Ain Shams Research Articles

Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in the Out Patient Clinic of a University Hospital- Focus on Conversion disorder- A cross- Sectional Study

Abstract Background Common mental disorders are highly prevalent globally, affecting people across all regions of the world. Mental disorders are not only highly prevalent medical conditions but they are also highly disabling. Conversion disorders tend to be poorly understood and can be difficult to diagnose and distinguish from other psychiatric disorders that involve physical symptoms. Objectives This study was carried out to study the prevalence and frequency of different psychiatric disorders in a sample of Egyptian patients attending the outpatient clinic of the institute of psychiatry – Ain-Shams university hospital with a focus on hysteria, both conversion and dissociative type. Patients and Methods This case control observational study was started from December 2016 till December 2017. The subjects were selected from outpatient clinics of Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of medicine, Ain Shams University. The first 1000 random patients who present to the above mentioned clinics were recruited. Patients were subjected to Arabic version of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders. Results Our study reveals that the most common diagnosis was that of mood disorders (24.6%), followed by schizophrenia (23.4%). Somatoform disorders, of which conversion is a subcategory, came as the 5th most common diagnosis with (5.2%). Conclusion our study reveals that hysteria, in both conversion and dissociative disorders, is a surviving diagnosis, despite of the separation of both diagnoses into different diagnostic categories

Psycho-demographic and clinical predictors of medication adherence in patients with bipolar I disorder in a university hospital in Egypt.

BackgroundPoor adherence to treatment is one of the main challenges to symptom control and preventing recurrence in bipolar disorder (BD). Numerous studies have established an association between patients’ poor adherence and an increased risk of recurrence, relapse of the symptoms and admission to hospital.AimTo study the socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with medication nonadherence in patients with BD who were admitted to the hospital.SettingThe study was conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University.MethodsA 1-year longitudinal prospective study of 110 patients, aged 18–60 years, with BD-I. Young Mania Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression, Global Assessment of Functioning, Sheehan Disability Scale and Insight and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire were applied before and 6 months after discharge. Adherence was measured using the Morisky 8-Item Medication Adherence Scale. Sociodemographic data and level of functioning were studied in relation to adherence.ResultsHigher adherence was noticed in female, married and older patients and those with a higher level of education. However, low adherence was more common in male, non-married and less educated patients. Follow-up after 6 months revealed that the high adherence group scored the lowest in terms of disability. Meanwhile, the low adherence group scored the highest scores in disability.ConclusionSeveral socio-demographic and clinical variables were found to be associated with a low adherence rate to the prescribed medication in patients with BD-I. Age and impaired insight were found to be significant predictive factors for non-adherence.

Re-Assembly of Archaeological Massive Limestones Using Epoxy Resin Modified with Nanomaterials—Part 2: Applied

This part of study represents the applied study; which is a continuation of the experimental study that was carried out in part 1 [1]. The experimental study in part 1 focused on evaluation of the effectiveness of Montmorillonite clay, calcium carbonate, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles for enhancing the performances of epoxy adhesives used in re-assembly of archaeological massive limestones. Based on the obtained results in part 1, the choice fell on epoxy-clay nanocomposites as the best re-assembly adhesive material reinforced with Stainless Steel to conduct the applied study project. The current applied study that represents a big project was carried out on 3 archaeological pharaonic massive limestones discovered separately in Ain Shams (Heliopolis) archaeological area in Egypt. The methodology included an accurate archaeological study, followed by analytical, and then the restoration and reassembly process. Firstly; in order to prove whether these artifacts are complementary to each other or not, then with a view to re-assembly and conserving these artifacts in the form of one stone block to be ready for museum display. Referred to the comprehensive archaeological and analytical study of the mentioned archeological stones, the results confirmed that, these stone pieces, in the original were one piece, therefore, it is possible to regrouping again to become one block complementary to each other, and this is what was done in this study.

Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices regarding to Fever Management of Neonates

Background: Nurses in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit operate in a challenging environment with the demands of care of the infant and providing family-centered care. Aim of the Study: The present study aimed to assess nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding to fever management of neonates. Study Design: A descriptive exploratory study design was utilized. Setting: The study was carried out at the neonatal intensive care units in Benisuef General Hospital, Benisuef Health Insurance Hospital affiliated to Ministry of Health and Ain Shams (Children’s Hospital) affiliated to Ain shams University Hospitals. Subjects: A convenient sample of 50 nurses providing care for neonates at the previously mentioned settings were selected in the current study, regardless their age, years of experiences or qualifications. Tools of the Study: Involved nurses’ structured interview questionnaire to assess the study sample's demographic characteristics and their knowledge regarding management of fever in neonates and nurses’ observational checklist to assess nurses’ practice toward fever management in neonates. Results: It was clear that the majority of the studied nurses had unsatisfactory knowledge level and nearly two thirds of them, were incompetent in practice regarding fever management of neonates. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between total nurses' knowledge and their total practice. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there was unsatisfactory level of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding fever management of neonates. Recommendations: Raising awareness of nurses regarding fever management of neonates and improving their knowledge and practices through continuous training programs.

DEVELOPMENTAL THRESHOLDS AND THERMAL REQUIREMENTS NEEDED FOR THE COTTON PINK BOLLWORM PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA (SAUNDERS)

The present study was conducted on the cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) the most devastative insect pest to cotton cultivations in Egypt. It causes great damage and loss in the cotton yield. All experiments were carried out in the laboratory of the environmental study, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams Univ. aiming to estimate some biological parameters of P. gossypiella reared on artificial diet at four constant temperatures 18, 20, 25, 30oC with 65±5% RH, then determine threshold of development and thermal constant for each of the developmental stages and complete generation. Obtained results demonstrated that the duration of each developmental stage of P. gossypiella highly affected by the change of temperature. The incubation period of eggs greatly varied at different temperature, these periods were 10.86, 10.29, 6.00 and 4.00 days at 18, 20, 25 and 30oC, respectively. Threshold of development for P. gossypiella egg stage was 12.1oC. The mean of duration for P. gossypiella larvae, pupae were 30.40, 14.10 days and the durations for male, female and generation were 24.72, 26.99 and 57.95 days, respectively. The longest duration of larvae, pupae, male and female moths were 47.61, 20.13, 33.59 and 33.68 days recorded at 18oC while the shortest durations were 16.60, 7.40, 13.75 and 14.64 days recorded at 30oC for larvae, pupae, male and female moths, respectively. The threshold of development for P. gossypiella larval, pupal, male, female stages was 11.6, 12.1, 9.8, 9.5oC, respectively. The threshold of development for P. gossypiella generation was 11.7oC. Based on the estimated threshold of development and duration of each developmental stage at the respective rearing temperature, the average of thermal constant was estimated as 73.59 for egg stage, 298.76 for larvae, 124.98 for pupae, 299.49 for adult male, 338.96 for adult female and 567.80 DDs for P. gossypiella generation.

USE OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE AS AN ADJUVANT TO 0.5% HYPERBARIC BUPIVACAINE IN SUBARACHNOID BLOCK

[1] Kanazi GE, Aouad Mt, KJabbour-Khoury SI et al: Effect of low dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of spinal bupivacaine block. Act a Anaesthesiol Scand 2006;50:222-7 [2] Hala EEA, Mohamed SA, Hend Y. Dose related prolongation of hyperbaric bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia by dexmedetomidine. Ain Shams J Anaesthesiology 2011;4:83-95 [3] Kim JE, Kim NY, Lee HS, Kil HK. Effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on low dose bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing transurethral prostectomy. Bio Pharm Bul 2013;36;959-965. [4] Mahendru V, Tewari A, Katyal S et al. A Comparison of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, clonidine, & fentanyl as adjuvants to hyperbaric bupivacaine for lower limb surgery: A double blind controlled study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Phrmacol 2013;29:496-502 [5] Soumya samal et al: Intrathecal buterphenol or intrathecal dexmedetomidine for post operative analgesia a comparative study: healt agenda, vol 2. Issue 1. Jan 2014 [6] Dexmedetomidine in anaesthesia practice: a wonder drug? IJAaug 2014 by S K Harsoor [7] Sudheesh K, Raghvendra Rao R S, Kavya M, Aarthi J, Rani D D, Nethra S S. Comprative study of 2 doses of intrathecal dexmedetomidine as adjunct with low dose hyperbaric bupivacaine in ambulatory perianal surgeries. A prospective randomized controlled study. Indian J Anaesth 2015;59:648-52 [8] El-Attar A, Aleen MA, Beltagy R, Ahmed W. A comparative study of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and fentanyl as additives to bupivacaine. Res Opin Anesth Intensive care 2015;1:43-9 [9] Kurhekar P, Kumar SM, Sampath D. Comparative evaluation of intrathecal morphine and intrathecal dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing gynecological surgeries under spinal anaesthesia. A prospective randomized double blind study. Indian J anaestg 2016;60:382-7

Comparative Study between the Efficacy of Fentanyl, Antihistamines, and Dexmedetomidine in Suppressing Photic Sneeze Reflex during Peribulbar Block.

Background:The photic sneeze reflex (autosomal dominant) is a condition that causes sneezing in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights or periocular (surrounding the eyeball) injection. Unexpected or sudden sneezing during injection can be a dangerous side effect in periocular injection, in which abrupt head movement may cause globe injury.Aims:We intended to evaluate the efficacy of adding fentanyl, dexmedetomidine, and antihistamines on the incidence of the sneeze reflex associated with propofol sedation during periocular local anesthesia injections.Settings and Design:Our study was a randomized, prospective, double-blinded and controlled clinical study.Patients and Methods:This study was conducted in Ain Shams and Fayoum university hospitals at the ophthalmic surgery department. After obtaining approval from our universities ethical committee and written informed valid consents from the patients, 90 patients were included in this study. The study population included patients of both sex, ASA grade 1 and 2, in the age ranging from 18-65 years. Patients were scheduled for cataract extraction surgeries and received peribulbar block. Then patients were randomly divided into three groups (30 patients each) using a computer- generated table of random numbers. Patients were preoxygenated with supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula, all 90 patients received intravenous propofol 1mg.kg- 1 bolus for sedation and were randomized to receive adjunctive drug 2 to 4 minutes prior to propofol injection: 30 patients received intravenous fentanyl 1 μmg.kg-1 (Group F), 30 patients received dexmedetomidine 1μmg.kg-1 (Group D), and 30 patients received antihistamine (pheniramine 22.75 mg) (Group H). The same local anesthetic admixture, consisting of 5 mL 2% lidocaine with 90 IU hyaluronidase, combined with 5 mL 0.5% plain bupivacaine in a 10-mL syringe at room temperature was administered to all patients using peribulbar block technique. A masked observer (surgeon or anesthesia assistant) recorded whether the patient had a sneezing event. Continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring was performed intraoperatively. Intraoperative and postoperative medication side effects were recorded including bradycardia (HR <55 beats/min), hypotension (MAP <50 mmHg sustained for >10 min), oxygen desaturation (SpO2<90%), nausea, vomiting and prolonged sedation using Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS).Statistical Analysis Used:Student's t-test and Chi-square test were used for analysis.Results:The demographic data of the three study groups revealed non-significant differences between the three study groups as regards age, sex distribution, and the duration of surgery. No patient was excluded after inclusion to the study. All patients were able to complete the entire study and their data were included in the final analysis. Five events of sneezing had occurred in 90 patients. Two in (D) group and three in (H) group with is no statistically significant difference between the three groups as regard sneezing. Bradycardia, hypotension and sedation had occurred significantly in group (D) compared to group (F) and group (D). No patient suffered from nausea, vomiting or oxygen desaturation in all studied groups. No statistically significant difference as regards patient satisfaction between the three studied groups.Conclusion:Fentanyl, dexmedetomidine and antihistamines with propofol sedation suppress photic sneeze reflex during peribulbar block.

تصورات طلاب الجامعات المصریة تجاه فاعلیة البیئات التمکینیة لنقل المعرفة وتوطینها Perceptions of the Egyptian University Students towards the Effectiveness of Empowering Environments for Transferring and Nationalizing Knowledge

المستخلص: هدف البحث إلى الکشف عن تصورات طلاب الجامعات المصرية تجاه فاعلية البيئات التمکينية في نقل المعرفة وتوطينها، ولتحقيق هدف البحث استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي المسحي، وأداة الاستبانة التي تم تطبيقها على عينة عشوائية طبقية بلغت(720) من طلاب جامعات عين شمس والأزهر وطنطا وبني سويف. وأشارت نتائج البحث إلى أن مجمل الاستبانة ذات توفر متوسط من وجهة نظر عينة البحث، وجاء المحور الثاني الخاص بتصورات الطلاب حول آليات نقل وتوطين المعرفة في المرتبة الأولى، يليه المحور الأول الخاص بتصورات الطلاب تجاه فاعلية بعض البيئات التمکينية في نقل وتوطين المعرفة في المرتبة الثانية، حيث بلغ متوسط الأوزان النسبية لعبارات المحورين على الترتيب(1.7236)،(1.6719) من(3). کما أظهرت نتائج البحث أنه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (α=.05) بين المتوسطات الحسابية لدرجات الطلاب في مجمل الاستبانة، ومحوريها تبعا لمتغير النوع(ذکر- أنثى)، بينما أظهرت وجود فروق تبعا لمتغير التخصص(نظري– عملي), ولصالح التخصص العلمي. Abstract: This study aimed to identify perceptions of the Egyptian university students towards the effectiveness of empowering environments for transferring and nationalizing knowledge. To achieve the aforementioned goal, descriptive survey research design was adopted. A questionnaire was conducted on a stratified random sample which consisted of (720) students recruited from Ain Shams, Al-Azhar, Tanta and Beni-Suif universities. Results indicated that the whole questionnaire was of moderate availability from the research participants' perspective. The second dimension related to students' perceptions of mechanisms for transferring and nationalizing knowledge was ranked first. The first dimension related to students' perceptions towards the effectiveness of empowering environments for transferring and nationalizing knowledge was ranked second. Mean relative weights of items on both dimensions were(1.7236),(1.6719),respectively. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores attained by male and female participants on the whole questionnaire or its dimension. However, there were statistically significant differences in this regard in terms of the major factor (literary -scientific) in favor of the scientific majors.

Production of Gellan Gum by Sphingomonas paucimobilis on Crude Sweet Whey Using Different Bioreactor Feeding Strategies

Aims: Production of gellan gum by Sphingomoas paucimobilis from whey was optimized by different fermentation techniques.&#x0D; Study Design: Study the growth behavior of Sphingomoas paucimobilis was cultivated on 40% sweet whey medium in the bioreactor as a batch, fed batch and continuous culture and effect of aeration and agitation speed on gellan production.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Dept., Fac. of Agriculture, Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt, 2016/ 2017.&#x0D; Methodology: Using Sphingomoas paucimobilis on sweet whey in the bioreactor as a batch, fed batch (pulsed &amp; continuous) and continuous culture. Among the four levels of air saturation and four levels of agitation speeds.&#x0D; Results: Using the continuous feeding of sugar sweet whey at 1.53 gl-1h-1during 12 h was favorable than pulsed feeding for gellan production in fed-batch culture. In continuous culture addition of 40% SW at 0.055 h-1 dilution rate (110 ml h-1), the values of gellan parameters recorded by Sphingomoas paucimobilis were 24.34%, 26.54% &amp; 0.337 gl-1h-1 for gellan yield, conversion coefficient and gellan productivity during 24 h. At 28ºC. This technique increments the gellan production (gl-1h-1) by 3.3 &amp; 2.2-2.5 and 1.5- 1.6 fold as compared to that produced by using batch &amp; fed- batch pulsed and fed-batch continuous techniques respectively. The emulsifying capability of the partially purified gellan was 100% whereas it was 95% for xanthan gum, as well as its high flocculating activity than xanthan. A tough worm-like gel or firm gel were formed when 10% calcium chloride solution or 0.5 g sodium chloride were added to gellan solution.&#x0D; Conclusion: The maximum gellan yield and lower fermentation period were obtained with air saturation of 60% at 750 rpm agitation speed. The continuous feeding at 1.53 gl-1h-1 was favorable than pulsed feeding for gellan production in fed-batch culture, while the maximum gellan productivity was obtained by using a continuous culture technique at 0.055 h-1 dilution rate.

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND BIOCONTROL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN KARIESH CHEESE BY BACTEIOPHAGE

The study aims to assess the possibility of biological control on one of the most serious pathogenic microbes that found to infect Kariesh cheese, namely Salmonella typhimurium. To achieve this object, firstly a total of 20 Kariesh cheese samples were collected randomly from various markets located at Cairo and exposed to microbiological isolation and identification of S. typhimurium. The obtained results revealed that, S. typhimurium was detected in 30% of surveyed market Kariesh cheese according to the strain identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Secondary, five sewage water samples were obtained from Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ., and Shoubra EL-Kheima station of drinking and sewage water for specific bacteriophage isolation and morphology particles of Salmonella bacteriophage was examined by transmission electron microscope. Third, pasteurized skimmed buffalo’s milk was converted into experimental Kariesh cheese at 40oC by milk inoculation with 2% of freshly activated yoghurt bacterial starter culture and then milk was divided into 5 equal portions. The 1st portion considered as control. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th portions were contaminated with equal level (1%) of S. typhimurium suspension containing 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, previously isolated from foregoing surveyed Kariesh cheese samples, followed by adding phage suspension, from which isolated from sewage water, containing 108 plaque forming units (PFU)/mL at the levels of nil, 1, 2 and 3% respectively. All portions were separately incubated at the same temperature up to curdling. The curds were cut and individually filled into stainless steel moulds lined with cheese cloth and consolidated by a slight pressure for 24 h. The blocks of curd were then cut, dry salted using 2% NaCl (w/w) and packaged into plastic containers. Experimentally, there were proportional reductions in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population as the level of phage spiked into cheese milk increased, as which the reduction rate of LAB count during cold storage period (CSP) prolonging was however declined. In terms of health safety, although the number of pathogen microbe added was gradually reduced due to the acid developed by prolonging the Cold Storage Period in the absence of phage, but it stilled present until the end of experimental period. While, the pathogen was completely eliminated within 7 days of cheese age when the phage suspension (108 PFU/mL) has been spiked at the level of 1% at least. The contamination of experimental Kariesh cheese with S. typhimurium led to weaken the ability of cheese curd to drain whey as explained from the dry matter (DM) content which decreased due to the presence of pathogen and increased by the pathogen elimination with bacteriophage, which resulted also to increase the protein /DM content. The ash content reduced by both reasons, namely the contamination with S. typhimurium and/or the spiking level of phage suspension. The presence of S. typhimurium slowed the LAB population and acid production by them. Finally, as a conclusion, the spiking of Kariesh cheese milk with 1% Salmonella typhimurium phage suspension (108 PFU/mL) is quite enough to eliminate this microorganism when it present at the level of 1% suspension containing 105 CFU /mL.

ENHANCEMENT OF SALT TOLERANCE IN WATERMELON USING GRAFTING

Pots experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams Univ. during the seasons of 2015 and 2016 to investigate the effect of grafting on salt tolerance of watermelon plants. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus, Hybrid F1) Aswan1 was grafted onto the rootstock of Flexifort pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata) and irrigated with four different concentrations of NaCl (0.0, 2000, 4000, 6000 ppm). Two samples were taken at 20 and 40 days after planting (DAP). Plant height, leaf numbers and area, branches number, root length, and shoot and root fresh and dry weights were negitavly affected by salinity in ungrafted plants and this effect was directly proportional to NaCl concentrations. On the contrary, grafting positively affected the aforementioned parameters and minimized the harmful effect of salinity. Furthermore, grafted plants showed higher growth vigor comparing with ungrafted control plants or plants received the same treatment of NaCl and these effects were mostly siginificant. An increase in membrane permeability (MP) was detected at 20 and 40 DAP by application of different levels of NaCl salinity and this effect was positively correlated with NaCl concentration. Grafted plants showed decreasing in MP with 12.7% higher LRWC than ungrafted plants. Under 2000, 4000, 6000 NaCl ppm salinity levels, the values of salt injury index recorded 15.1, 26.5 and 37.5 in ungrafted plants at 20 DAP comparing with 0.0, 6.9 and 12.9 in grafted ones.

أثر الضغوط النفسية على المرأة المعيلة

أثر الضغوط النفسية على المرأة المعيلة

ROC analysis of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in psoriatic patients.

IntroductionInherited ichthyoses are caused by mutations in various genes important for keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal barrier function. Although ichthyoses are rare disorders, they require costly long-term medical management, and thus there is a need for efficient preventive and therapeutic strategies.AimWe performed a retrospective study to determine the frequency, types, clinical presentation and associated genomic errors of primary hereditary ichthyoses in Egyptian patients and their relatives consulting the Genetics Clinic, Pediatric Hospital, Ain Shams University.Material and methodsThe outpatient log books of patients between January 2000 and December 2014 were reviewed, and diagnosis of new patients was confirmed through examination by a dermatologist. All epidemiologic, demographic, and clinical data were extracted and recorded in especially designed data collection forms.ResultsThe occurrence rate of primary hereditary ichthyoses in our study was 25.7% of genodermatosis patients attending the genetics clinics and 1 per 2359 patients attending the Pediatric Hospital. The commonest type of ichthyosis in our study was Lamellar ichthyosis (38%), followed by congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (26.8%). Consanguineous marriage was reported among the parents of 79% of patients and positive family history was reported in 72% of patients.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this preliminary study is the first report on the clinico-epidemiological features of primary hereditary ichthyoses in Egypt. The high rate of prenatal consanguinity among parents of our patients may account for the high frequency of these genodermatoses in Egypt. This highlights the importance of genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis in Egypt.

The role of 3-dimensional sonography and virtual sonographic cystscopy in detection of bladder tumors

IntroductionBladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary malignancy. Recent technological advances have led to the development of virtual endoluminal internal views similar to those obtained with conventional endoscopy (virtual cystoscopy). ObjectivesTo evaluate the potential value of virtual cystoscopy in the detection and follow up of bladder tumors. Patients and methodsA total of 50 patients from Ain Shams University Hospital were studied between August 2012 and April 2014 at Ain Shams’ Radiology Department and Sonoscan Radiology Center. All patients underwent 2D-US, 3D virtual sonographic cystoscopy and conventional cystoscopy, with results compared for sensitivity and specificity in correlation with the site, size and shape of the tumor. Results3D virtual cystoscopy showed a sensitivity of 96.5%; while its specificity in identifying lesions was 85.7%; positive predictive values were 96.5%; negative predictive value were 85.7%. The sensitivity of the 2D ultrasound was 77.2%; while its specificity in identifying lesions was 57.1%; positive predictive values came at 88%; negative predictive value were 38.1%. Calculations were made taking into consideration the conventional cystoscopy “gold standard”. ConclusionAdditional to lower costs and no radiation exposure, 3D sonography appears comparable to the use of CT scans and MRI in providing virtual cystoscopy in investigating bladder cancer. Virtual sonographic cystoscopy may therefore be a useful alternative for screening and follow up of tumors, particularly if conventional cystoscopy cannot be performed. However, 3D sonography cannot replace pathological staging, and there is still a need to further improve this technology for enhanced assessment of mucosal abnormalities.

دور إذاعات الــF.M فی إمداد الشباب الجامعی بالمعلومات حول الأمن الاجتماعی

تحددت مشکلة الدراسة فى: التعرف على دور إذاعات الــF.M إمداد الشباب الجامعي بالمعلومات حول الأمن وقد هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على حجم المعلومات التى تقدمها برامج إذاعات FM عن الأمن الاجتماعي، وتنتمي هذه الدراسة إلى الدراسات الوصفية، واعتمدت على منهج المسح الإعلامي، استخدمت الدراسة استمارة الاستبيان، حيث طبقت على عينة قوامها (400) طالب من الجامعات المصرية وتوصلت إلى:- أن أهم أسباب استماع الشباب الجامعي لإذاعات FM هى: أن (التسلية والترفيه وقت الفراغ) جاء فى الترتيب الاول، يليها (تقدم برامجها بشکل جديد وجذاب يختلف عن باقي الإذاعات)، ثم (لإکتساب معلومات ومعارف مختلفة6)، أما بالترتيب الرابع (تتميز بتنوع المحتوى)، أما بالترتيب الخامس (للتعرف على خبرات وتجارب الأخرين)، أما الترتيب السادس(تقدم برامجها بلغة إذاعية سهلة وقريبة من الشباب).- جاءت أهم موضوعات الأمن التى تهتم بها إذاعات F.M بشکل أکبر هذه الأيام من وجهة نظر الشباب الجامعي وقد تمثلت في الفساد الاجتماعي فى الترتيب الاول، وجاء الترتيب الثاني إنعدام الراقابة، أما تفعيل قوانين المرور والحد من الحوادث فقط جاء بالترتيب الثالث، وفي الترتيب الرابع جاء الخدمات الصحية. توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات درجات المبحوثين على مقياس دور إذاعات FM التوعية بالأمن تبعا لاختلاف الجامعات (القاهرة- عين شمس- معهد الجزيرة- مصر الدولية). Abstract The Role of FM Radio stations in providing university students with information about security The problem of study: The problem of study is determined by: What is role of FM radio stations in obstructing youth of university with information on on methodology of media survey, The study used questionnaire form, which was applied to a sample of (400) students from Egyptian universities and found that: - The most important reasons for listening to university youth FM radio are: (Entertainment and leisure) came in first order, followed by (offering a new and attractive program different from rest of radio), then (to acquire different information and knowledge 6), in fourth order (characterized by diversity of content), in fifth order (to learn about experiences and experiences ), And in sixth rank (programs are offered in an easy language and close to youth). - The most important topics of security, which are more interested in FM broadcasts these days from point of view of young university students were in social corruption in first order, In second order lack of arrogance, and the activation of traffic laws and reduce Accidents only came third in order, and in fourth ranking health services came. There were statistically significant differences between average scores of respondents on role of FM radio in raising security awareness according to different universities (Cairo - Ain Shams - Aljazeera Institute - Egypt International).

Cerebrospinal Fluid Level of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) Antibody in Patients with Encephalitis

Background: Assaying the Glutamic Acid Decarboxylas( GAD) antibody in patients with encephalitis in cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum and its role in autoimmune encephalitis in children. Objective: This study Aimed at screening for GAD antibody in CSF of children presenting with acute encephalitis with non bacterial cause mostly autoimmune.Participants and methods: study is a pilot prospective study, conducted in the Pediatric department, Children’s Hospital, Ain Shams University.Fifty patients diagnosed with encephalitis exhibited at least one sign of parenchymatous brain dysfunction such as altered consciousness personality or behavior change, seizure, paresis, or ataxia. Encephalitis was defined as the presence of encephalopathy plus at least two of four findings: (1) fever (body temperature>38C); (2) abnormal cerebrospinal fluid examination (pleocytosis>5 white blood cells/mL and/or increased protein content>40 mg/dL) with negative cerebrospinal fluid culture; (3) abnormal electroencephalography findings compatible with encephalitis such as diffuse or focal slow activity, or periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges; and (4)abnormal results of neuroimaging, including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (10), ,with age ranged from 6-144 Months; followed up In the period from September 2014 till March 2016.Basic clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations were done, GAD antibody level was measured in CSF and blood serum. Results: GAD receptor antibody titer was done in CSF which range from (36 -368 ng/l) with median of 64.83 (57.93-74.48), while in serum it range from (42.76-900) ng/l) with median 89.5(58.62-154.5).It was found that 6/50 (12%) patients had high GAD receptor antibody titer were high in CSF. The other 44/50 (88%) patients had low GAD antibody titer. In serum samples of twinty patients we had 8/20 (40%) patients had high GAD antibody titer and the rest were low GAD antibody titer 12/20 (60%).Significant occurrence of DCL, hospitalization plus mechanical ventilation and long term sequel were detected in patients with high GAD antibody titer. EEG findings; Two patients showed generalized epileptogenic activity, one patient had diffuse cortical dysfunction and two patient had multifocal epileptiform discharge and the rest of patients had normal finding. Eighty six precent had normal MRI findings,While 7 patients (14%) had non specific findings;3 patients had transient cortical meningeal enhancment,2 patients had high intensity in medial temporal lobe,one had abnormal signal intensity in medial temporal lobe and one patient had global brain atrophy. Conclusion: GAD Abs are directed against an intracellular antigen. The proposed pathogenic mechanisms of neurological disease in patients with antibodies directed against intracellular proteins is not clear. The present study emphasizes the importance of studying the CSF of patients with encephalitis suspected to be mediated by GAD autoimmunity.Both serum and CSF level must be assessed simultaneously as CSF level may change rapidly with fluctuation of disease. There are great efforts to be done to define the role of these GAD antibodies and to determine how they affect central nervous system function. These studies must be carried out so that appropriate treatments can be provided for the growing number of patients with possible antibody-mediated conditions.

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PHENOMENON OF MORAL CHAOS TO STAGE TEENS A FIELD STUDY AT THE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

the phenomenon of moral mess adolescents phase of Secondary Education the product of many of the effects of the social, psychological and physical infrastructure of social variables. The study aims to identify the most important social variables, and physical infrastructure which affect the phenomenon of moral mess and identify the most important manifestations of the moral mess in adolescence on environmental factors that helped to spread the moral mess, as well as to identify the social factors that led to the spread of moral mess in adolescence, family upbringing, relatives, friends, identify external factors (the mechanisms of globalization), which helped in the spread of moral mess in the levels of adolescence. And economic factors that led to the spread of moral mess .with identify the differences between males and females in adolescence toward the phenomenon of moral mess. Where the study sample of (403) single sample of secondary schools, Ain Shams, educational, distributed as follows: (250 males and 153 females. Of the students in the secondary schools and the region. The study on a social survey sample, a group of students in the secondary stage. In the collection of data used, Researcher (direction) to know what attitudes toward the claim of social justice. Then the researcher adopted on the analysis of the content of the standard moral mess, study has to several results; there are no differences between males and females in the interpretation of the phenomenon of moral mess, the design of training programs for parents to help them on how to control of anger outbursts of violence with the statement of the most important methods of sound upbringing, non-violent to reduce the possibilities of attacking their children to physical or verbal or psychologically. Programs and psychological care list to play would have the opportunity to express their feelings to get rid of the negative phenomena with the consolidation of the students who suffer familiae*with students have the skills of strong social to attract them to participate in the fun activities and positive in order to learn of them these how to establish relations of positive interaction with others*intensive supervision on students in times prayer and the illegal activities including classroom supplies and urged them to cooperate and altruism and tolerance

EFFICIENCY OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES AGAINST NYMPHS OF Bemisia tabaci (GENNADIUS) INFESTING CUCUMBER CULTIVARS UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Two experiments were carried out at the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center and the Experimental Research Station attached to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams Univ., Shalakan, Qalyubyia Governorate. The experiments were conducted for two summer seasons in 2015 and 2016 under unheated multi span plastic house and under open field conditions. Both experiments aimed at investigating the effect of certain weather conditions on the impact of three insecticides used for the control of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) nymphs on four cucumber cultivars. The aims of the plastic house experiment and open field experiment were to investigate the impact of certain climatic conditions (Temperature (Co), Relative humidity (%) on different insecticides efficiencies used for whitefly control compared to untreated check (without any insecticide application). Lex (Dinotefuran) insecticide was the more effect on the nymphs of B.tabaci inside the plastic house or in the open field followed by Oshin (Thiamethoxam) insecticide. However Bernastar was the lowest efficiency. Concerning effect of climatic conditions, air temperature and relative humidity affected the performance of the three tested insecticides especially during the days with temperature over 35°C.

Influnce of Integration between Mineral Nitrogen and Humic Acid Fertilizers on Producivity and Nitrogen Partitioning Dynamic in Maize Plants

Two field experiments were carried out in Agric. Expt. Farm, Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ. at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. These experiments aimed to study the effect of integrated between mineral nitrogen fertilizer (60, 90 and 120 kg / fad) and Humic acid (0, 15 and 20 kg / fad) on productivity and nitrogen partitioning dynamic of maize (zea maize) plants: Plants treated with120 kg MN/fad + 20 kg HA and 120 kg MN/fad + 15 kg HA gave the highest values of ear weight (264.9 and 257.4 g), shelling percentage(85.37 and 84.67 % ),plant height (284.2 and 279.7 cm), 100 kernel weight (40.20 and 39.09 g),stover yield (9.33 and 9.13 ton/fad) and biological yield (13.10 and 12.66 ton/fad) respectively. Maximum grain yield (3.76 ton/fad) was obtained when plants were fertilized with 120 kg MN. + 20 kg HA. Meanwhile, the lowest value (1.98 ton/fad) was recorded when plants were fertilized with 60 kg MN. Results also showed that grain nitrogen (%), stover nitrogen %, biological nitrogen %, grain nitrogen yield (kg/fad), stover nitrogen yield (kg/fad), total nitrogen yield (kg/fad), GCP % and GCPY (kg/fad) were significantly the highest due to fertilization with 120 kg MN/fad + 20 kg HA/fad. Such potent treatment increased the previous traits by 1.723%, 0.413%, 2.14%, 64.94 (kg/fad), 38.58 (kg/fad), 103 (kg/fad), 9.82 % and 370.2 (kg/fad), respectively. Data also cleared that the effect of integration between mineral nitrogen fertilizer and humic acid were significantly differed in NUE, NRE%, NPF and NHI%.

المهارات اللازمة لتطویر بیئات الواقع الافتراضی التعلیمیة لدى طلاب تکنولوجیا التعلیم

هدف هذا البحث إلى تحديد المهارات اللازمة لتطوير بيئات الواقع الافتراضي التعليمية لدى طلاب تکنولوجيا التعليم، نظرا لما تتميز به بيئات الواقع الافتراضي من مزايا وإمکانيات متعددة، يمکن أن تحل کثيرا من المشکلات التعليمية، اعتمد البحث الحالي على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي وذلک عند تحليل الأدبيات والدراسات السابقة، ثم الدراسة الميدانية في عرض هذه المهارات على المحکمين والخبراء (عينة البحث) وقد تم اختيارهم بطريقة عشوائية من جامعتي دمياط وعين شمس، بعد إعداد قائمة مبدئية بهذه المهارات، ثم إجراء المعالجة الإحصائية على درجة أهمية کل مهارة وفقا لأراء السادة المحکمين حيث تراوحت النسبة المئوية لدرجة أهمية المهارات من 85.71% إلى 100% وبالتالي توصل الباحثون إلى القائمة النهائية المحددة لمهارات تطوير بيئات الواقع الافتراضي التعليمية لدى طلاب تکنولوجيا التعليم. The objective of this research is to identify the necessary skills to develop virtual real educational environments for technology education students. Due to the merits of virtual reality environments and its multiple advantages and possibilities, it can solve a lot of educational problems. The current research relied on the analytical and descriptive approach when analyzing the literature and Previous Studies as well as field studies in the presentation of these skills to arbitrators and experts (sample)and it has been selected randomly from the Universities of Damietta and Ain Shams, after the preparation of an initial list of these skills, and then conducting statistical treatment according to the importance of every skill and according to the opinions of the jury , where the percentage of the importance of skills between 85.71% to 100 %. Thus researchers reached the final list which specified the skills needed to develop virtual real educational environments for technology education students