater for low NOx devices (meaning certified to NOx <10 ng/J using premixing with excess air) compared to conventional devices (“pancake burners”, partial premixing). Further, low NOx devices appear to be able to accept greater amounts of hydrogen, above 70% hydrogen in some cases, without modification, while conventional water heaters appear limited to 40–50% hydrogen. Reporting emissions on a mass basis per unit fuel energy input is preferred to the typical dry concentration basis as the greater amount of water produced by hydrogen results in a perceived increase in NOx when hydrogen is used. While this effort summarizes emissions performance with added hydrogen, additional work is needed on transient operation, higher levels of hydrogen, system durability/reliability, and heating efficiency.

Cross-scale modeling and optimization analysis of the solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration system based on the heat current method

The multi-scale, multi-component, multi-process, and multi-parameter characteristics increase intermediate variables and complexity of modeling and analysis of solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration systems. This paper applied the standard thermal resistance for constructing the heat current model to analyze the overall heat transfer performance of the external heat exchangers. On this basis, the research introduced the equivalent electric circuit for presenting the internal electrochemical process and then proposed the overall cross-scale modeling of the solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration system from the internal heat and mass transfer and electrochemical processes to the various external heat exchangers. Moreover, considering the internal and external multi-processes, the system's overall constraints were derived. The simulation results show that the total energy utilization rate of the solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration system is 79.12 %. Besides, the influences of water-to-carbon ratio, excess air coefficient, thermal conductances of each heat exchanger, and ambient temperature on the system performance were developed. The optimal operation parameters are given for improving the maximum net power generation of the system. Finally, the proposed cross-scale modeling method is feasible and convenient for analyzing and improving the solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration system.

Numerical analysis of uneven coating near steel strip edges in continuous hot-dip galvanizing

ABSTRACT In a continuous hot-dip galvanizing process, the opposite air jets from the air knife nozzles collide with each other in the region near the steel strip edges, causing complex 3D von Kármán vortices. The vortices alter the pressure gradient of wiping air jet over the steel strip edge surfaces, causing uneven coating thickness. Here, the effects of the excess air vortices on zinc coating distribution at the edges are investigated with 3D eddy structures in the region of collision using detached eddy simulation (DES). The wiping pressure and shear stresses, obtained numerically, were used as boundary conditions in an analytical model to predict the stagnation line – a bottleneck region in the zinc wiping process. In comparison with experiments, the proposed analytical model successfully computes the quantity of zinc dragged upward by wiping air and the transient variations in coating values near steel strip edges.

On non-premixed flames of dual porous cylinders in tandem

A porous burner is one of the most efficient combustion devices nowadays due to its recycling features of heat and burning performance. To exploit its advantages for a wide range of external fields, we propose a novel arrangement in terms of tandem porous cylindrical burners and investigate the applicability, specifically on the extension of extinction limits under forced convection. A key parameter is the separation distance (L), presented as a ratio to the cylinder diameter (D). The results of paired cylinders in terms of various experimental and simulation techniques demonstrate superior features of flow pattern, specifically on its stabilization, and thermal interaction achieved by using the tandem array, which led to widened extinction limits at the same total fueling rate. It was found that the extension of the extinction limit reached the maximum near L/D = 1.4. A smaller L/D may discourage entrainment of air into the gap between the cylinders due to inhibition of large vortices, causing the reaction zone to move outward from the gap where the flow is relatively stable. For a larger L/D, the performance degraded due to degeneration of favorable thermal interactions behind the cylinders and excess cold air drawn into the gap by strong vortices.

Numerical optimization of combustion and NOX emission in a retrofitted 600MWe tangentially-fired boiler using lignite

In order to meet the ultralow emission standard of NOx, the combustion system of a 600 MWe tangentially-fired lignite boiler was retrofitted using air-staged combustion technology. The retrofit scheme is described in detail. Combustion and NOx emission characteristics of the original and retrofitted boiler were numerically studied and compared. Optimization simulations for retrofitted boiler were carried out under different over-fired air ratios. The moisture content in lignite was specially considered in simulations by simplified coal compositions method. The results show that the ignition of lignite particles is delayed due to the high moisture content. After retrofit, the temperature level in furnace rises owing to the reduction of total excess air coefficient in furnace, and the high temperature region moves upward due to the introduction of separated over-fire air. The NOx emission is reduced by approximately 40% through retrofitting, which proves that the low-NOx retrofit for the lignite-fired boiler is successful. With over-fired air ratio increasing from 15% to 25%, the NOx emission for retrofitted design decreases from 394 mg/Nm3 to 317 mg/Nm3 (at 6% O2). OFA ratio of 20% is the most economical case, and OFA ratio of 25% is the most environmentally friendly case. Taking NOx emission and boiler thermal efficiency into account, the practical operating condition with OFA ratio of 20% is optimal for retrofitted boiler. The results can be beneficial for the retrofit and practical operation of similar lignite-fired boilers.

Experimental Research to Increase the Combustion Efficiency in the Top-Lit Updraft Principle Based Gasifier

The recovery of vegetal waste for energy purposes is one of the ways to increase the amount of energy obtained from renewable sources. The Top-Lit Updraft (TLUD) gasification and combustion process is recognized as the least polluting of all other combustion processes, resulting in a sterile charcoal called biochar, which can be used as an amendment in agricultural soils. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of excess air in the combustion area compared to the (theoretical) calculated requirement for a TLUD energy module. Most scientific publications on this topic recommend primary/secondary air flow rate ratios of 1/3 or 1/4. In this study, the two recommended ratios were tested, and it was found that better energy results correspond to the ratio of 1/3. For this 1/3 ratio, the investigations continued in order to optimize the combustion process. The results achieved demonstrate that the excess combustion air flow of 30% improves the performance of the energy module due to the increase in oxygen supply and the increase in air speed in the combustion area of the syngas resulting from gasification. Increasing the excess combustion air flow rate by +50% had the effect of lowering the temperature in the flame due to the cooling of the combustion gases caused by a too high rate of excess cold air flow.

Anxiety correlates with excessive air swallowing and PPI refractoriness in patients with concomitant symptoms of GERD and functional dyspepsia.

Anxiety may exacerbate GERD and FD symptoms perception and reduce quality of life. As many as 50% of patients with GERD symptoms have incomplete relief with PPI therapy, and psychological factors may influence PPI responsiveness. The potential relationship between anxiety, excessive air swallowing, and PPI responsiveness was evaluated. GERD patients with concomitant FD were prospectively evaluated. Validated structured questionnaires were used to evaluate anxiety, GERD, and FD symptoms. All patients were treated, within the previous year, with at least 8 weeks of standard dose PPI therapy. One hundred sixty-one patients were included. Frequency of non-responders in patients with moderate/severe anxiety was significantly higher compared to patients with mild anxiety (62.7% vs. 37.3%, p < 0.01). Patients with moderate/severe anxiety displayed a significantly higher mean FD symptoms score value compared to patients with mild anxiety. A significantly higher mean number of air swallows were observed in patients with moderate/severe anxiety. At ROC analysis, air swallows and mixed reflux episodes were significantly associated with the presence of PPI refractoriness (AUC: 0.725, 95% CI: 0.645-0.805 and 0.768, 0.692-0.843). According to univariate analysis, an abnormal number of air swallows, mixed reflux episodes and presence of moderate/severe anxiety was significantly associated with PPI refractoriness. Our results, if confirmed in in a larger, prospective clinical and therapeutic study, demonstrate the usefulness of an up-front evaluation with anxiety questionnaire and esophageal testing in patients with a broad spectrum of upper gastrointestinal symptoms who fail to respond to PPI treatment, supporting the option of alternative treatment modalities.

Assessment of the application of oxygen enrichment in the hydrogen-fueled Wankel rotary engine

Hydrogen-fueled Wankel rotary engines (WREs) with excellent dynamic and emission characteristics have the potential to become a substitute for current fossil-fueled reciprocating piston engines. Oxygen enrichment can be employed to solve the lower power of hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines, however, it has not been applied in hydrogen-fueled WRE at present. Hence, the goal of this work is to experimentally assess the application of oxygen enrichment in the hydrogen-fueled WRE. This work is conducted at 1500 r/min, wide-open throttle and 2.0 excess air ratio. The work found that within the test range, oxygen enrichment can effectively improve the brake torque of hydrogen-fueled WRE, however, penalize the brake thermal efficiency and NO emission. When the oxygen fraction in air increases from 21% to 29.1%, the brake torque is increased by about 45% while the brake thermal efficiency is lowered by about 8.5% and NO emission deteriorates by three orders of magnitude. Oxygen enrichment can accelerate flame development and propagation process. Besides, as the oxygen-enriched level is increased, abnormal combustion, including knock, backfire and pre-ignition, began to occur and affected the normal operation of hydrogen-fueled WRE. In general, compared with the high oxygen-enriched level, which has severe penalties on performance except for power output, low oxygen-enriched level has higher application potential.

The Synergy Effect of Ignition Energy and Spark Plug Gap on Methane Lean Combustion with Addressing Initial Flame Formation and Cyclic Variation.

Controlling carbon emissions could be a win-win for both the environment and humans, and the use of low-carbon fuels is the key to being carbon-neutral in traffic transportation. Natural gas can achieve low carbon emissions and obtain high efficiency, but the poor lean combustion performance may result in large cycle-by-cycle variations. In this study, the synergy effect of high ignition energy and spark plug gap on methane lean combustion was optically studied under low-load and low-EGR conditions. High-speed direct photography combined with simultaneous pressure acquisition was used to analyze early flame characteristics and engine performance. The results show that high ignition energy can improve the methane engine's combustion stability, especially under high excess air coefficient conditions, and the main reason is that the initial flame formation is improved. However, the promoting effect may become marginal when the ignition energy increases above a critical value. As for the effect of spark plug gap, it varies with the ignition energy, and there exists an optimal spark plug gap for a given ignition energy. In another word, high ignition energy must combine with a large spark plug gap; thus, the promoting effect on combustion stability can be maximized and the lean limit can be extended. The statistical analysis of the flame area shows that the speed of initial flame formation is more important in determining combustion stability. As a result, a large spark plug gap (1.20 mm) can extend the lean limit to 1.4 under high ignition energy conditions. The current study shall give some insights into the spark strategies for natural gas engines.

Part-load performance prediction of a novel diluted ammonia-fueled solid oxide fuel cell and engine combined system with hydrogen regeneration via data-driven model

This paper proposes a novel diluted ammonia-fueled solid oxide fuel cell and X-type rotary engine (SOFC-XRE) combined system with hydrogen regeneration sub-system to realize high energy conversion efficiency. The combined system key design parameters and geometric parameters are optimized. The influences of SOFC inlet temperature, stack fuel utilization ratio, stack excess air ratio and pressure ratio across membrane for permeating hydrogen on system off-design performance are investigated. Meanwhile, the improved off-design performance of combined system is revealed by comparing with standalone SOFC. The data-driven neural network model (NNM) is established for predicting system part-load performance based on the off-design performance datasets. The optimal system operation parameter combinations and performances in a wide power load range are obtained by combining data-driven NNM with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The results show that the cell stack temperature gradient decreases with decreasing fuel flow rate coefficient. The stack fuel utilization ratio has a larger effect on combined system energy efficiency than the fuel flow rate coefficient. The optimal membrane pressure ratio and fuel flow rate coefficient decrease with decreasing power load. The combined system energy efficiency is increased by 5.94% as the power load is decreased by 75%, while it is decreased by 2.1% as the power load is increased by 20%. The combined system energy efficiency is 10.9–12.2% higher than standalone SOFC in a wide combined system power load range of 120–25% without carbon emission.

Effect of Excessive Air Ratio on Hydrogen-fueled Spark Ignition Engine with High Compression Ratio Using Direct Injection System toward Higher Brake Power and Thermal Efficiency

Effect of Excessive Air Ratio on Hydrogen-fueled Spark Ignition Engine with High Compression Ratio Using Direct Injection System toward Higher Brake Power and Thermal Efficiency

Combined impact of excess air ratio and injection strategy on performances of a spark-ignition port- plus direct-injection dual-injection gasoline engine at half load

Spark-ignition direct-injection gasoline engine is one of the main power of passenger cars. In this study, combined impact of excess air ratio (λ) and injection strategy on performances of a spark-ignition port- plus direct- injection (PI + DI) dual-injection gasoline engine at half load was investigated experimentally. Experimental results show that the brake mean effective pressure decreased with increasing λ at half load; the brake thermal efficiency first increased, then reached the highest value at approximately λ = 1.1 or 1.2 for different injection strategies, and finally decreased with increasing λ; the maximum cylinder pressure, maximum heat release rate and maximum cylinder temperature decreased with increasing λ, and their corresponding crank angles delayed; the starting of combustion (CA05) increased with increasing λ, the CA05 at PI0DI100 (0 % PI and 100 % DI per cycle), late DI mode and any λ values was the closest to top dead center; for early DI mode, combustion center (CA50) of PI0DI100 was greater or lower than that of PI50DI50 (50 % PI and 50 % DI per cycle) at roughly λ < 1.15 or λ > 1.15, respectively; combustion stability (COVimep) of early DI mode can be controlled within 2 %; the λ had a significant effect on brake-specific carbon monoxide (BSCO) emission at rich mixture and a little effect on BSCO emission at lean mixture; the brake-specific hydrocarbon (BSHC) emission of early DI mode was much higher than that of late DI mode, the injection strategy had an important effect on HC (hydrocarbon) emission; for early DI mode, the brake-specific nitrogen oxides (BSNOX) emissions first increased with increasing λ, then reached the highest value at λ = 1.1, and finally rapidly decreased with further increasing λ; for late DI mode, the BSNOX emissions decreased with increasing λ; the soot emission decreased with increasing λ; the soot emission of late DI mode was much higher than that of early DI mode; at a constant λ, sootPI50DI50,early DI mode ≈ sootPI0DI100, early DI mode ≪ sootPI50DI100, late DI mode < sootPI0DI100, late DI mode.

A new large-volume equilibration method for high-precision measurements of dissolved noble gas stable isotopes.

Noble gases are widely used as physically based climate proxies, notably in dissolved water samples as tracers of past recharge temperature in groundwater and air-sea gas exchange processes in seawater. Recent advances in measuring large-volume samples of dissolved noble gas isotopic ratios at high precision have expanded the range of climate parameters that can be interpreted. We build on prior methods for measuring noble gas stable isotopes at high precision with a new large-volume equilibration (LVE) method wherein sample gases are equilibrated in the sample flask between the dissolved phase and the headspace. The original dissolved gas composition is determined by measuring the headspace gases and correcting for the equilibrium dissolved gas content of the discarded water using known solubilities and fractionation factors. We evaluate the accuracy and precision of this method with air-equilibrated water standards of known noble gas composition. Replicate air-equilibrated water standards and field measurements demonstrate that the LVE method achieves comparable precision to prior methods, with major advantages of measuring the Ne content as a constraint on excess air and allowing for long-term sample storage. Isotope ratios measured with the LVE method in replicate samples were consistent between two laboratories, and LVE elemental noble gas abundances agreed closely with replicate samples measured using established copper-tube methods and static noble gas mass spectrometry. The new LVE method enables reconstruction of past water table depths at ±1m precision along with excess air, recharge temperature, and age and hydrogeochemical indicators. It has wide application to investigating climate signals and physical gas exchange processes in groundwater and seawater.

Influence of gas burner design on heat transfer in low-power furnaces

An experimental study showed that the influence of these factors is mutually equalized and the heat transfer in the combustion chamber does not change significantly. It was possible to establish that the nature of the heat absorption of individual elements of the combustion chamber did not change significantly in comparison with experiments with kinetic fuel combustion and distributed injection. An increase in heat removal can be obtained by no more than 5-7 % with an excess air coefficient of up to 1.5. It has been established that the use of an infrared burner provides an intensification of heat transfer processes in the furnace by 5-9 % only when operating on gas with an excess air coefficient of up to 1.25. It has been established that the maximum possible (subject to the operating conditions of the furnace) intensification of heat transfer in the studied range of geometric and operating parameters of the furnace is up to 15 %. Significantly turbulize and radically change the aerodynamics in the furnace volume allows the reverse scheme of the development of the torch and the movement of combustion products.&#x0D;