Scientific substantiation of agrotechnical methods of cultivation of onions on sandy soils

This article examines the problem of changing the designated purpose of agricultural land in the context of a modern market economy. The author draws attention to the priority of agricultural land use established by law and the importance of efficient use of these resources for the development of other sectors of the economy and in accordance with the needs of the population. The study examines the factors that influence the decision to change the designated purpose of land and discusses the possible consequences of such changes for agricultural production and environmental sustainability. The subject of this research is an analysis of the problem of changing the designated purpose of agricultural land in the current conditions of a market economy. The research methodology includes an analysis of current legislation, a study of the practice of applying its provisions, as well as a review of current research and statistics in the field of agriculture and land relations. The purpose of the article is to reveal the importance of the priority of agricultural land use and the need for efficient use of these resources in a market economy. The study shows that changing the designated purpose of agricultural land can have a significant impact on the economy, environment and social sphere. It is shown that, despite the need for other uses of some land plots, the priority of agricultural land use is a key factor in ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development. Based on the analysis of research, the author concludes that it is necessary to implement comprehensive measures for the conservation and rational use of agricultural land. The proposed strategies include the development of effective legislation, promotion of alternative forms of agricultural production, such as organic agriculture, as well as control over compliance with land legislation and the introduction of tools for monitoring changes in land designation. The article examines the list of principles of land management, including the principles of sustainable use, rational use, environmental safety and others. The author emphasises the importance of taking these principles into account when making decisions on planning and use of agricultural land in order to ensure sustainable development of the agricultural sector and preservation of the environment. The study found that economic, environmental and social aspects are important among the principles that influence changes in the designated purpose of agricultural land. Economic principles include the value of land, its efficient use and market competitiveness. Environmental principles focus on the preservation of soil, water resources and biodiversity. Social principles take into account the interests of the local population, ensuring food security and even development of territories. The conclusion of the study emphasises the need to take these principles into account when developing strategies for land use, sustainable agricultural development and the conservation of natural resources. In addition, it is important to develop land management mechanisms based on the principles of economic efficiency, environmental sustainability and social responsibility. Such an approach states the need for a balanced approach to changing the designated purpose of land, taking into account the interests of the agricultural sector, the needs of the population and environmental requirements. This approach will help to ensure sustainable development of the agricultural sector and efficient use of land resources in the current economic and environmental challenges.

Introduction. Land resources are a unique natural resource that is territorially limited. The specifics of land use have a significant impact on not only the socio-economic, political, demographic situation, but also environmental and qualitative indicators, and geographical location of land. World experience proves that the rational and efficient use of land resources contributes to the economic development of countries. The purpose of the article is to study the existing mechanisms of economic incentives for the rational use of agricultural land in Ukraine and provide suggestions for their improvement. Results. The largest in area are agricultural lands, the priority of which is emphasized in the Land Code of Ukraine. Therefore, the issue of increasing economic incentives for the rational use of agricultural land in Ukraine does not lose its relevance. According to the results of the research, the economic stimulation directions of rational use of agricultural lands in Ukraine are revealed, which will allow increasing the volume of nature protection measures, and will promote further rational use of land resources. The results of the study prove the relevance of improving approaches and mechanisms to economic incentives for rational use and protection of land, the search for new areas of economic incentives for rational use of agricultural land in Ukraine. One of such effective directions is full-fledged involvement of landowners and land users in the processes that ensure the preservation of land, restoration and improvement of their condition. Conclusion. Attracting funds from individuals and legal entities will increase the volume of measures to combat the manifestations of negative processes and increase the level of responsibility of landowners and land users for economical land use. Taking into account the level of implementation of environmental protection measures, including relevant investments, during the introduction of the preferential taxation system, will encourage landowners and land users to rationally use land resources and improve their quality. It should be noted that this mechanism will be effective under certain conditions. Keywords: economic incentives; land resources; land protection; tax benefits; rational use.

در این تحقیق عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد ذرت دانه ای رقم SC 704، تحت مقادیر مختلف میزان آب آبیاری در سیستم آبیاری قطره ای (تیپ)، در کشت یک و دو ردیفه در تراکم های بوته متفاوت مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. آزمایش به صورت کرت‌های نواری خرد شده (اسپلیت پلات) بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در منطقه قزوین به اجرا در ‌آمد. در کرت‌های عمودی چهار تیمار آبیاری شامل سه سطح آبیاری قطره ای به‌صورت 80، 100 و 120 درصد نیاز آبی و یک تیمار شاهد (آبیاری سطحی با اعمال 100 درصد نیاز آبی) و در کرت‌های افقی تیمارهای آرایش کاشت به‌ صورت کشت یک و دو ردیفه، و تراکم بوته در سه سطح 75، 90 و 105 هزار بوته در هکتار قرار گرفتند. پس از برداشت محصول، عملکرد دانه، تعداد ردیف در بلال، تعداد دانه در ردیف بلال، تعداد دانه در بلال و وزن هزار دانه اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج تجزیه آماری نشان داد که عملکرد دانه از بین تیمارهای مورد بررسی، فقط تحت تاثیر تیمار آرایش کاشت قرار گرفت و کاشت یک ردیفه بر دو ردیفه برتری نشان داد. با توجه به مقایسات میانگین انجام شده و مقادیر کارآیی مصرف آب آبیاری در هر کدام از تیمارها، کاشت یک ردیفه با تراکم 90000 بوته در هکتار، تحت آبیاری قطره ای در سطح 80 درصد نیاز آبی و در صورت عدم محدودیت آب سطح آبیاری 120 درصد نیاز آبی، مناسب تشخیص داده شدند.

The use of Remote Sensing methods and GIS technology which allow determining the dynamics and features of the rational use of agricultural land is competent. Up to now, there is no complete understanding of the assessment of the current state of unused agricultural land. It is important to monitor the effective use of arable land by farmers, which means timely sowing and rest of the soil. The degree of the rational use and non-use of agricultural land in the case of the Akmola region based on remote sensing data and satellite observations using GIS technology was determined and analyzed. Using the tool “Zonal Statistics”, the maximum, minimum, and average NDVI values of each field were calculated. The rich agricultural potential of the Egindykol region has a great ability to ensure the food security of the Republic of Kazakhstan, constantly improving the rational use of agricultural land.

Investigating and evaluating the quantity and spatial distribution of arable sandy land in arid and semiarid sandy areas is of great significance for the sustainable development and utilization of sandy land resources and the maintenance of the stability of the structure and function of regional ecosystems. Based on the characteristics of sandy soil, being without structure and susceptible to wind erosion, this study used the limiting factor exclusion method to investigate and evaluate arable sandy land in arid and semiarid areas. All sandy soils were taken as the evaluation objects of arable sandy land (including visible sandy land and invisible sandy land). On the basis of following the principle of ecological protection, the evaluation indicators and limiting factor exclusion evaluation methods of arable sandy land were determined. The results of Hangjin Banner are as follows: the total area of the visible sandy land and the recessive sandy land was 1.2 × 106 hm2; the visible sandy land accounted for 42.6%, and the invisible sandy land accounted for 57.5%. However, only 7.7% of the sandy land was suitable for farming, which is the current cultivated land of bare sand and sandy soil, extremely-low-coverage grassland, inland tidal flats, and other saline-alkali land. Even if these arable sandy lands are to be used sustainably after reclamation, reasonable ecological protection, irrigation engineering measures, and field protective farming measures must be taken. It is hoped that this study can provide a valuable reference for the sustainable development and utilization of arable sandy land and desertification control in arid and semiarid areas.

The study substantiates that land resources are a strategic resource, the socio-economic development of society depends on the rationality and efficiency of their use. The economic content of the concept of «land relations» is generalized and it is revealed that they are a component of social relations, arise in the process of interaction of society with natural resources and regulate the norms of behavior of business entities of the agricultural sector of the economy within the framework of land legislation. The basis of land relations is the category of land ownership, therefore changes and development of organizational and legal forms of land ownership are perhaps the most important condition. It is worth noting that land relations in agriculture are part of production relations and can be both stimulating and restraining factors for the rational use of agricultural land and high-tech land use. It was found that land legislation in Ukraine remains fragmentary and often inconsistent between all regulatory acts, and changes to individual regulations and legal mechanisms cause risks for investors and landowners, which creates legal uncertainty and complicates the implementation of the efficiency of land resources use. High-tech land use is a direction of modern agrarian development aimed at increasing the efficiency of agriculture, preserving natural resources and ensuring food security. Systematizing the problems and directions of development of land relations and high-tech land use, it was highlighted that the main priority remains the implementation of the social function of land ownership and land use, which ensures the most efficient land use of land plots for their intended purpose. Thus, the main guidelines of land policy are the stability and effectiveness of the functioning of the system of land relations and agricultural land use, aimed at ensuring the country's food security and increasing the well-being of the population. The development of land relations and high-tech land use should be based on maximum consideration of natural, economic and social conditions and environmental requirements for preserving the environment, protecting land resources and restoring their fertility, increasing the productivity of the land fund, as well as limiting the negative impact of economic activity on flora and fauna, etc.

Introduction. Science and practice are faced with the need for a balanced revision of ideological, theoretical and methodological foundations of agricultural land use. The formation of a new philosophy and methodology of sustainable agricultural land use in Ukraine opens the possibility of applying its results not only for effective regulation of land relations, but also the organization of protection and rational use of land, definition and justification of economic and organizational measures to restore their productivity. Sustainable agricultural land use requires taking into account economic, environmental and social factors that significantly affect the condition of land, their productivity, and at the same time the efficiency of agricultural formations. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main aspects of sustainable development in the field of agriculture in the formation of sustainable land use, to clarify promising areas for economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The article is devoted to the definition of the basic principles, system of indicators on which the conceptual bases of formation of agricultural land use through the prism of sustainable development are based. Problems and modern tendencies of development of agricultural land use in the conditions of land reform are revealed. The complexity and versatility of sustainable agricultural land use necessitates systemic and process-functional approaches to its formation. The basic scientific principles, concepts and the proposed system of indicators that reflect the functioning of land use - give a systematic idea of the formation of sustainable agricultural land use. The functioning of sustainable agricultural land use will not only increase soil fertility, rational land use and positive impact on the environment, but also allow to obtain environmentally friendly products, the need for which is due to negative socio-demographic processes. Key words: sustainable development, agricultural land use, aspects of sustainability, rational use.

Purpose. The aim of the article is determining the conditions of rational use of agricultural land conditions and substantiation of measures to optimize the distribution and rational use of agricultural land. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods are used to achieve this goal: the dialectical method of scientific knowledge – to consider the essence of the rational use of land and its protection; synthesis – to clarify the relationship between the subjects of land relations; analysis – to assess the constituent elements of agricultural land; graphic – for visual display of the obtained results; abstract and logical method – for the formation of conclusions and research proposals. Findings. The state and rational use of land in the region and the state are studied. The structure of agricultural lands in Ivano-Frankivsk region and Ukraine is analysed. The main ecological and economic aspects of land tenure and land use in agriculture are described, including changes in land relations. The main reasons that caused the negative trends of rational use and protection of land in agriculture are identified. Measures have been developed for the rational use of land in the economic activity of land and its protection. Originality. Approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “rational use of land” are systematized and generalized. Measures on rational use of agricultural lands in economic activity are offered, namely: creation and realization of innovative scientific and technical programs in the field of rational use of lands and their protection; improving the regulatory framework in the field of land relations; development of a mechanism for financing programs; introduction of environmentally friendly ways of agricultural production, etc. Practical value. The expediency of studying and forming the conditions of rational use of agricultural lands is proved. The results of the study can be used by agricultural enterprises in conducting business activities. Key words: agricultural lands, rational use of lands, land protection, land tenure, land use, land fund, agricultural enterprises.

The article presents the results of the study of land use in the branches of fruit and vegetable growing. The purpose of writing the article is to analyze the current state of agricultural land use and establish the reasons for their inefficient use in the southern region of the country. There was carried out the analysis of the structure of land use in fruit growing by categories of farms in the context of the regions of South Kazakhstan, and was determined the estimated level of efficiency of fruit and vegetable growing by indicators of gross and marketable products. The method of intensive technology for fruit growing in Yenbekshikazakh district of Almaty region is considered, as well as the advantages of innovative technology, especially drip irrigation system. The structure of sown areas under agricultural crops is also analyzed. On the basis of the analysis the ways of optimal use of land resources, including a greater emphasis on the effective use of agricultural land are proposed. For the rational use of agricultural land, it is necessary to comply with all requirements, such as agro-technical, technological, structural and organizational. Today, in the cultivation of crops, crop rotations are not observed, organic and mineral fertilizers are not applied, which leads to soil degradation and reduction of their yields. There is secondary salinization of soils in the Southern regions, many lands are exposed to water and wind erosion. In this region, modern methods of control, such as space monitoring, are being introduced to control the use of agricultural land, which will allow timely identification and withdrawal of inefficiently used land from economic entities.

Aeolian sandy soil and loess soil of the Mu Us Sandy Land are used as the research material in this study to investigate the effect of soil compounding on the improvement of aeolian sandy soil and to provide a feasible approach for sand prevention and sand control. In particular, loess soils were compounded at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by volume percentage of the compounded soils. The improvement benefits of compounded soils on their textural properties, water-holding capacity, and fertilizer-retention capacity at different blending ratios were evaluated. The results showed that following the compounding of aeolian sandy and loess soils, with the increase of the loess proportion, the texture type of the compounded soil transforms from sandy soil to loamy sandy soil to sandy loam to loamy soil to powdery loam. Moreover, granular gradation was observed, the bulk density gradually decreased, the capillary porosity gradually increased, and the performance of water- and fertilizer-holding properties gradually increased and strengthened. The spatial variability of compounded soil bulk density, capillary porosity, and the water-holding and fertilizer-retention properties was almost entirely controlled by the proportion of loess soil. A theoretical basis is provided in this study for aeolian sandy soil improvement in the Mu Us Sandy Land that can be extended to similar areas, providing a feasible sand management approach.

The Federal Law "On Land Management" No. 78-FZ dated June 18, 2001, established the mandatory conduct of land management in cases where lands are identified as subject to water and wind erosion, secondary salinization, desiccation, compaction, pollution by production waste, chemical substances, and other negative impacts, which are widespread in the use of agricultural lands. However, in no region except for the Belgorod Oblast is this legally established mandatory land management, involving the establishment of agricultural regulations for environmentally permissible (safe) use of agricultural land, being implemented. The protection of lands, in accordance with the Land Code of the Russian Federation, is an activity aimed at preserving the land as a crucial component of the environment and a natural resource. This is a responsibility not only of legal entities and individuals but also of state authorities and local self-government bodies, yet it is entirely absent. It is well known that it is better to prevent a disease than to treat it. It is necessary to develop a regulatory legal act of the Russian Federation on the preparation, as part of mandatory land management procedures, of an agricultural regulation for the rational use of agricultural land. The use of lands by agricultural organizations and peasant (farmer) households should be prohibited in the absence of such a regulation, similar to the provision established by the Forest Code of the Russian Federation regarding the use of forest areas—entities granted forest plots for permanent (perpetual) use or lease are required to develop a forest development plan, which includes measures for the protection, defense, and reproduction of forests, ensuring their rational, continuous, and sustainable use, with an annual submission of a forest declaration to local self-government bodies or state authorities on forest use in accordance with the forest development plan. "In Russia, significant areas of agricultural land are subject to various types of degradation, primarily in key chernozem regions. The reasons include irrational crop rotations, insufficient and unbalanced application of fertilizers, and the use of outdated heavy machinery. For instance, the annual removal of nutrients from the soil due to agricultural activities is three times higher than their return through applied mineral and organic fertilizers" (Forecast of Scientific and Technological Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia No. 3 dated January 12, 2017). "An analysis of the results of monitoring organic matter (humus) in the soil—the main indicator determining soil fertility—in 2018 shows that in the Russian Federation, out of the surveyed 99.7 million hectares, weakly humified soils predominate (37.0 million ha). Soils with humus content below the minimum constitute 25.0 million ha, moderately humified soils account for 26.3 million ha, while the share of highly humified soils does not exceed 11.4 million ha" (Report of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia "On the Condition and Use of Agricultural Land in the Russian Federation in 2018"). The article contains proposals for ensuring conscientious attitudes of agricultural organizations and peasant (farmer) households towards land resources, civilized behavior of legal entities and individuals in the use of agricultural lands, and for the operations of enterprises and expeditions involved in land management and rational use of land resources.

Compounding Pisha sandstone (PSS) with sandy soil in Mu Us Sandy Land is a viable agronomical measure to effectively reduce soil erosion and improve soil quality due to the complementary characters and structures of the two materials. Aggregate stability is an important indicator to assess sandy soil erosion resistance and quality, which could be largely affected by soil surface electrochemical properties and particle interaction forces. However, the effect of the compound ratio and particle interaction forces on the aggregate stability of compound soils with Pisha sandstone and sandy soil is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, the electrochemical properties, particle interaction forces, and their effects on the aggregate stability of PSS and sandy soil at five volume ratios (0:1, 1:5, 1:2, 1:1, and 1:0) were determined to clarify the internal force mechanism of PSS to increase sandy soil structural stability in a 10-year field experiment. Experiments were measured by a combined method for the determination of surface properties and aggregate water stability. A ten-year field study revealed that the incorporation of Pisha sandstone significantly enhanced the soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) (p < 0.05), while the CEC value notably increased from 4.68 to 13.76 cmol·kg−1 (p < 0.05). The soil surface potential (absolute value) and the electric field intensity gradually decreased with the increase in the Pisha sandstone content. For the compound soil particle interaction force, the addition of Pisha sandstone enhanced the van der Waals attraction force, reduced the net repulsive force between compound soil particles, and promoted the agglomeration of aeolian sandy soil. The overall trend of the aggregate breaking strength of compound soils under different addition ratios of PSS was 1:0 > 1:1 > 0:1 > 1:5 > 1:2. When the Pisha sandstone content in the compound soils was <50%, the aggregate stability was mainly influenced by compound soil particle interaction forces, and the interaction force increase was the key reason for the aggregate breakdown. When the Pisha sandstone content in the compound soils was ≥50%, the aggregate stability was affected by the combined effects of the compound soil particle composition and particle interaction forces. These results indicate that PSS addition ratios and particle interaction force are important factors affecting the structural stability of compound soils, in which the volume ratio of PSS to sandy soil of 1:2 is the appropriate ratio. Our study provides some theoretical references for further understanding of the compound soil structure improvement and sandy soil erosion control in Mu Us Sandy Land.

Purpose. The aim of the article is to define land plots as an object of accounting, outline (substantiation, etc.) directions of rational use of agricultural land and formation of financial and economic incentives for land users. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods were used to achieve the goal: the dialectical method of scientific knowledge – for considering land plots as objects of accounting, researching measures for the rational use of land; analysis – to assess incentives for encouraging land users to conduct effective activities; graphic – for visual display of the obtained results; abstract and logical method – for forming research conclusions and proposals. Findings. Peculiarities of land plots as objects of accounting are studied. The categories of land are separated by economic purpose. The method of accounting of land plots at enterprises is described. The normative legal acts that regulate operations on the accounting of land plots are considered. Directions for improving the accounting of land plots and rational land use are proposed. The main ways of financial and economic encouragement of land users to conduct efficient farming have been determined. Originality. It is proposed to add additional indicators to the form of statistical reporting No. 50-сг “Main economic indicators of the work of agricultural enterprises”. It was determined that the main areas of rational land use should be: development and implementation of national and regional soil protection programs and soil fertility improvement; improvement of the principles of implementation of ecological and landscape land management; improvement of the legislative framework regarding the protection of agricultural lands; efficient use of land by implementing crop rotation and scientifically based land management. Financial and economic incentives for land users are offered, namely: payments for anti-erosion works per 1 ha of agricultural land; reimbursement of costs incurred in the process of carrying out reclamation works; exemption from payment of land tax or rent of land that is under improvement; compensation for lost income from agricultural land due to low productivity; periodic payments for increasing fertility organically; partial exemption from taxes of agricultural producers who are effectively engaged in solving environmental problems; provision of preferential loans to land users for the purchase of special equipment: anti-erosion, land reclamation and other restoration equipment. Practical value. It has been proven that compliance with the above measures of rational use of agricultural land will lead to efficient land use. The results of the research can be used by agricultural enterprises during their economic activities. Key words: accounting of land plots, agricultural land, rational use of land, land ownership, land use, agricultural enterprises.

The factors causing destruction of natural complexes, degradation of agricultural lands were considered. It was revealed that the crisis phenomena of state institutions also influenced the low resistance of agricultural production to negative impacts of a natural and climatic nature. The necessity of raising the urgent problem of drought, which affects the decrease in yield, and, consequently, the deterioration of the natural conditions of the economy, was proved. This requires a change in the agricultural technology system towards the development of a reclamation complex for the irrigation of agricultural lands, especially on lands of intensive agriculture, in particular, beet growing, vegetable growing, fodder production and the formation of a more drought-resistant farming system. It was noted that the neoliberal regulatory policy of the state and the liberalization of agrarian relations stopped the development of intensive reclaimed agriculture. It was revealed that over the past 30 years, land with reclamation systems fell into the private property of individuals. Lack of responsibility for the proper use of irrigation systems has led to the rupture of technological integrity, to the destruction of their functional properties. There is a need to form a system for organizing the efficient and rational use of agricultural land in production, which will allow us to study the features of the interaction of the components of the system and form ways to ensure a balance between the efficiency (profitability) of production and rational continuous use of agricultural land. On the basis of modeling, the factors of influence on the organization of the effective use of agricultural lands were determined. A graph-model of the system of organizing the efficient and rational use of agricultural lands was formed A structural-logical model of overcoming drought on agricultural lands was proposed. As a result of the studies, it was concluded that the impact of drought can be overcome by ensuring in Ukraine a full-fledged turnover of agricultural land and effective state mechanisms of regulatory economic policy in agricultural land use.

Subject of study. Formation and development of an environmental economy that ensures the rational use of agricultural land. The aim of the study. To propose environmental approaches that will contribute to ensuring the rational use of agricultural lands and sustainable development of Ukraine. Research methods. The research used methods of systemic analysis, synthesis, synergistic approaches and their generalization using mathematical statistics and abduction methods, in the context of the development of economic, social and ecological-economic phenomena and events. Results of work. The article considers and rethinks the significance of economic doctrines, scientific schools and theories of the development of environmental economics, determines the contribution of economic theories to achieving the goals of ensuring sustainable development and summarizes how economic activity affects the rational use of agricultural land, as well as which factors of this use are of the greatest importance. The high significance of economic incentives for environmental neutrality and sanctions and strict ecological and economic regulations and regulatory payments and environmental taxes, both for business entities, individual communities, and for countries - environmental aggressors, has been determined. It is proposed to form mechanisms of institutional balance and environmental compromises based on the approaches of institutional environmental economics and a holistic understanding of the environmental system of the world, within the framework of theoretical developments of the theory of ecological and economic balances and institutional development, for the most rational use of agricultural land and sustainable development of the world as a whole. It has been scientifically proven that institutional imperatives and strict state regulation not only ensure the rational use of land but also protect the natural systems of the planet, form socio-ecological justice and norms of economic behavior, as mandatory state and geopolitical guarantees for the preservation of life on the planet, the cessation of environmental and military aggression and ecological and economic opportunism of economic entities and individuals.