Agrotechnical Methods Research Articles

Scientific substantiation of agrotechnical methods of cultivation of onions on sandy soils

Relevance. In the “Strategy for Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Dagestan for the Period until 2030,” one of the main tasks of developing an effective agro-industrial complex and ensuring food security is the rational use of agricultural lands, conducting an inventory and bringing unused lands into circulation. The sandy lands of the republic used for transhumance livestock farming; farming is local in nature. The experience of a number of regions of Russia indicates that sandy lands, with proper development and the availability of water resources, can contribute to the development of irrigated agriculture and their involvement in agricultural use.The purpose of the research was to scientifically substantiating onion agricultural techniques on the sandy lands of flat Dagestan, ensuring a profitable harvest based on a drip irrigation system and the use of growth stimulants.Methods. In the conditions of the flat zone of the Republic of Dagestan, in the conditions of the Makhachkala Educational and Experimental Farm OJSC (Open Joint Stock Company), in 2020, a model experiment launched with the Terek-Kuma sands for growing onions at different crop densities, with different layouts of drip lines and droppers and with the use foliar fertilizing with organomineral fertilizer Biostim universal during the growing season. "Educational and Experimental Farm"Results. It has been established that on sandy lands, sparse sowing of onion seeds is most preferable – 425 thousand plants/ha with plants placed every 0.1 m in a row with a drip line placement pattern of 0.3×0.2 m and the use of a growth stimulator Biostim Universal. This combination of studied agro-technical techniques ensures the production of up to 30 t/ha of marketable products. The calculation of economic efficiency showed a profitability of 163%.

EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF GROWING DRIP-IRRIGATED WATERMELON FOR SEEDS ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY

Purpose: To investigate the influence of drip irrigation of watermelon seed plants grown by different technological methods on the seed productivity, yield and sowing qualities. Methods: Field - determination of yield, biometric records and measurements; Laboratory - analyses of seed quality; Mathematical and statistical - ANOVA and statistical processing of data. Results. The optimal time for sowing seeds in drip-irrigated watermelon seed plantations was determined: the beginning of the second 10 days of May. When seeds were sown within the third 10 days of April or May, the yield of watermelon seeds was decreased by 37.8–51.6 kg/ha (16.7–18.5%, first period) and 61.5–69.0 kg/ha (24.3–27.2%, third period). Improved water supply of plants during the growing period due to drip irrigation contributed to an increase in the fruit yield and seed productivity. It was proven that the maximum yields of fruits (41.6 t/ha) and seeds (278.9 kg/ha) were harvested with a 1.4 x 0.35 m sowing scheme, plant density of 20,300 plats/ha, second sowing timeframe, and drip irrigation. The gain in the seed yield compared to the control (10,200 plants/ha) was 29.8 kg/ha (12.0%). It was found that, when watermelon seed plants were drip-irrigated, the yield of seeds was increased by 43.5–73.6 kg/ha (32.8–41.6%) compared to no irrigation variants. When seed plants were sown within the second timeframe according to a 1.4 × 1.05 m sowing scheme, with a smaller number of plants per hectare, the yield of seeds was reduced by 9.2–22.3 kg/ha (9.1%). The highest yield of certified seeds from fruits (91.9–93.8%) was harvested when seeds were sown within in the second timeframe according to any sowing schemes. Discussion. Our obtained are consistent with similar developments of domestic and foreign researchers. The high efficiency of growing watermelon seed plants under drip irrigation was demonstrated. Conclusions. The agrotechnical methods of watermelon seed plant growing, which determine the formation of fruits, their seed productivity, seed yield and quality, were studied. The optimal period for sowing seeds in drip-irrigated seed plantations (second 10 days of May, 1.4 × 0.35 m sowing scheme, and plant density of 20,300 plants/ha) was determined.

Factors increasing productivity of aubergine under seedless cultivation in irrigated conditions of Astrakhan region

Relevance. To increase the yield of aubergine, a number of agrotechnical methods have been studied. In the conditions of the Astrakhan region, one of the methods is the cultivation of aubergine without seedlings, in which it is very important to select varieties adapted to these conditions, suitable for the duration of the growing season. Cultivation of aubergine without seedling method, in comparison with seedling method, allows to exclude material and technical costs for growing seedlings. To increase the productivity of selected varieties, an important agronomic technique is the use of plant growth regulators that increase plant resistance to unfavourable environmental factors and have a stimulating effect on plant growth and development.Material and methodology. In conditions of Astrakhan region on alluvial-meadow, medium-loamy soils with granulometric composition were carried out studies to identify varieties that are best adapted to these natural-climatic conditions and give the highest yields in seedless cultivation. In the second experiment on seedless aubergine the effect of growth regulators on plant productivity was studied using preparations - Melafen, BP, Gibbersib, P, Biodux, Zh, Epin extra, R.Results. On drip irrigation in conditions of Astrakhan region under cultivation by seedless method were studied varietal characteristics of 6 varieties of aubergine with fruits of cylindrical shape, fruit index 4,3-4,4. Among the varieties studied, Almaz and Alekseevsky stood out by the main productivity indicators, forming 6.2-6.6 pieces of fruit per plant with an average weight of 220.7-223.5 g, which provided the formation of yield 42.3-45.8 tonnes/ha. The use of plant growth regulators Melafen, BP and Epin Extra, P on the variety Alexeevsky at the seedless method of cultivation promoted the friendly appearance of shoots, activated growth processes; the number of lateral shoots increased by 1.3-1.5 pieces, the raw above-ground weight of plants was greater by 29.1-34.0 g, the total yield increased by 27.1-34.5%, compared with the control. The varieties most suitable for growing by seedless method and showing the highest yield were identified - Alekseevsky, Almaz. It was found that the use of growth regulators accelerated plant development, increased the height of the main stem and the number of lateral shoots, weight and number of fruits on the plant, which was reflected in plant productivity. Application of growth regulator Epin extra, P allowed to obtain a yield of 52.2 t/ha, which was 34.5% higher than the yield of the control.

The effect of agrotechnical methods on productivity of new winter wheat varieties on ordinary blackearth

The current study was conducted in the pre-Azov agricultural area of the Rostov region in the stationary trial of the FSBSI FRARC in 2020–2023. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of elements of cultivation technology methods, such as methods of basic tillage, seed sowing rates and a level of mineral nutrition on productivity of new winter wheat varieties in the conditions of ordinary blackearth in the Rostov region. The objects of the study were two new winter wheat varieties ‘Bylina Dona’ and ‘Akapella’ developed in the FSBSI FRARC. The scheme of the trial included three factors for each variety. The experiment was repeated three times. When conducting the study, there was used the generally accepted methodology of a field trial. The effect of different rates of mineral fertilizers and seed sowing with different methods of basic tillage affected the grain productivity of new winter wheat varieties. As a result of three-year study, there has been found a positive effect of moldboard plowing and a seeding rate of 5 million pcs./ha against the background of N120Р80К80 kg/ha of active substance for both varieties, which provided the best productivity of 6.66–7.02 t/ha. There has been established a tendency for changes in productivity of new winter wheat varieties under the effect of the studied elements of agricultural technology, for which there have been identified individual factors and calculated the mean productivity independently of the other two factors, taking into account the experimental options for each of them. The largest mean grain productivity of the winter wheat varieties ‘Bylina Dona’ and ‘Akapella’ with 5.77 and 6.05 t/ha, respectively, was provided by the highest level of mineral nutrition, with a norm of N120Р80К80 kg/ha of active substance, which made it possible to improve productivity by 48.3–49.4 % compared to the control without fertilizers. There has been determined an optimal background of mineral nutrition N80Р60К60 kg/ha of active substance, which ensured the maximum feedback of grain due to fertilizers. The variety ‘Akapella’ in all experimental variants produced grain on 4.5–5.1 % higher than that of the variety ‘Bylina Dona’.

The effect of the Fitostemin-WP® biostimulator on yield and quality characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In order to avoid yield and quality reduction of rice, it is essential to provide nutrition rice plants require. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the research area of the Institute of Agriculture - Skopje, Department of Field Crops, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, in Kochani, a rice production region. The experiment was set up to determine the effects of the Fitostemin-WP® biostimulator on some yield and quality properties of an Italian rice variety Opale during the vegetative seasons in 2020 and 2021. Standard agrotechnical methods for crop production were applied. Fitostemin-WP® is an herbal product in the form of powder and it consists of herbal extracts and minerals. It is used for increasing crop yield. The field experiment was arranged in a Zade method with a Fitostemin-WP® treatment and a control one in 3 replications. Only basic fertilizers (350kg/ha NPK and 200kg/ha Urea (46% N)) were applied on the control plot, while the treatment plot, besides basic fertilization, was also treated with Fitostemin-WP® with 100 g/ha dosage once during the vegetation period (tillering stage). The following parameters were examined in this study, namely the biological, grain and straw yield, the number of productive tillers/m2, panicle weight, and milling fractions. Results were analyzed with the ANOVA and LSD test. According to the results from this study, statistically significant differences were not found in these two years of field experiments for the examined parameters. However, the values for the brokens have shown some significant differences between the years, but not between the treatment and the control. This can result from the environmental impact during the vegetative period. More frequent usage of Fitostemin-WP® during the vegetation period of the rice plant may show more significant results.

Оценка приемов формирования урожайности и посевных качеств семян подсолнечника на участке гибридизации и в потомстве F1

The research was conducted in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops in 2022–2023. In 2022, we studied effect of agrotechnical methods of cultivation (fertilizers, chemical plant protection, fertilizers combined with chemical plant protection, and biological plant protection) on a hybridization plot on yield and sowing qualities in F1 seed of a sunflower hybrid Surus. The obtained seeds were divided into three fractions (large, middle, and small) and treated with an insecticide-fungicide composition (Kruizer, EC – 10 l/t + Apron Gold, WE – 3 l/t + Maxim, SC – 5 l/t) before the estimation of their germination (in laboratory and field). The studied cultivation methods, fractions, and seed treatment influenced positively the laboratory and field seed germination of the hybrid Surus, which was equal 94-97 and 88–91%, respectively. Consequently, these methods are effective in sunflower hybrid seed growing to produce seeds with high sowing qualities. In 2023, we studied germination, yield and quality of commercial seeds of the hybrid Surus, using for planting F1 seeds produced on the hybridization plot in 2022. We determined the application of fertilizers both separately or jointly with chemical ways of plant protection as well as usage of treated seeds of large and middle fractions on the hybridization plot provided the highest meanings of field germination of seeds (in average 90%), yield (3.20 t/hа), oil content in seeds (50.4%), and oil yield (1.45 t/hа).

INFLUENCE OF FOLIAGE FEEDING IN PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS

The results of our research made it possible to recommend for production certain agrotechnical methods of sunflower cultivation technology, which, in the conditions of insufficient moisture in the Vinnytsia region, allow obtaining sunflower yields close to the level of the genetic potential of hybrids based on resource conservation and optimization of energy consumption. Additional feeding of growth regulators affected the accumulation of above-ground biomass in sunflowers. The greatest increase in above-ground biomass in comparison with the control group was observed in the year with unfavorable weather conditions. The maximum values of above-ground biomass in sunflower plants were reached at the end of the flowering phase when applying two-time spraying of sunflowers in the phase of 3-4 pairs of leaves and budding and were from 1205 to 1350 grams per one plant, compared to 980 grams per plant in the control version of the experiment. When growing sunflower hybrids LG 50505 and LG 50585, the maximum area of the leaf surface of 4631-4687 cm2 was formed by crops against the background of the use of the Architect restregulator. Growing sunflowers using Kalm's restregulator in the 2023 season led to a decrease in the leaf surface area of plants of both studied hybrids. The yield of sunflower seeds in the control variant was 2,55 tons per hectare, but due to the use of additional fertilizers, the yield increased to 2,61-2,46 tons per hectare, which corresponds to an increase in the range from 8,3 to 39,3%. The maximum level of productivity was achieved under the condition of using Architect at a dose of 1,2 l/ha in the phase of 3-4 pairs of leaves and during budding. The calculation of the economic efficiency of the conducted experimental studies and hybrids showed that the hybrids have a sufficiently high profitability, but the greater increase in net profit was provided by the LG 50505 hybrid.

Influence of cultivation methods on the soil aggregate state in the context of weed development in winter wheat plantations

Weed control in winter wheat crops is an important issue. There is a risk of increasing populations of certain weed species that are resistant to some of herbicides used for winter wheat crops. This could be controlled by a combination of agronomic, mechanical, chemical, and biological methods. After introducing winter wheat into the rotation and improving tillage, the weediness of regular black soils with perennial root and emerged weeds were significantly reduced. The formation of nodal and rudimentary roots had a significant effect on the productivity of winter wheat under different soil moisture conditions. The highest yield of winter wheat was obtained when sown at the optimum time, with higher stem density and ear productivity due to better grain fullness. We studied what effects did the tillage methods have on the aggregate state of the soil in relation to weed development in winter wheat crops, finding that the structural and aggregate composition of the soil played an important role in winter wheat crops, influencing both the development of the crop root system and the water-physical balance of the chernozem, as well as naturally influencing the course of erosion processes in the experimental plots, and having a universal dynamic in terms of adaptation of aggregation and disaggregation processes. Prolonged mechanical stress on soil can cause destruction of its structure. For instance, continuous ploughing or moldboardless tillage with little or no manure application may permanently reduce soil fertility by increasing humus mineralisation. Subsequently, these factors may cause a significant decline in the soil's structural and aggregate composition, resulting in larger amounts of dusty particles smaller than 0.25 mm and cloddy particles larger than 10–12 mm. The soil's structural condition before sowing winter wheat in early September, on average for 2011–2016, indicates increased dispersion of the tilth layer (0–10 cm) in the experimental variants where shallow disc tillage of 10–12 cm was applied. Increase in the number of clods larger than 10 mm in the areas where moldboardless tillage had been applied can be attributed to significant soil drainage. The soil's aggregate state was rated as good, with 8.7% in the 0–10 cm soil layer and 1.7% of clods > 10 mm in the 0–30 cm layer. In 2014–2016, it was rated as satisfactory, with 7.4% and 9.8% of clods > 10 mm, respectively. Shallow disc cultivation resulted in slightly worse indicators: 6.6% and 8.3% of clods > 10 mm in soil layer 0–10 cm and 0–30 cm, respectively, in 2011–2013; and 7.2% and 6.9% of clods > 10 mm, respectively, in 2014–2016. In general, the parameters of optimal structural condition were positive. The tillage method used had a considerable effect on weed growth and development, particularly for those with a root and rhizome structure. It also affected the prevalence and development of pests and diseases in winter wheat. Agrotechnical methods of weed control do not guarantee complete destruction of weeds. Mechanical moldboardless tillage to the depth of 14–16 cm and disc tillage to the depth of 10–12 cm left the fields with 4.1 to 8.8 annual weeds per square meter and 1.3 to 3.3 specimens of harmful root weeds such as Convolvulus arvensis, Lactuca tatarica and Cirsium arvense. Mechanical moldboardless tillage to the depth of 14–16 cm and disc tillage to the depth of 10–12 cm left the fields with 4.1 to 8.8 annual weeds per square meter and 1.3 to 3.3 specimens of harmful root weeds such as Convolvulus arvensis, Lactuca tatarica and Cirsium arvense. Post-harvest residues (4–5 t/ha) can provide almost complete protection against weeds by covering the soil surface. However, pests and diseases may spread more easily due to preservation of fungal spores on the surface of plant residues and preservation of pest larvae in the straw and soil. The distribution of weed seeds in the soil was altered when the rotational tillage of common chernozems in winter wheat cultivation technology had been replaced with energy–saving minimum tillage (shallow flat-cutting disc tillage). This resulted in the concentration of most of the weed seeds (85–90%) in the upper soil layer (0–10 cm).

Bacterial root cancer of cherry in the conditions of the Western part of Azerbaijan

Bacterial root cancer or goiter of the root system is a plant disease with symptoms of proliferation of plant stem or root tissues, caused by the transfer of Ti-plasmids from the virulent bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. into plant cells. The article presents the results of studies of bacterial root cancer of cherries in the conditions of the Ganja-Kazakh geographical zone during 2021—2023. In these years of research, it was found that the disease is widespread in cherry orchards in the western part of the country and severely damages trees. The causative agent of the disease from the soil through wounds and cracks in different parts of the root system penetrates into its cells and the incubation period of the disease begins. It lasts (depending on temperature) 4—7 weeks. The resulting cancer growths do not lead to the rapid death of cherry trees. However, the pathogen suppresses their overall growth, viability and reduces their resistance to fungal and other infections, which leads to a significant decrease in yield, and after a while the energy of the plants is depleted, they gradually dry out and eventually die. The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. has been studied in detail in the laboratory over the years of research. We have developed a system of complex agrotechnical methods for combating bacterial root cancer.

Bacterial root cancer of cherry in the conditions of the Western part of Azerbaijan

Bacterial root cancer or goiter of the root system is a plant disease with symptoms of proliferation of plant stem or root tissues, caused by the transfer of Ti-plasmids from the virulent bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. into plant cells. The article presents the results of studies of bacterial root cancer of cherries in the conditions of the Ganja-Kazakh geographical zone during 2021—2023. In these years of research, it was found that the disease is widespread in cherry orchards in the western part of the country and severely damages trees. The causative agent of the disease from the soil through wounds and cracks in different parts of the root system penetrates into its cells and the incubation period of the disease begins. It lasts (depending on temperature) 4—7 weeks. The resulting cancer growths do not lead to the rapid death of cherry trees. However, the pathogen suppresses their overall growth, viability and reduces their resistance to fungal and other infections, which leads to a significant decrease in yield, and after a while the energy of the plants is depleted, they gradually dry out and eventually die. The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. has been studied in detail in the laboratory over the years of research. We have developed a system of complex agrotechnical methods for combating bacterial root cancer.

Study in a long-term laboratory experiment of the potential susceptibility to mineralization of organic matter in post-agrogenic light gray soils

Relevance. Since 2021, work has begun in Russia to assess the fertility of unused arable land and its involvement in agricultural circulation. Changes in the farming system of post-agrogenic soils can lead to uncontrolled mineralization of newly formed soil organic matter (SOM) under fallow vegetation and significant CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Studies of the nature of SOM accumulation under fallow vegetation and assessment of its potential susceptibility to mineralization are relevant, since they can become the basis for the development of agrotechnical methods for returning unused lands to arable circulation with the maximum preservation of their fertility.Methods. In a long-term laboratory incubation experiment, we studied the dynamics of changes in the intensity of basal (BR) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in postagrogenic soils to assess the potential susceptibility to SOM mineralization with a change in land use. Layered samples (0–10 and 10–20 cm) were used from the old arable horizons of two fallow plots with different humus conditions. The results of the incubation experiment were compared with the results of assessing the quantitative content and qualitative composition of SOM.Results. In the 0–10 cm layer, the respiration rates are higher than in the 10–20 cm layer. The results of the assessment of the respiration intensity are consistent with the assessment of the qualitative composition of SOM. The accumulation of SOM occurs mainly in the upper part of postagrogenic soils due to mobile easily oxidized organic compounds of a fulvic nature. When developing agrotechnical methods for returning fallow lands to arable circulation, it is necessary to focus primarily on basic processing technologies that ensure maximum preservation of potentially easily mineralized material accumulated in the upper layer.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ НА СТАДИИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ СИСТЕМ ЗАЩИТЫ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ОТ НАСЕКОМЫХ-ВРЕДИТЕЛЕЙ

The food program provides for the intensification of all branches of agriculture. The task has been set to increase the yield of grain crops in an amount that fully meets the needs of the population and the processing industry. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of protecting plants from insect pests. The trends in the development of an integrated method of plant protection, contributing to the improvement of environmental safety, are considered. An algorithm for evaluating engineering solutions at the design stage of a system of protective measures using the finite ratio method is considered. The expediency of using an integrated approach to design to increase energy efficiency in agricultural enterprises is proved. Recommendations for the protection of crops from pests and diseases are combined under the general name of a system of measures that include various methods of control - biological, chemical, agrotechnical, mechanical and integrated. Pest and disease control occupies an important place among the measures ensuring the preservation and improvement of crop yields. The success of this work depends on the timely implementation of protective measures in combination with preventive and agrotechnical methods of plant care. There are several basic methods of carrying out protective measures in the plant protection system: biological method, chemical method, agrotechnical method, mechanical method, integrated method. Currently, prerequisites have been created for the creation of autonomous monitoring devices due to the appearance of new light sources on the domestic market – LEDs, the main advantages of which are: low power consumption, high luminous efficiency, long service life, high mechanical strength, reliability and safety.

Changes in soil properties of differently aged abandoned lands and agrotechnical methods for the land development

The purpose of the study. Assessment of changes in the agrochemical status of soils of abandoned lands at different stages of spontaneous revegetation in the south-east of West Siberia and the development of technologies for such lands development. Location and time of the study. The research was carried out in 2014–2022 in the subtaiga and forest-steppe zones of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, confined to the Achinsk-Bogotolsky (Tyukhtetsky district, Zarechenskoye experimental field, sod-podzolic and gray forest soils) and Nazarovsky (Sharypovsky district, gray forest soils) natural areas. Methods. The age of the abandoned lands was modeled by sequentially removing arable land from the agricultural use. In studies on the humus transformation in the abandoned lands a comparative analysis of soil analogues of the abandoned and arable areas was used at the following study sites: 1) long-term arable land; 2) land abandoned for 8 and 10 years. Field experiment was carried at Zarechensky Experimental Station on abandoned lands aged 3 and 10 years during the first four years after the land was put once again in the agricultural use, cropped for wheat, oats or rye. Humus, mobile soil P and K, pH and the sum of exchangeable bases were measured in soil samples collected from the ploughed layer. The primary soil tillage consisted of ploughing in spring, followed by removing woody plants and two cultivations prior to sowing rye. Prior to sowing spring wheat and oats the soil was ploughed, cultivated an harrowed; herbicides were not used. Results. The content of humus in the sod-podzolic soil of the abandoned land increased 1,6 times over 10 years, and mobile humus substances increased 2,2 times compared with the arable soil. The newly formed humic substances were mainly of the fulvate-humate type. In the gray forest soil in the forest-steppe, the humus content in the 8-year-old abandoned land 1,2 times mainly due to humic acids. The greatest increase in humic substances was observed in the sod-podzolic soils of the abandoned lands in the subtaiga zone, followed in the descending order by the gray forest soil of the subtaiga and the gray forest soil of the forest steppe. In sod-podzolic soils the content of humus, available forms of phosphorus and potassium, as well as soil acidic/alkaline properties did not change significantly over 3 and 10 years of land abandonement. In the lands abandoned for long terms, i.e. for 15 and 25 years, the humus content increased by 33 and 55%, whereas K2O increased by 57 and 70%, the amount of exchange bases by 28 and 54%, respectively. The soil acidity and the mobile phosphorus content did not change. At the 10-year-old abandoned site the proportion of agronomically valuable fractions of soil aggregates increased by 10–15%. Compared with the arable soil, the amount of easily decomposable organic matter in soils of abandoned lands increased by 59%, or 2,5 times. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers applied on 3- and 10-years-old abandoned lands increased the winter rye yield by 23% jn average. Spring nitrogen fertilization increased the yield by 20% and 17% more according to the longevity of abandonement. Wheat and oats yields were almost similar on abandoned lands of different ages in all variants of the experiment. Spring crops response to the application of nitrogen fertilizers was stronger. Conclusion. Abandonment of lands occupied with sod-podzolic soils in the subtaiga zone and gray forest soils in the forest-steppe resulted in a positive humus budget, which depends on the soils genesis. The largest annual increase in humic substances content was observed in sod-podzolic soils, followed in decreasing order by the gray forest soils of the subtaiga and forest steppe. In the mid-term (10–15 years) and long-term (more than 15 years) abandoned lands the soil agrophysical and agrochemical properties were improving. An area abandoned for 3–10 years can be prepared for sowing winter rye in one field season. The application of mineral fertilizers on the abandoned lands once again ploughed for agricultural use can increases the grain yields by an average of 70–100%, nitrogen fertilizers being of crucial importance. The best option for the conservation of abandoned lands occupied by acidic soils (especially in locations remote from settlements) is to stablish meadows of perennial grasses and herbs. Such lands will serve as a reliable source of feed, a place for the livestock grazing and a promising object for biological agriculture.

АГРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ МЕРЫ БОРЬБЫ С ЗАСОРЕННОСТЬЮ ПОСЕВОВ ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ В ОРОШАЕМОМ АГРОЦЕНОЗЕ

Purpose: to study methods to control weed infestation of crops by resource-saving methods of soil tillage, ensuring improvement of the phytosanitary condition of the irrigated agrocenosis. Materials and methods. The test scheme included studying the impact of moldboard plowing at different depths, flat-cut and surface primary tillage on weed infestation of crops. The features of agrotechnical methods in weed control were studied on experimental plots in Saratov region in 2021–2023. The experimental methodology is generally accepted. Results. The influence of different methods of primary tillage on weed infestation of agricultural crops in the crop rotation link under irrigation is considered. It is revealed that with the use of pre-sowing tillage and inter-row tillage during the crop vegetation period, a significant decrease in weed infestation of lands for the next crop is noted. For the first crop of the link – Sudan grass – the highest weed infestation was noted in the variant of minimum cultivation at 8–10 cm, the number of weeds was 26.0 pcs./sq. m. During the vegetation period, due to the high density of standing, the weed infestation of crops before harvesting decreased in all variants of the experiment. On the second crop of the link – spring wheat – and the third crop – soybean – the weed infestation varied insignificantly in all variants of the experiment. Weed control provided the biological yield of green mass of Sudan grass of 32.7–37.5 t/ha, spring wheat grain – 3.30–3.59 t/ha, soybean – 4.09–4.35 t/ha according to the variants of the experiment. No significant difference in the impact of the method of primary tillage on crop yield was revealed. Conclusions. Using the example of soybeans, Sudan grass and spring wheat, it has been proven that during their cultivation, using ploughing with furrow slice upside-down in the fall in combination with pre-sowing tillage and inter-row tillage during the crop vegetation is effective.

Agrotechnical methods of increasing the realization of the genetic potential of buckwheat varieties for the conditions of the North Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Agrotechnical methods of increasing the realization of the genetic potential of buckwheat varieties for the conditions of the North Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВНЕСЕННЯ КАРБАМІД-АМІАЧНОЇ СУМІШІ АПЛІКАТОРОМ «DRAGON» ПРИ ВИРОЩУВАННІ ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ

The purpose of this research is determination of the effect of various methods of application of KAS by the DRAGON applicator from “ROPA-Ukraine” on the agrophysical and agrochemical parameters of the soil under crops during the growing season of winter wheat, the formation of biometric indicators and indicators of the yield structure and productivity of agrophytocenosis plants. Materials and Methods. Field studies on the application of KAS by the DRAGON applicator were conducted in the fields of the «Ploskivske» STOV farm, village Ploske, Bilotserkiv district, Kyiv region, on winter wheat crops and were accompanied by laboratory analyses and field observations. Statistical processing of accounting data was carried out by the method of variance analysis. The scheme of the experiment provided for the introduction of liquid KAS mineral fertilizers with the DRAGON applicator on the surface of the soil (plants) and into the soil with the help of injectors. Observations analyses and accounts accompanied experiments. To determine the structure of the crop, sample sheaves were selected. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of applying a specific agrotechnical method were based on the results of comparing the values of the evaluation criteria obtained in the experiment with the values of the control variant. Results showed that application of fertilizers affects the supply of plants with available nutrients and is an effective means of increasing the productivity of field crops, including winter wheat. According to the results of the analysis of soil samples throughout the growing season of winter wheat, the content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil was high and very high in all variants of the experiment. Before the onset of winter, the compaction density, depending on the variant of the experiments and the soil layer, was from 0.94 to 1.30 g/cm2. At the time of vegetation recovery, the density of the 0-40 cm soil layer was within 0.82-1.36 g/cm3. The maximum compaction density – 1.36 g/cm3 – was in the version of feeding by injection. At the same time, its indicators did not go beyond the optimal parameters. The difference between the number of plants per unit area, before reaching the phase of full ripeness on variants with different methods of KAS, was 9.5%: with injection application of fertilizers, the density of standing plants was 4.949 million pcs./ha, for surface – 5.420 million units/ha. The biological yield of winter wheat grain on the control option, where fertilization was not applied, was 75.7 c/ha. Fertilization of KAS crops contributed to an increase in yield by 6.7-13.6 t/ha. Conclusions. The use of the DRAGON - 6000 applicator manufactured by ROPA Ukraine LLC when applying KAS contributes to the retention of productive moisture, loosening of the soil, the rate of accumulation of above-ground mass, graininess of ears, the formation of better agrochemical and biometric indicators of the soil under crops during the growing season of winter wheat, the formation of better biometric indicators and indicators of the yield structure and productivity of agrophytocenosis plants. Keywords: Applicator, injector, fertilizers, fertilizer application method, urea-ammonia mixture, productive moisture, soil compaction, biological yield, yield structure.

Effect of Paracetamol Biodegradation Products Quantitative Indicators of the Anatomical Structure of the Lily of the Valley Leaf (<i>Convallaria majalis</i> L.)

Introduction. Due to the global pharmaceutical pollution of water bodies in many countries, there is currently an increasing interest of researchers in finding effective, including microbiological, ways of processing pharmaceutical waste to obtain new useful products based on them. The results of previous studies have shown that the product of bacterial destruction of paracetamol exhibits pronounced stimulating properties in relation to medicinal plants of the aster, linseed, clear-flowered, plantain, etc. families. There is no information about the effect of this product on plants of the liliaceae family.Aim. To investigate the effect of the paracetamol biodegradation product on the quantitative indicators of the anatomical structure of the lily of the valley leaf – Convallaria majalis L., fam. Liliaceae.Materials and methods. The experiments were laid in the Kirov region (2021, 2022) in accordance with the Guidelines for Conducting Registration Tests of Growth Regulators (2016). The scheme of the experiment: the control area – natural watering with water; the test area – watering with the product of biodegradation of paracetamol obtained on the basis of the laboratory of alkanotrophic microorganisms of the PFRC UB RAS (Perm); the reference area – watering with the growth stimulator "Zircon" (NRPP "NEST M", Russia). Quantitative parameters of the anatomical structure of the lily of the valley leaf were evaluated by the linear dimensions of the epidermis, elements of the conducting system and mesophyll. Viewing, photographing and processing of photographs was carried out using a microscope Motic (Motic Deutschland GmbH, Germany) in the program Motic Image 2000. Mathematical processing of experimental data was carried out by the method of variance analysis using Excel 2019, STATISTICA 12.6, STATGRAPHICS Plus 5.1 programs.Results and discussion. Anatomical examination showed an increase in the size of the cells of the upper and lower epidermis of the lily of the valley leaf in the designated growing seasons on the accounting sites treated with a product of the biodegradation of paracetamol and a standard ("Zircon") in comparison with the control (water). When using the biodegradation product of paracetamol, an increase in the thickness of the mesophyll by 10–16 % and the number of layers by 14–30 % was recorded. When using the growth stimulator "Zircon", the thickness of the mesophyll and the number of its layers increased by 3–6 % and 8–15 %, respectively. The increase in the thickness of the phloem and xylem of the conductive beam when treated with the paracetamol biodegradation product was 20–30 % greater than in the control, and 2 times greater than when treated with the growth stimulator "Zircon".Conclusion. The product of the biodegradation of paracetamol in different years of use, regardless of environmental factors, shows a pronounced stimulating effect on the lily of the valley of the May, significantly increasing the quantitative indicators of the anatomical structure of the leaf compared with the growth stimulator "Zircon" and control (water). The obtained data can be used in medicinal plant growing in the development of agrotechnical methods for growing raw materials of the lily of the valley of the May, as well as in the formation of a dossier when registering this product as a new plant growth stimulator.

О ризосфере полевых культур и факторах, влияющих на динамику ее микробиоты (обзор)

There is presented a review of literary sources, which disclosed an importance of rhizosphere being a certain biological buffer regulating interrelations between higher plants and soil and inhabiting soil microorganisms. The main factors influencing indicators of activity of rhizosphere microbiota possessing a complex of useful qualities for plants (converting of nutrient into accessible forms, decomposition of organic materials, increase of resistance to abiotic factors, stimulating a growth, antagonism to phytopathogens, etc.) are considered. The violations of interrelations be-tween plants and their associative microorganisms caused by different factors, including the regulating by human ones – such as cultivation technologies, are able to decrease yield potential of agricultural crops including sunflower. The analytical review certifies the prospects to conduct researches allows determining an impact of agrotechnical methods (sowing dates, seed sowing rates, fertilizer, and chemical and biological plant protection) on changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of microbiota in sunflower rhizosphere and to determine their influ-ence on yield and quality of products.

Change of sugar beet technological quality and productivity as a result of vegetating plants treatment with fungicides

Studies were carried out for the purpose of determining of an effective consumption rate and application sequence of Abacus Ultra (suspension emulsion), and Pictor Active (concentrate of suspension) fungicides for sugar beet vegetating plants as well as revealing of changes in morphological and technological indexes and the crop productivity as a result of these chemicals’ combination influence. The work was conducted in a grain--arable crop rotation of Voronezh region in 2020-2021. RMS 127, a domestic sugar beet hybrid, was an object of the investigations. The experiment scheme supposed studying of the following variants including control and four schemes of plant protection from leaf diseases with the help of BASF Limited Liability Company fungicides: I) first treatment with the chemical of Abacus Ultra using the consumption rate of 1.25 l/ha and, in 20 days, second treatment with Pictor Active using the consumption rate of 0.6 l/ha; II) first treatment with Abakus Ultra (1.25 l/ha) and second treatment with Pictor Active (0.8 l/ha); III) first treatment with Pictor Active (0.6 l/ha) and second treatment with Abakus Ultra (1.25 l/ha); and IV) first treatment with Pictor Active (0.8 l/ha) and second treatment with Abakus Ultra (1.25 l/ha). Effectiveness of the sugar beet protection scheme II was ascertained. This agrotechnical method has a positive effect on physiological processes in a plant, and effectively depresses growth of fungi - powdery mildew disease agents that promotes increase of photosynthesis productivity coefficient by 41.2 %, obtaining of 8.3 t/ha yield addition, and 3.2-time reduction of beet roots with pathologies in number. Also, it increases predicted sugar output by 0.84 %, improving its extraction ability during processing at the same time, and refined sugar yield per a hectare of the crop by 24.1 %.

Technological aspects of growing Juglans nigra (L.) with closed root system for agroforestry in arid regions

Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) as a multipurpose durable species has found application in agroforestry in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The deficit of J. nigra planting material is a limiting factor in increasing the area under this crop in agroforestry in arid regions. There is no or fragmentary information on the technology of cassette cultivation of black walnut in the closed ground. Juglans nigra (L.) is a large tree and favorably differs from other representatives of the genus Juglans (L.) by its longevity and ornamental character. The experiment on seed propagation was conducted at the nursery of the Nizhnevolzhskaya station, Volgograd region, Russia on selection of woody species from May 2022 to September 2023 in closed ground conditions. The optimal dates of harvesting (October) and sowing (2nd decade of May) for the southern subjects of Russia were proposed. Observance of technological aspects provides ground germination by July up to 75%, which is 6% higher. The developed regulation of agrotechnical methods (collection, storage of nuts, sowing, watering, fertilization, etc.) provides production of standard planting material (200 seedlings/m2) for one growing season.