Aid In Interpretation Research Articles

Realizing Human Rights in Clinical Practice and Service Delivery to Persons with Cognitive Impairment who Engage in Behaviours of Concern1

Recent national and international legal developments have intensified the need for clinicians and service providers to understand and apply human rights in clinical practice and service delivery to persons with cognitive impairment who engage in behaviours of concern. Treatment and service interventions must now be subordinated to even more explicit human rights-related legal and ethical constraints and also to affirmative human rights-related objectives. The ability of clinicians and providers to engage in competent human rights analysis is a necessary methodological implication of this paradigm shift. In this paper we elaborate a formative method of human rights analysis that is being developed to assist the Victorian Office of the Senior Practitioner to apply human rights standards recognized under the Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities to persons with cognitive impairment who engage in behaviours of concern. This approach relies significantly upon the CRPD as an interpretive aid to enliven Charter rights to specific human rights concerns faced by persons with disability. Although developed in a specific statutory and organizational context, this model has potential for broader application.

Pocket reference

This book is a collection of normal values for various tests including laboratory tests, diagnostic tests such as echocardiography and lung function and clinical classifications used for disease states. It provides a pocket-size text for use in clinical practice as a diagnostic aid for test interpretation of the normal values used.

Ab initioinvestigation of barium-scandium-oxygen coatings on tungsten for electron emitting cathodes

Microwave, x-ray, and radio-frequency radiation sources require a cathode emitting electrons into vacuum. Thermionic B-type dispenser cathodes consist of ${\text{Ba}}_{x}{\text{O}}_{z}$ coatings on tungsten (W), where the surface coatings lower the W work function and enhance electron emission. The new and promising class of scandate cathodes modifies the B-type surface through inclusion of Sc, and their superior emissive properties are also believed to stem from the formation of a low work function surface alloy. In order to better understand these cathode systems, density-functional theory (DFT)-based ab initio modeling is used to explore the stability and work function of ${\text{Ba}}_{x}{\text{Sc}}_{y}{\text{O}}_{z}$ on W(001) monolayer-type surface structures. It is demonstrated how surface depolarization effects can be calculated easily using ab initio calculations and fitted to an analytic depolarization equation. This approach enables the rapid extraction of the complete depolarization curve (work function versus coverage relation) from relatively few DFT calculations, useful for understanding and characterizing the emitting properties of novel cathode materials. It is generally believed that the B-type cathode has some concentration of Ba-O dimers on the W surface, although their structure is not known. Calculations suggest that tilted Ba-O dimers are the stable dimer surface configuration and can explain the observed work function reduction corresponding to various dimer coverages. Tilted Ba-O dimers represent a new surface coating structure not previously proposed for the activated B-type cathode. The thermodynamically stable phase of Ba and O on the W surface was identified to be the ${\text{Ba}}_{0.25}\text{O}$ configuration, possessing a significantly lower $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ value than any of the Ba-O dimer configurations investigated. The identification of a more stable ${\text{Ba}}_{0.25}\text{O}$ phase implies that if Ba-O dimers cover the surface of emitting B-type cathodes, then a nonequilibrium steady state must dominate the emitting surface. The identification of a stable and low work function ${\text{Ba}}_{0.25}{\text{Sc}}_{0.25}\text{O}$ structure suggests that addition of Sc to the B-type cathode surface could form this alloy structure under operating conditions, leading to improved cathode performance and stability. Detailed comparison to previous experimental results of ${\text{Ba}}_{x}{\text{Sc}}_{y}{\text{O}}_{z}$ on W surface coatings are made to both validate the modeling and aid in interpretation of experimental data. The studies presented here demonstrate that ab initio methods are powerful for understanding the fundamental physics of electron emitting materials systems and can potentially aid in the development of improved cathodes.

Properties of the near-field term and its effect on polarisation analysis and source locations of long-period (LP) and very-long-period (VLP) seismic events at volcanoes

Seismicity that originates within volcanic magmatic and hydrothermal plumbing systems is characterised by wavelengths that are often comparable to or longer than the source–receiver distance. The effect of such a near-field configuration must be explored when analysing these signals. Herein, we summarise properties of near-field observations for both a single force and moment-tensor seismic sources. We show radiation patterns of the near-, intermediate- and far-field terms for the source types that are most likely candidates for long- (LP) and very-long-period (VLP) volcanic seismicity, including: a single force, compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD), a tensile crack and a pipe-like source. We find that the deviation of the first motion polarisation from the radial direction is significant in all planes except one whose normal is parallel to the symmetry axis (if there is one) of the source mechanism. However, this deviation is less pronounced (or even negligible), when there is a considerable volumetric component in the source (as in the case of a tensile crack or pipe). Our location test shows that the accuracy of locations obtained using the semblance or cross-correlation techniques is very significantly affected by the near-field geometry. This effect is especially pronounced for shallow sources, such as often encountered on volcanoes, and decreases with increasing source depth. Hence, in practical applications on volcanoes, 3D full waveform numerical simulation (including topography and structural heterogeneities) should be used in order to both validate location techniques and as an interpretational aid to reduce misinterpretations of location results.

Theoretical and experimental considerations for interpretation of amide I bands in tissue

The vibrational spectra of molecules contain a wealth of information, if only one can find the key. Our current efforts are directed towards interpretation of spatially resolved IR, Raman and SERS spectra from our various biological and inorganic samples, and computational modeling of the spectra as aids in analysis and interpretation. We have performed hybrid Density Functional Theory/Hartree–Fock calculations with B3LYP/6-31+G(d) on glycine homopeptides with 2–9 amino acid residues formed into straight chain, α-helix and β-sheet arrangements to explore some of the basic features underlying the amide I profile. The calculations give complete normal modes and intensities based on the molecular wavefunction. We discuss the general principles of carbonyl bond alignment and normal mode phase that dominate the calculated profiles. We compare computational results to experimental spectra from brain tissue of the TgCRND8 transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer disease, recorded with synchrotron-source single pixel detector and 10 μm spatial resolution, and with a focal plane array and detector elements of 5.5 μm. Spectra from dense core plaques imaged with both systems sometimes show radically different amide I profiles. While numerical methods can be applied to image the plaques in each case, the results illustrate the continued importance of developing instrument and target-specific parameters.

The Limits of Bargaining Power as an Interpretive Aid

This is a short response to a recent essay by Omri Ben-Shahar (A Bargaining Power Theory of Default Rules, 109 Colum. L. Rev. 396 (2009)). It is part of a broader forthcoming analysis of contract interpretation.Professor Ben-Shahar argues that evidence of bargaining power should inform courts when they fill contractual gaps. I make several observations in response: (1) a significant portion of Ben-Shahar's argument applies not to gaps but to other kinds of contractual questions, and it has less force for gaps; (2) reliable evidence about bargaining power is often unavailable; (3) contracts should not be interpreted, generally speaking, based on an analysis of how parties have divided contractual surplus, because an intent regarding general surplus division does not follow from evidence regarding specific surplus divisions; and (4) even when one party is strong enough to apparently dictate terms, there is no good general reason to allow it to dictate specific terms ex post. In principle, my analysis is not meant to refute Professor Ben-Shahar's general line of reasoning but to suggest that bargaining power, though important theoretically, is unlikely to be useful as an independent interpretive aid in contract law.

Provident decision making by considering dynamic and fuzzy environment for FMS evaluation

When evaluating complexity, cost and risk increase, it is difficult to make a proper decision. In such situations it is necessary to develop a model which simulates a decision maker's mind and consider both a dynamic and a fuzzy environment. In this study future oriented indices are presented which enable us to consider the effect of future changes in the index value during the decision making process. These future oriented indices are named provident indices. Also in this study to effectively integrate these multiple criteria into the decision making process, based on the analysis of the decision situation in such assessments, a suitable concept is selected. This method is based on the preference ranking organisation method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) which brings together flexibility and simplicity for the user and is therefore chosen for the enhancement towards the evaluation of fuzzy data on preferences, scores and weights. The model developed to investigate these impacts cannot perfectly reproduce all the events of the real system, but it can consider a fair number of elements of variability, which should be identified and analysed by considering present conditions and prediction about criteria values in future periods. Such a model may provide solutions with a high degree of robustness and reliability, comparable with those obtained by direct experimentation, but with a low computational cost. The uniqueness of this paper lies in two important areas: first, the incorporation of variability fuzzy and provident measures in the performance of alternatives into the decision making process; and second, is in the application of fuzzy PROMETHEE that provides the decision maker with effective alternative choices by identifying significant differences among alternatives and appropriate choices through considered future periods, and presents graphic aids for better interpretation of results. A comprehensive numerical example of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is provided to illustrate the results of the analysis. In a real-world manufacturing environment, the dynamics of an FMS and its stochastic characteristics require a specific approach for evaluation. This paper specifically focuses on FMSs due to the complexities involved in their proper evaluation that include factors such as high operational and managerial expertise in system implementation phases, high costs and risks. Due to these, evaluation, justification, and implementation of an FMS have been areas of major concern and importance for practitioners and researchers. In this case, various strategic, economic and operational criteria that envelop quantitative, qualitative, tangible, and intangible factors are considered.

The role of tip size and orientation, tip–surface relaxations andsurface impurities in simultaneous AFM and STM studies on theTiO2(110) surface

In this work we investigate some of the key factors in simultaneously recorded scanningtunneling microscopy (STM) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) images of theTiO2(110) surface, particularly the role of tip size and orientation in the obtained contrast pattern,and the importance of tip–surface relaxations and surface impurities in measured currents.We show that, while using multi-channel scanning modes provides an increase inphysical data from a given measurement and greatly aids in interpretation, it alsodemands much greater rigor in simulations to provide a complete comparison.

Chiral Toxicology: It's the Same Thing…Only Different

Chiral substances possess a unique architecture such that, despite sharing identical molecular formulas, atom-to-atom linkages, and bonding distances, they cannot be superimposed. Thus, in the environment of living systems, where specific structure-activity relationships may be required for effect (e.g., enzymes, receptors, transporters, and DNA), the physiochemical and biochemical properties of racemic mixtures and individual stereoisomers can differ significantly. In drug development, enantiomeric selection to maximize clinical effects or mitigate drug toxicity has yielded both success and failure. Further complicating genetic polymorphisms in drug disposition, stereoselective metabolism of chiral compounds can additionally influence pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. Optically pure pharmaceuticals may undergo racemization in vivo, negating single enantiomer benefits or inducing unexpected effects. Appropriate chiral antidotes must be selected for therapeutic benefit and to minimize adverse events. Enantiomers may possess different carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Environmental toxicology provides several examples in which compound bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity show chiral dependence. In forensic toxicology, chiral analysis has been applied to illicit drug preparations and biological specimens, with the potential to assist in determination of cause of death and aid in the correct interpretation of substance abuse and "doping" screens. Adrenergic agonists and antagonist, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, SSRIs, opioids, warfarin, valproate, thalidomide, retinoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, carnitine, penicillamine, leucovorin, glucarpidase, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenylethylamines, and additional compounds will be discussed to illustrate important concepts in "chiral toxicology."

THE SOMATOSENSORY REPRESENTATION OF THE HUMAN CLITORIS: A FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING STUDY

Connectivity modeling in functional neuroimaging has become widely used method of analysis for understanding functional architecture. One method for deriving directed connectivity models is Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME; Gates and Molenaar, 2012). GIMME looks for commonalities across the sample to detect signal from noise and arrive at edges that exist across the majority in the group (“group-level edges”) and individual-level edges. In this way, GIMME obtains generalizable results via the group-level edges while also allowing for between subject heterogeneity in connectivity, moving the field closer to obtaining reliable personalized connectivity maps. In this article, we present a novel extension of GIMME, confirmatory subgrouping GIMME, which estimates subgroup-level edges for a priori known groups (e.g. typically developing controls vs. clinical group). Detecting edges that consistently exist for individuals within predefined subgroups aids in interpretation of the heterogeneity in connectivity maps and allows for subgroup-specific inferences. We describe this algorithm, as well as several methods to examine the results. We present an empirical example that finds similarities and differences in resting state functional connectivity among four groups of children: typically developing controls (TDC), children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), children with Inattentive (ADHD-I) and Combined (ADHD-C) Type ADHD. Findings from this study suggest common involvement of the left Broca's area in all the clinical groups, as well as several unique patterns of functional connectivity specific to a given disorder. Overall, the current approach and proof of principle findings highlight a novel and reliable tool for capturing heterogeneity in complex mental health disorders.

Geochemistry as an aid in archaeological prospection and site interpretation: current issues and research directions

AbstractHuman habitation may significantly affect the chemical soil composition leading to enrichments and depletions of specific chemical elements and the formation of archaeological soils. Prospection and interpretation of sites by means of element analysis of soils requires appropriate and well‐tested geochemical methodologies. In this paper element analysis in archaeological prospection and site interpretation is briefly reviewed and three major unresolved issues are discussed: (i) how to distinguish archaeological chemical signals in soils from modern and geogenic signals; (ii) what role do geochemical processes play in the formation of archaeological soils; (iii) how to implement geochemical methods in archaeological research programmes. These issues are addressed with reference to the geochemical literature on retention and sequestration pathways of presumed anthropogenic elements in soils and analytical procedures. Based on the acquired knowledge, several directions for future research are proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Current and fluctuation in a two-state stochastic system under nonadiabatic periodic perturbation

We calculate a current and its fluctuation in a two-state stochastic system under a periodic perturbation. The system could be interpreted as a channel on a cell surface or a single Michaelis-Menten catalyzing enzyme. It has been shown that the periodic perturbation induces a so-called pump current, and the pump current and its fluctuation are calculated with the aid of the geometrical phase interpretation. We give a simple calculation recipe for the statistics of the current, especially in a nonadiabatic case. The calculation scheme is based on the nonadiabatic geometrical phase interpretation. Using the Floquet theory, the total current and its fluctuation are calculated, and it is revealed that the average of the current shows a stochastic-resonance-like behavior. In contrast, the fluctuation of the current does not show such behavior.

Petrology of the unbrecciated eucrites

Twenty-nine unbrecciated eucrites have been thoroughly characterized in terms of the petrologic factors that affect their spectra, such as mineral chemistry, modal adundances, grain sizes, and textures. We have conducted a combined petrologic and spectral study designed to provide insight into the petrogenesis of the basaltic crust of Vesta and the variety of rock-types that exist within it, as well as aid in the petrologic interpretation of spectra to be collected by the Dawn orbiting spacecraft. This paper details the petrology part of the study. Unbrecciated eucrite samples were selected to avoid the complications of lithologic mixing in the accompanying spectral study. A wide variety of textural types are seen within the basaltic eucrites, encompassing quenched, coarse-grained, and granoblastic samples. Zoned pyroxenes in eucrites and those that preserve a history of initial rapid cooling are rare. Nearly all eucrite samples have been thermally metamorphosed and would commonly be classified as equilibrated; however, this term reflects only the quadrilateral (Mg, Fe, and Ca) compositions of pyroxenes, and considerable variations are seen within the minor elements (Al, Ti, and Cr) in pyroxenes as well as plagioclase compositions. Determination of both pyroxene and plagioclase compositions together with pyroxene geothermometry provides a better estimate for the relative degree of thermal metamorphism a eucrite has experienced. The petrologic differences observed here might allow different eucrites to be distinguished spectrally. This is especially true for the varying pyroxene compositions as the spectra of eucrites are dominated by absorption features attributed to pyroxene.

Defining the Character of the Enabling Clause: Towards a More Beneficial GSP Scheme

The need for an apt delimitation of the Enabling Clause and its applicability to measures covered by Article 1:1 of the GATT cannot be over-emphasized. The efficacy of the entire GSP scheme, which is basically a response to developing countries' agitations for 'special and differential treatment', taking into consideration their 'development, financial and trade needs' depends on it. Thus the strategic role of the Enabling Clause in promoting trade as a means of stimulating economic growth and development in such developing countries makes it imperative that its applicability is not unduly limited under any guise. In characterizing the Enabling Clause, this paper engages in an incisive analysis of the relationship between the Clause and Article 1:1 of the GATT 1994 and the consequential incidences of the burden of proof. It reviews relevant jurisprudence on the subject and with the aid of external interpretative aid and judicial analogy, goes on to demonstrates that the Enabling Clause is not just a mere exception but one that operates to exclude the applicability of Article 1:1 of the GATT from its covered measures, just falling short of being a 'positive right' establishing obligations in its own right.

Radiologic findings following Y90 radioembolization for primary liver malignancies

A therapy gaining rapid clinical adoption involves radioembolization with the use of Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres. The 20-60 microm-sized microspheres are injected trans-arterially and flow to hepatic tumors given their preferential blood supply from the hepatic artery. Once they lodge in the arterioles, they impart a very intense local radiotherapeutic effect. Given the combined radiation and embolic effect, the imaging findings imparted by this mode of action differ significantly from other treatments. This work represents a comprehensive review of the imaging findings following radioembolization in patients with primary liver tumors. The report discusses imaging response, benign secondary effects, and complications. This should help educate the radiologist on imaging findings that should be expected following radioembolization and therefore aid in the proper image interpretation.

Image processing and wavelets transform for sizing of weld defects using ultrasonic TOFD images

Ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) is rapidly gaining prominence as a reliable nondestructive testing technique for weld inspection in steel structures, providing highly accurate positioning and sizing of flaws. A number of signal and image processing tools have been specifically developed for use with TOFD data and adapted to function autonomously without the need for continuous intervention, configuring automatically according to the nature of the data and the data acquisition settings. This paper presents the results of several innovative procedures based on Multiresolution analysis such as wavelet transforms and texture analysis for detecting edges of planar defects. The approach is based on the decomposition by packets of wavelets of the image while taking into account of the underimage content textural after each level of decomposition. The reconstruction of the image is done by eliminating the underimages of poor textural information and at the end the segmented image is got by a binarisation operation done on the image rebuilt histogram. The automation of sizing and positioning of weld flaws in TOFD data as an essential stage of a comprehensive TOFD inspection and interpretation aid is developed and implemented. Key words: Ultrasonic Time-Of-Flight Diffraction., Texture Analysis, Wavelet Transform.

A multi‐sensor study of Cl2 etching of polycrystalline Si

AbstractCl2 chemistries are the basis for etching of polycrystalline Si and other conductive gate materials in Si CMOS integrated circuit fabrication. It is now well‐known that recombination of atomic Cl neutrals on the chamber walls influences the etch rate and thus leads to manufacturing reproducibility problems. In this work, we make use of multiple real‐time measurements to improve the understanding of the physical mechanisms for this effect. In particular, real‐time spectroscopic ellipsometry is used as both a poly‐Si etch rate monitor and as a virtual SiCl4 flow rate sensor. This aids in the quantitative interpretation of the optical emission spectroscopy data. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Ascertaining the Meaning of Legislation - A Question of Context

It has been said that "no word in an Act can be safely interpreted out of its context". Yet, Parliament was sufficiently concerned about the courts' use of external context as an aid to statutory interpretation to decide consciously to omit reference to "context" when enacting section 5(1) of the Interpretation Act 1999. This paper investigates the reasons for Parliament's concern. It examines cases decided before and after the enactment of section 5(1) to establish past and present judicial practice when using external context as an interpretive aid. The paper concludes that the omission of "context from section 5(1) has not altered the courts' principled approach to matters of interpretation, and it demonstrates that consideration of external context is an essential corollary to the purposive approach to statutory interpretation mandated by Parliament for over 100 years.

American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute Technology Assessment on Image-Enhanced Endoscopy

This document presents the official recommendations of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute Technology Assessment on "Image-Enhanced Endoscopy." It was approved by the Clinical Practice and Economics Committee on August 3, 2007, and by the AGA Institute Governing Board September 27, 2007.

Integrating molecular and network biology to decode endocytosis

The strength of network biology lies in its ability to derive cell biological information without a priori mechanistic or molecular knowledge. It is shown here how a careful understanding of a given biological pathway can refine an interactome approach. This permits the elucidation of additional design principles and of spatio-temporal dynamics behind pathways, and aids in experimental design and interpretation.