Magnetic Core Research Articles

Datopotamab-deruxtecan plus durvalumab in early-stage breast cancer: the sequential multiple assignment randomized I-SPY2.2 phase 2 trial.

Sequential adaptive trial designs can help accomplish the goals of personalized medicine, optimizing outcomes and avoiding unnecessary toxicity. Here we describe the results of incorporating a promising antibody-drug conjugate, datopotamab-deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) in combination with programmed cell death-ligand 1 inhibitor, durvalumab, as the first sequence of therapy in the I-SPY2.2 phase 2 neoadjuvant sequential multiple assignment randomization trial for high-risk stage 2/3 breast cancer. The trial includes three blocks of treatment, with initial randomization to different experimental agent(s) (block A), followed by a taxane-based regimen tailored to tumor subtype (block B), followed by doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide (block C). Subtype-specific algorithms based on magnetic resonance imaging volume change and core biopsy guide treatment redirection after each block, including the option of early surgical resection in patients predicted to have a high likelihood of pathologic complete response, which is the primary endpoint assessed when resection occurs. There are two primary efficacy analyses: after block A and across all blocks for six prespecified HER2-negative subtypes (defined by hormone receptor status and/or response-predictive subtypes). In total, 106 patients were treated with Dato-DXd/durvalumab in block A. In the immune-positive subtype, Dato-DXd/durvalumab exceeded the prespecified threshold for success (graduated) after block A; and across all blocks, pathologic complete response rates were equivalent to the rate expected for the standard of care (79%), but 54% achieved that result after Dato-DXd/durvalumab alone (block A) and 92% without doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide (after blocks A + B). The treatment strategy across all blocks graduated in the hormone-negative/immune-negative subtype. No new toxicities were observed. Stomatitis was the most common side effect in block A. No patients receiving block A treatment alone had adrenal insufficiency. Dato-DXd/durvalumab is a promising therapy combination that can eliminate standard chemotherapy in many patients, particularly the immune-positive subtype.ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT01042379 .

Ultrahigh Extinction Ratio Leaky-Guided Hollow Core Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Assisted by a Large Core Hollow Fiber Beam Splitter.

We proposed a novel fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (FMZI) that can perform an ultrahigh extinction ratio (ER), ultracompact, and ultra-broadband interference characteristics. The FMZI structure is based on an extremely tiny hollow core fiber (HCF) with a small diameter of 10 μm (named HCF10) connected with a beam splitter of a large core of 50 μm HCF (named HCF50). The refractive index (RI) of the air core is lower than that of the HCF cladding; a leaky-guided fiber waveguide (LGFW) occurs in such a short-section HCF10 waveguide to simultaneously have the core and cladding modes. To achieve better fringe visibility of the interference, the section of HCF50 assists in splitting the optical light into core and cladding beams launched into the HCF10 with appropriate intensities. Experimental and simulation results show that the optical characteristics of the proposed LGFW-FMZI are very similar. Based on the results of the study, the length of the HCF10 primarily influences the free spectral range (FSR) of the interference spectra, and the HCF50 splitter significantly controls the optimal extinction ratio (ER) of the interference fringes. By exactly adjusting the lengths of HCF10 and HCF50, the proposed fiber interferometers can perform the capability of an ultrahigh ER over 50 dB with the arbitrary FSR in the transmitted interference spectra over an ultra-broad wavelength range of 1250 nm to 1650 nm.

Annealing-induced transformation of nanocomposites based on Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles entangled with functionalized MWCNTs by ex-situ synthesis: Unveiling modified physical properties

The physicochemical properties of NZFO/f-MWCNTs composites based on 5 wt% of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (NZFO) nanoparticles and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) synthesized via ex-situ method are presented. The influence of annealing on the as-received hybrids is discussed. The structural and microstructural analysis confirms the efficiency of the synthesis process. The slight redistribution of cations over tetrahedral and octahedral sites is noted by Raman and X-ray photoemission (XPS) studies. The NZFO crystallite size is almost stable over sample processing, but the presence of single particles, clusters and aggregates on the f-MWCNTs’ surface is proven. The XPS spectra comparison reveals the domination of nanotubes as designed. The deconvoluted Fe2p lines confirm the iron redistribution slightly modified by annealing. The magnetic properties analysis revealed the cluster-glass state of NZFO particles. The core-shell-like structure with a magnetic core and disordered layer is evidenced. The influence of Fe-based carbon matrix residues in all hybrids was detected.

Proline-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles as Highly Performing Asymmetric Catalysts.

Amino acids have a crucial role in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis for the production of chiral compounds with high added value and specific biological activity. In particular, proline offers high activity and stereoselectivity for catalyzing aldol reactions in organic solvents. However, proline-based catalysts often lack water-solubility, accessibility, catalytic performance, or recovery in aqueous media. This work reports the design of proline-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles with a magnetic core that offer high availability of chiral units in water and high recyclability. A proline-based copolymerizable surfactant is designed and integrated onto the surface of PMMA nanoparticles through a miniemulsion polymerization process without using additional surfactants. The miniemulsion technique allows the incorporation of magnetite to the system to create a magnetically separable catalyst. The chiral nanocatalyst presents a high diastereoselective catalytic activity for the intermolecular aldol reaction between p-nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone in water.

Iron-based theranostic nanoenzyme for combined tumor magneto-photo thermotherapy and starvation therapy

To address the issue of high-dose treatment agents in magnetic hyperthermia-mediated multi-model tumor therapy, a unique iron-based theranostic nanoenzyme with excellent magnetothermal and catalytic properties was constructed. By using a high-temperature arc method, the iron carbon nanoparticles (MF1-3) with a particle size between 13.7 and 27.6 nm and shell thickness between 1 and 5 nm were prepared. After screening, we selected MF3 as the magnetic core due to its high Ms. value and excellent thermal properties. Under the magneto-photo dual thermal conditions, MF3 exhibited a remarkable specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4917 W/g, which was 20 times more than that of iron oxide. Notably, MF3 also exhibited best peroxidase (POD)-like catalytic in pH 5.0 and maintained stable catalytic performance at 45 °C. Considering the “starvation” strategy of cutting off the energy supply to tumor cells and killing them, the glucose oxidase (GOX) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) was further grafted onto MF3, forming the MF3/GOX/COS. This multifunctional therapeutic nanoenzyme not only exhibited significant peroxidase-like activity, but also had glucose decomposition and glutathione (GSH) consumption capabilities. The thermal effect significantly promoted the uptake of MF3/GOX/COS by 4T1 cells, and the IC50 value of MF3/GOX/COS reached low to 3.75 μg/mL. In vivo anti-tumor experiment, compared with single treatment methods, the combined therapy of MF3/GOX/COS mediated magneto-photo thermotherapy (M-PTT) and starvation therapy (ST) exhibited higher tumor inhibition rate of 82.1 % by increased cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Overall, MF3/GOX/COS therapeutic nanoenzyme combined the advantages of nano-catalysis, M-PTT and ST, providing a solution for achieving sustained, stable, and effective tumor inhibition rates at lower dose levels.

Induction Coil Design Considerations for High-Frequency Domestic Cooktops

The use of wide band gap (WBG) semiconductor switches in power converters is increasing day by day due to their superior chemical and physical properties, such as electrical field strength, drift speed, and thermal conductivity. These new-generation power switches offer advantages over traditional induction cooker systems, such as fast and environmentally friendly heating. The size of passive components can be reduced, and the decreasing inductance value of induction coils and capacitors with low ESR (equivalent series resistance) values contributes to total efficiency. Other design parameters, such as passive components with lower values, heatsinks with low volumes, cooling fans with low power, and induction coils with fewer turns, can offset the cost of WBG power devices. High-frequency operation can also be effective in heating non-ferromagnetic materials like aluminum and copper, making them suitable for heating these types of pans without complex induction coil and power converter designs. However, the use of these new generation power switches necessitates a re-examination of induction coil design. High switching frequency leads to a high resonance frequency in the power converter, which requires lower-value passive components compared to conventional cookers. The most important component is the induction coil, which requires fewer turns and magnetic cores. This study examines the induction heating equivalent circuit, discusses the general structure and design parameters of the induction coil, and performs FEM (finite element method) analyses using Ansys Maxwell. The results show that the induction coil inductance value in new-generation cookers decreases by 80% compared to traditional cookers, and the number of windings and magnetic cores decreases by 50%. These analyses, performed for high-power applications, are also performed for low-power applications. While the inductance value of the induction coil is 90 μH at low frequencies, it is reduced to the range of 5 μH to 20 μH at high frequencies. The number of windings is reduced by half or a quarter. The new-generation cooker system experimentally verifies the coil design based on the parameters derived from the analysis.

Enhanced soft magnetic properties of SiO2-coated FeSiCr magnetic powder cores by particle size effect

Abstract It has been known that metal FeSiCr powders with large average particle sizes have been typically employed to prepare magnetic powder cores (SMCs), with few studies reported on the influence of magnetic properties for original powders with various average particle sizes less than 10 μm. In this work, SiO2-coated FeSiCr SMCs with different small particle sizes were synthesized using the sol–gel process. The contribution of SiO2 coating amount and voids to the soft magnetic properties was elaborated. The mechanism was revealed such that smaller particle sizes with less voids could be beneficial for reducing core loss in the SMCs. By optimizing the core structure, permeability and magnetic loss of 26 and 262 kW/cm3 at 100 kHz and 50 mT were achieved at a particle size of 4.8 μm and ethyl orthosilicate addition of 0.1 mL/g. The best DC stacking performance, reaching 87%, was observed at an ethyl orthosilicate addition rate of 0.25 mL/g under 100 Oe. Compared to other soft magnetic composites (SMCs), the FeSiCr/SiO2 SMCs exhibit significantly reduced magnetic loss. It further reduces the magnetic loss of the powder core, providing a new strategy for applications of SMCs at high frequencies.

Restoration of the current transformer secondary current under core saturation conditions based on ANN

Relay protection and emergency automation is an integral part of electric power systems. The algorithms of the relay protection and emergency automation are based on the use of analysis of the parameters of the electrical mode - current and voltage - obtained from current and voltage instrument transformers. As a rule, these transformers operate on the basis of the laws of electromagnetism. Operational experience shows that the magnetic core of current transformers under fault conditions can be saturated. As a result, the shape of the measured current is distorted which can lead to false operation of the relay protection and emergency automation system. In this paper a comparative analysis of the existing methods is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of them are described. The problem of current transformer core saturation is reduced to a regression problem. To solve the problem an artificial neural networks-based method is proposed. Computational experiments for both proposed and existing methods are performed. The results of experiments show that the efficiency of the proposed method is 1.25 times higher relative to the most effective existing method. The method of re-scaling data at real-time work applied to the restoration of the distorted shape of current is proposed.

Frequency Spectrum Analysis of Magnetic Field Strength for Effective Condition Monitoring of Magnetic Cores

Frequency Spectrum Analysis of Magnetic Field Strength for Effective Condition Monitoring of Magnetic Cores

Physics-Inspired Multimodal Feature Fusion Cascaded Networks for Data-Driven Magnetic Core Loss Modeling

Physics-Inspired Multimodal Feature Fusion Cascaded Networks for Data-Driven Magnetic Core Loss Modeling

Completely Analytical Model of Inductance for Circular Coils With Bilateral Finite Magnetic Cores and Al Plates in WPT Systems

Completely Analytical Model of Inductance for Circular Coils With Bilateral Finite Magnetic Cores and Al Plates in WPT Systems

Метод обработки сигналов токов статора асинхронного двигателя для диагностики обрыва стержня ротора

The study is relevant due to high requirements to the reliability of the operation of auxiliary mechanisms of thermal power plants (TPP). The main source of mechanical power of auxiliary mechanisms of TPPs is high-voltage induction motor with squirrel cage rotor (IMSC). One of the most difficult causes of emergency shutdown to detect early is a broken rotor bar. The breakage of IMSC rotor bar is of latent character. It can be for a long time without considerable influence on the machine operation mode. Nevertheless, the fact of the breakage can be considered as an emergency condition of IMSC, and the consequences of leaving the groove of the magnetic core are irreversible. Scientifically, early diagnostics of IMSC rotor bars breakage of TPP auxiliary needs is both a difficult and extremely urgent task. The existing methods of diagnostics of such damage are based on measurement and analysis of vibration and acoustic physical quantities. The most common electrical parameter, used as a source of information, as a rule, is current consumption. And most of methods are based on Fourier analysis. The purpose of the study is to develop a mathematical algorithm to process digitized curves of stator phase currents to diagnose high-voltage IMSC. The theory of electric machines, the method of analytical approximation of experimental data, the method of regression analysis have been used to solve the problem. Experimental data is obtained, and testing of the algorithm is conducted on an experimental installation with a 0,4 kV induction motor with a modified design of the active part of the rotor developed for physical simulation of IMSC broken rotor bar. This paper proposes a new method of digital processing of stator current signals based on the regression analysis method for diagnostics of IMSC rotor winding. The authors have developed an algorithm for mathematical processing of digitized stator current curves based on regression analysis in the cosine-sine basis to identify the diagnostic sign of failure of one rotor bar of IMSC rotor. The authors have determined the number of harmonic components that best describe the initial signal from the point of view of the balance between saving computational resources and accuracy of approximation. A mathematical algorithm to detect the rotor bar breakage of an induction motor based on regression analysis of stator currents has been obtained and tested. It allows to detect rotor circuit damage with 97 % accuracy. At the same time the diagnostic sign changes its level when one bar breaks by 5 %. It is recommended to adapt the algorithm to the programming languages of microprocessor relay protection units.

Ni-Fe2O3@SiO2-Pr-DBU: A novel efficient magnetically retrievable catalyst for one-pot synthesis of dihydropyrano [3,2-c] chromene

In the present work, Ni-Fe2O3@SiO2-Pr-DBU was synthesized as a novel magnetically separable nano-catalyst and characterized by various techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The catalytic efficiency of NiFe2O3@SiO2-Pr-DBU was explored in the synthesis of dihydropyrano[3,2-c] chromenes through a one-pot multicomponent reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin, malononitrile, and aryl aldehydes in aqueous solution at ambient temperature condition. An external magnet easily removed the nano-sized magnetic core catalyst from the synthesized reaction mixture. It was recycled for five successive runs while maintaining its potential and adhering to our green synthesis approach. We used dihydropyrano chromene, a highly biologically active commercial compound, to prepare some novel derivatives.

Numerical study on the mechanism of microplastic separation from water by cyclonic air flotation

Microplastics have attracted considerable attention as emerging contaminants that threaten water bodies. The removal of microplastics from a mini-hydrocyclone, enhanced by air flotation, was studied numerically. The three-phase flow was modeled using the Eulerian-Eulerian model coupled with interphase interactions. The characteristics of the flow field and distribution of microplastics and microbubbles were discussed, and the mechanism of cyclonic air flotation separation was analyzed. It was found that injecting microbubbles accelerated the axial migration of microplastics and moved the enriched area upward toward the overflow. The coalescence rate of the bubbles near the axis was higher than their breakage rate, which led to the formation of an air core. The length and diameter of the air core increased with the inlet gas holdup. When the air core size closely matched the overflow, the constrained flow channel prevented the discharge of microplastics. The optimal air holdup must be determined to ensure the efficiency of the cyclonic air flotation process. The sizes of the microbubbles used for cyclonic air flotation should be comparable to those of the separated microplastics. The upper cone angle significantly promoted the migration of microplastics to the axis. This study was conducted to purify microplastic-containing wastewater using an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technique and to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for applying microplastic separation technology in water.

Effect of Primary Cable Position on Accuracy in Non-Toroidal-Shaped Pass-Through Current Transformer.

Non-toroidal-shaped primary pass-through protection current transformers (CTs) are used to measure high currents. Their design provides them with a big airgap that allow the passing of several cables per phase though them, which is the main advantage versus toroidal types, as the number of CTs required to measure the whole phase current is drastically reduced. The cables passed through the transformer window can be in several positions. As the isolines of the magnetic field generated by the primary currents are centered in the cables, if these cables are not centered in the transformer window, then the magnetic field will be non-uniform along the transformer core. Consequently, local saturations can appear if the cables are not properly disposed, causing the malfunction of the CT. In this paper, the performance of a non-toroidal-shaped protection CT is studied. This research is focused on the influence of the cable position on possible partial saturations of the CT when it is operating near to its accuracy limit. Depending on the cable position, the ratio of the primary and secondary currents can depart from the assigned ratio. The validation of this phenomenon was carried out via finite element analysis (FEA), showing that partial transformer core saturations appear in areas of the magnetic core close to the cable. By applying FEA, the admissible accuracy region for cable positioning inside the CT is also delimited. Finally, the simulation results are ratified with experimental tests performed in non-toroidal protection CTs, varying the primary cables' positions, which are subjected to currents up to 5 kA, achieving satisfactory results. From this analysis, installation recommendations are given.

Fabrication of Al/Ni core–shell pigments via galvanic displacement and their application in radar-infrared compatible stealth coatings

The Al/Ni magnetic core–shell pigments were successfully synthesized in this study using the galvanic displacement method. A dense nickel shell was formed on the surface of a flake Al pigment (Al:Ni2+ = 1:0.5), resulting in a decrease in its lightness by 9 units while only slightly increasing the average infrared emissivity by 0.1 compared with the uncoated flake Al pigments. And it also exhibited soft magnetic characteristics, with a saturated magnetization value of 4.5 emu/g. Moreover, the impact of Al/Ni core-shell pigments on the infrared-radar stealth performance of the target was investigated based on the structure of “low-emissivity coating (LEC) + radar absorbing coating (RAC)”. The results showed that the emissivity of Al/Ni composite coatings maintained a low infrared emissivity (ε ≤ 0.23). The introduction of Ni shell improved the impedance matching between the Al/Ni coating and free space, allowing greater penetration of microwaves into the LEC and improving radar stealth performance of materials. The Al/Ni composite coatings (Al:Ni2+ = 1:0.5, the thickness of RAC:1.2 mm, and LEC: 60 μm) exhibited an extended effective absorption bandwidth (Reflection loss (RL) ≤ −10 dB) from 2.6 to 4.25 GHz and an enhancement of the average RL from −6.43 to −7.1 dB in the range of 2–18 GHz compared to the RAC. Consequently, the Al/Ni magnetic core–shell pigments can be used as novel low-emissivity pigments for infrared-radar compatible stealth research.

Application of the magnetic tracer-tracking system in solids circulation measurement in a fluidized bed standpipe

In the present study, the application of a magnetic tracer-tracking method in measuring solids circulation in a fluidized bed standpipe is investigated, due to its advantages of little intervention and cost efficiency, especially in pressurized systems. The method only needs to inject one small magnetic tracer to follow the main solid flow in the standpipe, therefore predicting particles’ real-time velocities. The measurement accuracy was thoroughly tested via comparing to conventional descending and accumulation methods. Main tracer properties, including tracer shape, density, and magnet core, were considered. Solids flow patterns in the standpipe were also regulated by changing orifice sizes and adding an inclined pipe, for the purpose of investigating the measurement accuracy in various conditions. The adverse effect of a narrow orifice on measurement was addressed via constructing a model that includes sand particles’ non-uniform velocity distribution across the standpipe cross-section. To interpret behaviors of tracers varied in size and density, a mathematical model was constructed to describe forces exerted on the tracer in the solids bed. The behaviors of the tracer immersed into the solids bed were also examined, providing an insight to that in a standpipe with continuous solids circulation. The solids bed density was also regulated by varying the mixture of olivine sand and carbonaceous particles at different proportions. The magnetic tracer-tracking method has been successfully validated, demonstrating good measurement accuracy of solids discharge flow rates in the standpipe, particularly avoiding cumbersome calibration. Moreover, the method can also determine sand waving and oscillated discharge behaviors, which might be related to solids’ stick–slip phenomena and is unlikely to be accurately determined using conventional descending and accumulation methods.

Pseudo-Core-Shell Permalloy (Supermalloy)@ZnFe2O4 Powders and Spark Plasma Sintered Compacts Based on Mechanically Alloyed Powders.

Soft magnetic composite cores were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) from Ni3Fe@ZnFe2O4 and NiFeMo@ZnFe2O4 pseudo-core-shell powders. In the Fe-Ni alloys@ZnFe2O4 pseudo-core-shell composite powders, the core is a large nanocrystalline Permalloy or Supermalloy particle obtained by mechanical alloying, and the shell is a pseudo continuous layer of Zn ferrite particles. The pseudo-core-shell powders have been compacted by SPS at temperatures between 500-700 °C, with a holding time of 0 min. Several techniques were used for the characterisation of the powders and sintered compacts: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, magnetic hysteresis measurements (DC and AC), and electrical resistivity. The electrical resistivity is stabilised at values of about 7 × 10-3 Ω·m for sintering temperatures between 600-700 °C and this value is three orders of magnitude higher than the electrical resistivity of sintered Fe compacts. The best relative initial permeability was obtained for the Supermalloy/ZnFe2O4 composite compacts sintered at 600 °C, which decreases linearly for the entire frequency range studied, from around 95 to 50. At a frequency of 2000 Hz, the power losses are smaller than 1.5 W/kg. At a frequency of 10 kHz, the power losses are larger, but they remain at a reduced level. In the case of Supermalloy/ZnFe2O4 composite compact SPS-ed at 700 °C, the specific power losses are even lower than 5 W/kg. The power losses' decomposition proved that intra-particle losses are the main type of losses.

Semisynthetic ferritin-based nanoparticles with high magnetic anisotropy for spatial magnetic manipulation and inductive heating.

The human iron storage protein ferritin represents an appealing template to obtain a semisynthetic magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) for spatial manipulation or inductive heating applications on a nanoscale. Ferritin consists of a protein cage of well-defined size (12 nm), which is genetically modifiable and biocompatible, and into which a magnetic core is synthesised. Here, we probed the magnetic response and hence the MNP's suitability for (bio-)nanotechnological or nanomedical applications when the core is doped with 7% cobalt or 7% zinc in comparison with the undoped iron oxide MNP. The samples exhibit almost identical core and hydrodynamic sizes, along with their tunable magnetic core characteristics as verified by structural and magnetic characterisation. Cobalt doping significantly increased the MNP's anisotropy and hence the heating power in comparison with other magnetic cores with potential application as a mild heat mediator. Spatial magnetic manipulation was performed with MNPs inside droplets, the cell cytoplasm, or the cell nucleus, where the MNP surface conjugation with mEGFP and poly(ethylene glycol) gave rise to excellent intracellular stability and traceability within the complex biological environment. A magnetic stimulus (smaller than fN forces) results in the quick and reversible redistribution of the MNPs. The obtained data suggest that semisynthetic ferritin MNPs are highly versatile nanoagents and promising candidates for theranostic or (bio-)nanotechnological applications.

ОБЕРТАЛЬНИЙ МОМЕНТ БЕЗПАЗОВОГО МОМЕНТНОГО ДВИГУНА З ПОСТІЙНИМИ МАГНІТАМИ ТА МАСИВНИМ МАГНІТОПРОВОДОМ СТАТОРА

The properties of the solid magnetic core of the stator of a slotless torque motor with permanent magnets are considered. It is noted that the solid stator under the conditions of low rotation speed has some advantages over the traditional laminated magnetic circuit. These advantages consist in the cost reduction of the design, its compactness and the low time of production preparation. The mathematical model's assumptions and the input data's limitations are formulated. A model of a static magnetic field with a moving electrically conductive medium is chosen. The two-dimensional model is implemented in the "Magnetic fields" interface of the "COMSOL Multiphysics" software. The maximum torque values were obtained and the optimal number of pole pairs was found. The method of calculating the torque based on eddy current losses in the magnetic medium is used. The decrease in torque with increasing rotor speed is calculated. The correction coefficients of the maximum moment were obtained to correct the results of two-dimensional modelling using a three-dimensional model. References 5, figures 6, tables 1.