Air-cooled Diesel Engine Research Articles

Effects of using acetylene-enriched biogas on performance and exhaust emissions of a dual fuel stationary diesel engine

Biogas, which can be produced easily and cost effective from agricultural and animal waste, is an attractive alternative fuel to drive stationary diesel engine especially in rural areas. In this study, the effects of using acetylene enriched biogas under very lean mixture conditions in a four stroke, two cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine capable of developing 11.5 kW at 3000 rpm on performance and exhaust emissions were experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out at 10 Nm, 20 Nm and 30 Nm torque. Acetylene flow rate of 2 slpm, biogas flow rate of 15 slpm and the engine speed of 1750 rpm were kept constant. The results showed that more than 36 % diesel substitution was possible with acetylene-enriched biogas at the specified flow rate without any degradation in normal operation. Moreover, the experimental findings revealed that the use of biogas and acetylene reduced brake thermal efficiency by 21.7 % and 5.8 % at 10 Nm and 20 Nm torque but only reduced by 0.6 % at 30 Nm torque. The exhaust gas temperature of dual fuel mode was found to be higher than the case of diesel mode especially at 20 and 30 Nm torque. While NO emission were lower, CO, and CO2 emission were higher in dual fuel mode compared to single diesel mode.

Experimental Studies on the Jatropha-Biogas Dual Fuel Engine

In the current study, experiments were conducted on a compression ignition engine using neat vegetable oil (Jatropha oil) and biogas in the dual-fuel mode. A mono-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection, air-cooled diesel engine producing an output power of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was used to carry out the experiment. This engine was modified to operate in a dual fuel mode at 100% and 50% load conditions. From the result, the jatropha oil operation resulted in reduced thermal efficiency and increased smoke and hydrocarbon emissions. Brake thermal efficiency has been observed as 31% and 27% with neat-diesel fuel and jatropha oil respectively. While operating the engine in dual fuel mode, the thermal efficiency was observed to be inferior and increase in hydrocarbon emission, with a considerable reduction in smoke compared with single fuel operation. The key reason for lower thermal efficiency during dual fuel operation is mainly due to the presence of carbon dioxide in primary biogas fuel. Overall, it was concluded that adopting the dual fuel mode with vegetable oil as pilot fuel will result in reduced emissions and improvement in efficiency at medium and high outputs.

Numerical analysis of various combustion chamber bowl geometries on combustion, performance, and emissions parameters in a diesel engine

In this paper, numerical analysis of a diesel engine with various combustion chamber bowl geometries was investigated. Numerical analyses of asymmetrical bowl forms were carried out using the Ansys Forte software. Analyses were done for three different piston bowl geometries in a single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine at 1500 rpm engine speed. Three different bowl geometries were created, the piston-1 model is a commercial one for used engine, in the piston-2 pedestal area is removed from the piston, and in the cylindrical model bowl geometry has more straight borders. The results of the numerical study were confirmed with the results of experiments which is carried out for the piston-1 model. Simulation results showed a good correlation with experimental results. According to the results of the numerical study, the highest in-cylinder temperature was determined as 1213 K for the piston-1 model. In the piston-1 model, the combustion efficiency was improved with the increase of the swirl by the increased combustion temperature. As a result of the analysis, the thermal and combustion efficiencies of the piston-1 model were higher than the other models. The maximum turbulence velocity was observed at -12 CA for three different piston bowl models as 4.1 m/s, 4.06 m/s, and 3.9 m/s for piston-1, piston-2, and cylindrical respectively.

Performance of Different Pumps and Pump Sets for Agricultural Applications Tested by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center, Philippines

In the Philippines, different sizes and types of pump sets are utilized for shallow tubewells (STW) and low-lift pumps (LLP). Filipino farmers used STW and LLP as main or supplementary sources of irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of agricultural pumps and pump sets tested by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) from 1989 to 2022, based on Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 115:2000. A total of 486 centrifugal pump sets and 341 bare pumps were used in the study. The selected sizes for both bare pump and pump set (engine-powered) include 50x50mm, 75x75mm, and 100x100mm. These were the common sizes and prime mover used for STWs and LLPs in the Philippines. The performance of the agricultural pumps was evaluated with equal weights using the: a) discharge-to-input power ratio, b) suction lift, c) maximum efficiency, and d) input speed. For all bare pump sizes, non-self-priming (52.99%, 61.05%, 62.21%, respectively) and discharge capacity (7.78lps, 15.78lps, 25.54lps, respectively) have higher pump efficiency than self-priming. All sizes of non-self-priming pumps are driven by diesel engines. Results showed that, generally, for pump sets system efficiency, in general: a) it is relatively higher for non-self-priming than self-priming (same with bare pump efficiency); b) relatively higher for diesel than gasoline engine driven; and c) relatively higher for water-cooled than air-cooled diesel engine. This study has also found that most of the evaluated bare pumps met the criteria of the performance evaluation scheme, including all of the 100x100mm non-self-priming units. On the other hand, most of the 100x100mm self-priming, close-coupled (17/25); 75x75m m self-priming, close-coupled (79/100); 50x50mm selfpriming, V-belt drive (6/6); and 50x50mm self-priming, close-coupled (101/109) pump sets did not meet the criteria of the evaluation scheme. Appropriate tools (i.e. statistical) or systems should be utilized to determine the performance parameters and corresponding performance values for the evaluation of the pumps and pump sets.

Numerical simulation of the diesel engine starting considering air pre-heating in the intake system

BACKGROUND: Low temperature of the intake air is one of the reasons of difficult starting of a cold diesel engine in conditions of negative outside temperatures. For a reliable staring of a cold diesel engine, it is necessary to have the temperature at the end of the compression stroke higher than the fuel self-ignition temperature. As the temperature at the end of the compression stroke is defined, first, by the temperature at the end of the intake stroke, the mentioned condition can be satisfied with preliminary warming of the air entering in a cylinder. AIMS: The article is devoted to solving the task related to development of a mathematical model of a diesel engine taking into account air pre-heating in the intake system and ensuring simulation of the pre-starting mode, starting and operation of a diesel engine in conditions of low negative outside temperature. METHODS: The enhanced mathematical model of a diesel engine basing on heat mechanics (thermodynamics of opened systems) which reflects main features of an internal combustion engine (ICE) as the system transforming energy in time domain is proposed in the article. The mathematical model’s equation system is based on laws of conservation of energy and mass, solid bodies’ motion equation and includes differential equations of changing of temperature and density of the working body in a cylinder, in the intake system and in the ICE’s crankcase, the ideal gas state equation as well as differential equations of changing of rotation velocity and rotation angle of an engine’s crankshaft. RESULTS: The mathematical model was tried out on the example of the 1Ch9.5/8.0 multi-purposed air-cooled diesel engine. The results of simulation of the pre-starting mode, starting and operation of the diesel engine taking into account air pre-heating in the intake system are presented in the article. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of air pre-heating at the intake in the design of diesel engines is the most effective way of ensure starting of the engines at low negative outside temperature. The obtained results help to develop recommendations of choosing power and operation modes of pre-heating devices for ensuring starting and operation of diesel engines in conditions of low negative outside temperatures.

Effect of diesel injection pressure for enhancing combustion and reducing mechanical vibration and noise emissions in a non-road diesel engine

In this study, the combustion, performance, emissions, noise, and vibration characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled diesel engine used for non-road purposes were investigated by controlling different injection pressures with a common rail fuel injection system. The aim of this study is to enhance the combustion performance and improve the existing noise and vibration levels of this commonly used non-road diesel engine in fields such as agriculture, wetlands, and the construction sector by optimizing the injection pressure. The experiments were conducted under low and medium load conditions and at a constant engine speed. The single-cylinder, non-road engine's fuel injection system was controlled using a common rail fuel delivery system, and four different diesel injection pressures (250, 300, 350, and 400 bar) were utilized. The experimental results have shown that the combustion performance, emissions, noise, and vibration values of the non-road diesel engine improved with an increase in diesel injection pressure (DIP). Increasing DIP led to higher maximum combustion pressures and resulted in reductions of HC, CO, and smoke emissions by up to 25%, 48%, and 59%, respectively. Vibration values also decreased by up to 25%.

Influence of the Mg/MoO<sub>3</sub> additive to diesel fuel on heat output

BACKGROUND: The study results of influence of the Mg/MoO3 composite nanoadditive on the combustion process in the 4Ch10.5/12 diesel engine are given. It is shown that the heat output process in diesel engines divides into two phases: kinetic and diffusive combustion. The review of simulation methods for the heat output process in a diesel engine considering kinetic and diffusive combustion based on the I.I. Vibes method is presented. The review of methods of indicator diagram processing helping to obtain parameters of the Vibes heat output law for the two-phase combustion for the sake of following simulation and working process analysis is made. The heat output analysis of the 4Ch10.5/12 diesel engine indicator diagram processing using the Mg/MoO3 composite nanoadditive is made.
 AIMS: Research of the influence of the Mg/MoO3 composite nanoadditive to fuel on the heat output process in a diesel engine.
 METHODS: The 4Ch10.5/12 air-cooled diesel engine with factory-built fuel supply system was tested at the engine test rig. During the research, influence of the Mg/MoO3 composite nanoadditive to fuel on the heat output process was studied.
 RESULTS: It is found that using the nanoadditive leads to decreasing hardness of combustion process, reduction of self-ignition time delay, increasing the maximal temperature of working body in a combustion chamber, reduction of amount of heat output at the kinetic combustion. Working body temperature increase and simultaneous maximal cycle pressure decrease testify the growth of pre-expansion degree. Parameters of diffusive combustion remain almost stable no matter of mass fraction of the nanoadditive in diesel fuel.
 CONCLUSIONS: It was revealed that nanoparticles of the Mg/MoO3 additive serve as a homogenizer helping to destroy drops of the sprayed fuel and to intensify the evaporation process. Moreover, the nanoparticles serve as self-ignition centers at early stages of the combustion process.

Effect of orange peel oil on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with quaternary blends

ABSTRACT The present research work investigates the effect of orange peel oil on the ternary blend of diesel–biodiesel of waste cooking oil and n-butanol. The waste cooking oil methyl ester(WCOME) is produced by the transesterification process followed by one-step esterification. Four blends with varying orange peel oil concentrations (3%–21% v/v) with a fixed concentration (5%v/v) of WCOME were used in the present work. Evaluation of physicochemical properties provides sufficient validation for the utilization of fuel blends in a single-cylinder four-stroke air-cooled diesel engine. All the investigations are as per the standard of ASTM. The results show that the addition of orange peel has better results for the brake thermal efficiency and brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) characteristics of the diesel engine. In comparison to neat diesel, the highest brake thermal efficiency is 22.49%, for the blend has a 21% (v/v) concentration of orange peel oil, while the BSEC is 18.44% for the same blend. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission was observed to be lowest for O21B15, while 0.46% nitrogen oxide reduction was observed in the same blend as compared to neat diesel.

Investigating the Influence of Rubber Seed Oil and Used Cooking Oil on Diesel

In view of the multiple issues associated with fossil fuels, an environmentally friendly and economically feasible alternative energy source is required. While sufficient research has been conducted on diesel and single biodiesel blends, only a few studies on dual blended biodiesel have been conducted in this respect. The significance of blending waste cooking oil and rubber seed oil mixed with diesel at different proportions is investigated in the present research. At different braking power levels, the impacts of dual biodiesel (DB) performance and exhaust fumes on the stationary single-cylinder four-stroke air-cooled diesel engine with electrical loads were evaluated. The engine speed was held constant at 2800 rpm all through the testing. Each load was tested three times. Blend A had relatively better thermal and mechanical efficiency than diesel, based on experimental investigation results. Blends B and C were almost identical to the diesel values. Specific fuel consumption statistics for dual biodiesel blends were similar to diesel. The influence of different mixes on CO, CO2, HC, NOx, and smoke opacity were studied using emission tests. In contrast to diesel, the dual biodiesel blends produced more fumes, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. Dual biodiesel blends, on the other hand, have lesser emissions temperatures than diesel.

The Performance of an Air-Cooled Diesel Engine with a Variable Cross-Section Dual-Channel Swirl Chamber

In order to improve the performance of a mini-type air-cooled diesel engine in terms of the overall efficiency and engine emissions, a swirl chamber of a variable cross-section dual-channel model was developed. This study proposed nine turbulent swirl chambers with a variable cross-section for a dual-channel combustion solution, which applied a dual-channel cross-section to the insert between the original swirl chamber and the main chamber. Model-based design, simulation and experiments were applied as a feasible approach to address this issue to find out the influence of the dual-channel inclination angle and divergence angle on the swirl rate in the swirl chamber, the power and the emissions performance, including the fuel efficiency. By comparing the tests, the performance of the diesel engine with a variable cross-section dual-channel swirl chamber was superior to the original one with a single channel in terms of the swirl rate, fuel consumption rate and emissions.

Experimental investigation on the effect of EGR rate variation on emissions in optimized PCCI-DI diesel engine

Combustion in diesel engines is focusing towards unexplored combustion concepts where innovative combustion ideas are being developed following several engine control factors. Advanced low temperature combustion engines for automotive applications are one of the improvements in this regard. The test was conducted on a single cylinder, four stroke and air cooled diesel engine. The scope of this study is to investigate the impact of EGR rate variation (25%, 35% and 45 % EGR rates) on emission reductions in PCCI-DI diesel combustion approach showing a reduction of NOx–soot trade-offs than the conventional diesel combustion approach. The PCCI-DI diesel combustion in this setup is optimized applying the algorithm of grey relational analysis together with Taguchi method. This investigational setup used a methanol port injection and advanced injection timing for PCCI formation. Emission results from different EGR settings in the optimized PCCI-DI combustion scheme were analyzed and compared using surface and contour plots. From the experiment higher EGR rate resulted a decrease in NOx productions but an increase in HC, CO and smoke due to the combustion mode of the experimental setup. The study indicated that excess EGR application should be avoided to have an optimum PCCI-DI combustion having lower emission results.

Performance Analysis on 2.5 kW CI Engine Using Ethanol-Diesel Blends

Diesel engines are one of the major contributors of air pollution as they emits exhaust gases like particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX); unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and other harmful compounds , which are very toxic for living beings as they can cause many diseases ,even cancer. They are even causing damages to our environment. So it is very important for us to switch to a cleaner fuel. Ethanol secures a special place as it has a lot of advantages over others. Most important reason for using alcohols is: it is cheap, renewable and echo-friendly. In very small blend percentage it has an ability to drive the existing CI engines without modifications. Many researchers’ have concluded that the brake thermal efficiency and brake power due to combustion process in diesel engines can be increased further by allowing the diesel fuel to combine with more oxygen atoms to form better combustion. As ethanol has oxygen atoms, when blended with diesel fuel it improves fuel characteristics. This whole process of addition of oxidants to the diesel fuel can reduce the smoke, carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions to a great extent. The objective of this research work is focused mainly on performance analysis of diesel engine by using diesel- ethanol blends. The tests are conducted with a single cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated, 2.5 kW air cooled diesel engine. Present research work is focused on the test conducted on a diesel engine using diesel – ethanol blends by having 5% & 10% ethanol blend with diesel. The performance tests are carried out under normal engine operating conditions and the evaluations are compared with that of diesel fuel. All experiments have been conducted at 0% to 50 % load conditions to study the performance of different proportions of ethanol on CI engine. Overall results of the methods show that with the increase in percentage of ethanol in diesel fuel, highest temperature in cycle kept on decreasing also exhaust gas temperature goes on decreasing. Power developed and torque also increases with increase in percentage blend.

Performance Evaluation of Different Small Engines for Agricultural and Fishery Machinery Application

The enactment of the Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization Law of 2013 increased the demand for the testing and evaluation of small engines in the Philippines. This is in line with the promotion of agricultural mechanization in the Philippines as the country's response to the growing concerns in food production. This study sought to evaluate and compare the performance of small engines tested by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) from 1986 to 2019 with the minimum requirements set forth in PAES 116: 2001 (Small EngineSpecifications). A total of 778 engines were analyzed in the study through AMTEC test data: 258 gasoline engines, 157 air-cooled diesel engines, and 363 water-cooled diesel engines. The performance of the small engines were evaluated using four parameters, namely: maximum power at varying load (MBP), percent rated continuous power at rated speed (CBP), noise level (NL), and specific fuel consumption (SFC). Results showed that the average overall engine performance based on the MBP and the NL of both varying and continuous running tests were within the standards. In the performance evaluation scheme analysis, only 317 small engines attained more than the minimum ratings. Diesel water-cooled engines yielded the highest count which complied with the standards in PAES 116: 2001. To further the discussion on the study, analysis of the engine performance can be done in terms of assigning weights on specific parameters and using other different statistical tools such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) or Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). Other parameters in PAES 116:2001 may also be considered for the development of other evaluation schemes.

Experimental Examination on Performance and Emission of a Coated Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel and Pre-Heated Coriander Oil Blends

Abstract The aim of the study is to determine the effects of the preheated coriander seed oil, used as fuel, on the performance and the emission characteristics of the ceramic coated single-cylinder diesel engine. In this study, the piston, exhaust, and inlet valve of a single-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine were coated with Cr3C2 at 300 µm thickness. Pure coriander oil was mixed with diesel fuel volumetrically at the rates of 30% and 50%. The plasma spray method was used as the coating method. It was determined that the preheating process provided a more suitable fuel flow, decreased the viscosity of the coriander oil and also the coating process decreased CO, soot and HC emissions but increased NOx, thermal efficiency, and EGT.

Experimental investigation of biodiesel-n-butanol fuels blends on performance and emissions in a diesel engine

The paper presents the experimental test results reflecting the comparative changes in the performance efficiency and emissions of the exhaust of a naturally aspirated, four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine due to its transition from neat rapeseed oil biodiesel to fuel blends prepared by mixing in various proportion (by volume) rapeseed methyl ester (B) and butanol (Bu). The lubricity properties of biodiesel-n-butanol fuel blends were studied using HFRR method. In contrast to previous works, the undertaken investigation is performed with a totally renewable, binary liquid biofuel blends. The purpose of the research is to reduce simultaneously the production of NOx emissions and the exhaust smoke with respect to neat biodiesel due to potentially improved homogeneity of combustible mixture and particulate matter emissions benefits suggested by the higher oxygen content (21.62wt%) and the relatively lower carbon-to-hydrogen ratio (4.8) of the normal n-butanol. The tests revealed that the brake specific fuel consumption for the binary biodiesel-n-butanol fuel blends is always higher than that neat biodiesel produces under the same loading conditions. Maximum nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were obtained with the engine running on neat biodiesel (2290 ppm). At full (100%) load conditions, the lowest NOx emission was obtained with the engine running on a biofuel BBu20 blend. The lowest level of carbon monoxide emissions (CO) was observed, when engine running with the most butanol-oxygenated biofuel blend BBu20.The highest smoke opacity of the exhaust was obtained when the engine was fuelled with neat biodiesel and at full load.

Experimental analysis on performance and emissions of diesel engine fueled with various blends of animal fat methyl ester

In modern days, transesterified oils are the best suitable alternative fuel for the existing Diesel Engines. Here, to extract the Bio-fuel, animal fat was dried and transesterified with an alkaline catalyst. In this article, the Performance and Emission characteristics of Animal fat Methyl Ester and its blends with diesel oil are analyzed in a direct injection Compression Ignition engine. The experiments were performed on a 4.4 kW, single cylinder, direct injection, air-cooled diesel engine. When compared to diesel, there is a little drop in brake thermal efficiency but a large improvement in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke opacity reduction. The results of the experiment suggest that using 20% of the mix improves performance while reducing emissions. The blends of Animal fat esterified oil (B20) are a good alternative fuel for diesel and could help minimize air pollution since they reduce exhaust emissions while also increasing brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption.

Engine Oil- Crankshaft Interaction Fem Modelling of an Air-Cooled Diesel Engine under Dynamic Severe Functioning Conditions

Taking into account the interaction between the engine oil and the crankshaft to model crankshaft thermomechanical behavior under dynamic loading is very important. In particular, when the crankshaft is working in severe conditions. This paper deal with an air cooled direct injection-type engine crankshaft thermomechanical FEM modelling account for engine oil-cranks half interaction in severe working conditions. As case of application we consider the diesel engine Deutz F8L413. The model takes into account 2 forced convectives heat flux: engine oil and crankcase air. The severe mechanical and thermal characteristics of engine are experimentally measured on a bench test equipped with a hydraulic brake. The temperature distribution inside the crankshaft was computed using the measured temperature as boundary conditions. The most thermo-mechanical stressed zones of the crankshaft have been determined. The fatigue resistance of the crankshaft under thermo-mechanical conditions was examined using Dang-Van multi-axial fatigue criteria. To prove our model efficiency, we have compared crankshaft damage in service to the numerical simulation results. It was found the breakage occurred in an area where the numerical simulations give the highest stresses.

Understanding the role of nanoparticle size on energy, exergy, thermoeconomic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of an IC engine: A thermodynamic approach

This paper aims to thermodynamically and economically discuss the role of nanoparticle size on a CI engine performance. Accordingly, three different sizes (28, 45, and 200 nm) of titanium oxide nanoparticles are added into the canola oil methyl ester-diesel blends (C10) at the same mass fractions of 100 ppm. The experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine. During the experiments, the engine speed was constant at 1800 rpm, and the engine was loaded from 2.5 and 10 Nm with gaps of 2.5 Nm. It is seen that the viscosity, heating value, and cetane number of the resultant test fuels dropped as the particle size gets smaller. In the results, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) initially increased by 5.5% with the biodiesel added into diesel fuel. However, the addition of nanoparticles noteworthy dropped the BSFC value by roundly 16.91% for C10 + 28 nm TiO2, 12.97% for C10 + 45 nm TiO2, and 10.24% for C10 + 200 nm TiO2. As the engine load increases, BSFC dropped and energy as well as exergy efficiencies for each test fuel improved. The efficiency of the first and second laws at 12 Nm is found to be 25.97% and 24.37% for DF, 25.36% and 23.77% for C10, 27.60% and 25.88% for C10 + 28 nm TiO2, 27.03% and 25.34% for C10 + 45 nm TiO2, 26.65% and 24.99% for C10 + 200 nm TiO2, respectively. Collectively, average energy efficiencies of test fuels are 6.65% bigger than exergy efficiencies. On the other hand, it is noticed that the energy loss rate, energy rate, exergy rate, exergy loss rate, exergy destruction rate, and thermoeconomic metrics are increasing with any increment in engine load for each test fuel. The lowest values of energy and exergy efficiency benchmarks are found for C10 test fuel, while the highest ones are detected for C10 + 28 nm TiO2 test fuel. The addition of nanoparticles considerably increases the unit cost and specific exergy cost of test fuels. Despite their high unit costs, the most suitable fuels in terms of both exergoeconomic, and sustainability aspects are, nevertheless, the nanoparticles-added fuels due to their high exergy efficiencies. In the conclusion, this paper declares that the particle size of nanomaterials is a very effective physical property on the IC engine performance, and the small particle sizes of the same type nanoparticles should be preferred in terms of better energy, exergy, thermoeconomic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability results.

Investigating the effects of oxygen enrichment with modified zeolites on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine through experimental and ANN approach

Oxygen enrichment of intake air in internal combustion engines (ICE) is one of the effective methods used to reduce exhaust emissions and increase performance. In this study, oxygen enrichment process was performed with pressure swing adsorption (PSA) method using two zeolite types including acid-modified zeolite (AMZ) and base-modified zeolite (BMZ). In the experiments, clinoptilolite-type natural zeolite in 1.6–3 mm fractions was used. HCI, NH4NO3 and NaOH solutions were used to obtain AMZ and BMZ. Engine experiments were carried out using a four-stroke, single cylinder, direct injection, air-cooled diesel engine. In addition, by designing an artificial neural network (ANN) model with the capability to estimate the experimental results, its performance was tested. When the oxygen rate (21%) in the medium air, where the experiments were carried out, was compared with the oxygen rates in the air obtained with the use of AMZ and BMZ in zeolite filter (ZF) system, an increase of 17.14% and 21.90% was observed, respectively. As a result of the addition of oxygen-enriched air to the fresh air drawn into the combustion chamber in the ZF system, the carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), smoke density and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values decreased and the nitrogen oxide (NOX), vibration, noise, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) values increased when compared to standard diesel engine (SDE). According to the obtained results, ANN estimated the exhaust emission and performance parameters with the regression values (R) of 0.99423–0.99990 and low error rates in the range of 0.002–6.93%.

Determining Characteristics and Engine Emission of Steam Generated Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Fuel


 
 
 Water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) is an effective method for reducing emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from a diesel engine. However, the current approach of producing W/D has its disadvantages in terms of cost and complexity. Therefore, a new approach to produce W/D is developed where water is introduced in vapour state, instead of as liquid, into the fuel. This new method may simplify the emulsion production process as it requires less mechanical parts than any previous non- surfactant emulsion forming methods. The objective of this study is to determine the physical characteristics of steam generated W/D and its engine emission. The characteristics to be determined include the size distribution of water droplets as well as water content. Engine emission will be measured from a 5 kW single cylinder, direct injected, air cooled diesel engine.