Agronomic Characteristics Research Articles

Genome-wide association studies in a diverse strawberry collection unveil loci controlling agronomic and fruit quality traits.

Strawberries (Fragaria sp.) are cherished for their organoleptic properties and nutritional value. However, breeding new cultivars involves the simultaneous selection of many agronomic and fruit quality traits, including fruit firmness and extended postharvest life. The strawberry germplasm collection here studied exhibited extensive phenotypic variation in 26 agronomic and fruit quality traits across three consecutive seasons. Phenotypic correlations and principal component analysis revealed relationships among traits and accessions, emphasizing the impact of plant breeding on fruit weight and firmness to the detriment of sugar or vitamin C content. Genetic diversity analysis on 124 accessions using 44,408 markers denoted a population structure divided into six subpopulations still retaining considerable diversity. Genome-wide association studies for the 26 traits unveiled 121 significant marker-trait associations distributed across 95 quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Multiple associations were detected for fruit firmness, a key breeding target, including a prominent locus on chromosome 6A. The candidate gene FaPG1, controlling fruit softening and postharvest shelf life, was identified within this QTL region. Differential expression of FaPG1 confirmed its role as the primary contributor to natural variation in fruit firmness. A kompetitive allele-specific PCR assay based on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) AX-184242253, associated with the 6A QTL, predicts a substantial increase in fruit firmness, validating its utility for marker-assisted selection. In essence, this comprehensive study provides insights into the phenotypic and genetic landscape of the strawberry collection and lays a robust foundation for propelling the development of superior strawberry cultivars through precision breeding.

Effect of Rhizobacteria Application on Nutrient Content, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, Color Properties and Fruit Characteristics of Strawberry Cultivars

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of single and combined applications of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacteria on plant nutrition, biochemical content and fruit characteristics in Albion and Monterey strawberry cultivars. Bacillus subtilis OSU-142, Bacillus megaterium M3 and Paenibacillus polymyx were the PGPR used in the experiment. For each bacterial treatment, 10 mL of a 108 CFU mL−1 suspension was applied to the soil where Albion and Monterey cultivars were grown. PGPR bacteria were applied as single treatments and a mixture of equal amounts of these three bacterial species was applied as a mixed treatment. This study was carried out with a total of four different bacterial treatments and one control group. The highest fruit weight was obtained in the Monterey cultivar with 12.67 g in the Mix treatment and in the Albion cultivar with 11.79 g in the Bacillus megaterium M3 treatment. Regarding biochemical properties, Paenibacillus polymyxa was effective in influencing nutrient element content in fruits, while Bacillus subtilis OSU-142, Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus megaterium M3 applications were more effective in leaf nutrient element content. It has been observed that the Mix treatment resulting from the combined use of bacteria, rather than their separate use, has a greater impact on fruit weight. Consequently, it has been understood that PGPR bacteria are potentially effective in improving the agronomic, pomological, and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cultivars and can be used in studies and breeding programs aimed at increasing strawberry yield and quality.

OsKANADI1 and OsYABBY5 regulate rice plant height by targeting GIBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE6.

Plant height is an important agronomic characteristic of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Map-based cloning analyses of a natural semi-dwarf rice mutant with inwardly curled leaves found in the field revealed that the defects were due to a mutation of a SHAQKYF-class MYB family transcription factor, OsKANADI1 (OsKAN1). OsKAN1 directly bound to the OsYABBY5 (OsYAB5) promoter to repress its expression and interacted with OsYAB5 to form a functional OsKAN1-OsYAB5 complex. GIBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE6 (OsGA2ox6), encoding an enzyme in the gibberellin (GA) catabolic pathway, was activated by OsYAB5. Furthermore, the OsKAN1-OsYAB5 complex suppressed the inhibitory effect of OsKAN1 toward OsYAB5 and inhibited OsYAB5-induced OsGA2ox6 expression. The proOsKAN1:OsYAB5 transgenic plants were taller than wild-type plants, whereas oskan1 proOsKAN1:OsYAB5 plants exhibited a severe dwarf phenotype due to the absence of the OsKAN1-OsYAB5 complex. The OsKAN1-OsYAB5 complex modulated OsGA2ox6 expression, thereby regulating the levels of bioactive gibberellins and, consequently, plant height. This study elucidated the mechanism underlying the effect of the OsKAN1-OsYAB5-OsGA2ox6 regulatory pathway on plant height at different positions in rice stems and provided insights on stem development and candidate genes for the aerial architecture improvement of crop plants.

Exploiting Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis Genome Research

Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis is a crucial and extensively consumed vegetable in the world, especially Eastern Asia. The market demand for this leafy vegetable increases year by year, resulting in multiple challenges for agricultural researchers worldwide. Multi-omic approaches and the integration of functional genomics helps us understand the relationships between Chinese cabbage genomes and phenotypes under specific physiological and environmental conditions. However, challenges exist in integrating multi-omics for the functional analysis of genes and for developing potential traits for Chinese cabbage improvement. However, the panomics platform allows for the integration of complex omics, enhancing our understanding of molecular regulator networks in Chinese cabbage agricultural traits. In addition, the agronomic features of Chinese cabbage are significantly impacted by the environment. The expression of these agricultural features is tightly regulated by a combination of signals from both the internal regulatory network and the external growth environment. To comprehend the molecular process of these characteristics, it is necessary to have a prior understanding of molecular breeding for the objective of enhancing quality. While the use of various approaches in Chinese cabbage is still in its early stages, recent research has shown that it has the potential to uncover new regulators both rapidly and effectively, leading to updated regulatory networks. In addition, the utilization of the efficient transformation technique in conjunction with gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 will result in a reduction in time requirements and facilitate a more precise understanding of the role of the regulators. Numerous studies about Chinese cabbage have been conducted in the past two decades, but a comprehensive review about its genome still limited. This review provides a concise summary of the latest discoveries in genomic research related to Brassica and explores the potential future developments for this species.

Multivariate analysis in chickpea genotypes under timely sown condition

Abstract Yield, a multifaceted trait influenced by genetic and environmental factors, requires a comprehensive assessment beyond emphasizing only on yield alone. Thus, understanding the intricate relationship between yield and its associated traits across diverse chickpea genotypes is essential. The current investigation was undertaken at the Breeder seed production unit, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, during the 2021-22 cropping season. Significant variations were found by analysis of variance (ANOVA) among the 40 genotypes under study, indicating substantial variability. Post hoc DMRT analysis further confirmed notable genetic diversity across all traits. Regression and Principal component analysis highlighted the significance of optimizing biological yield per plant, effective pods, total number of pods, and secondary branches to enhance grain yield. Strategic selection prioritizing these traits can facilitate the development of high-yielding chickpea varieties with enhanced agronomic characteristics. This analysis identified five principal components explaining 80.74% of genotypic variability. Ultimately, the genotypes ICCV 211210, RVG-204, and ICCV 211206 emerged as promising based on PC scores. Keywords: Chickpea, DMRT, Regression, PCA, Yield

Review of agronomic and kernel quality traits of 273 almond cultivars

AbstractAlmond stands out as one of the best-adapted temperate tree species globally. Its adaptability facilitated a widespread distribution from Central Asia to regions such as the Mediterranean, the United States, and Australia, enabling the adaptation of different genotypes to specific edaphoclimatic conditions. Throughout this spreading process, diverse almond landraces were selected in each growing area, resulting in a collection with varying agronomic and kernel quality properties well adapted to each origin. In addition to these native cultivars, various almond breeding programs, both public and private, released new cultivars to address key issues related to the production and kernel quality of traditional cultivars. This collective effort has resulted in a wide range of cultivars with diverse phenotypic characteristics, available for cultivation and breeding purposes. In this review, we summarize the main agronomic and kernel quality characteristics of globally available cultivated almond germplasm. This germplasm comprises genotypes from Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, and Europe, either locally cultivated or released from breeding programs. For each cultivar, we provide information (if known) on the origin, parentage, year of introduction, self-(in)compatibility, S alleles, blooming time, chilling, and heat requirements, bearing habits, kernel and shell characteristics, harvesting time, tree characteristic, and disease susceptibility/resistance. In conclusion, the global diversity of cultivated almond germplasm presented in this review provides a valuable repository of phenotypic traits and genetic resources to continue advancements in almond cultivation and breeding worldwide.

Health- and Sensory-Related Phytochemicals and Agronomic Characteristics of 26 Head Cabbage Cultivars

Health- and Sensory-Related Phytochemicals and Agronomic Characteristics of 26 Head Cabbage Cultivars

Genetic variability increase by gamma irradiation of soybean seeds

The increase of genetic variability by the appearance of new genes of agronomic interest may be favored by the use of gamma radiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate different doses of gamma irradiation on dry seeds of VX04-5692 soybean line, aiming to increase the genetic variability and, with this, the identification of possible mutant plants. The doses of 0, 50, 150 and 250 Gy of gamma radiation were applied from a60Co source. The newly irradiated seeds were sown in the field, giving rise to the M1 cycle. Selected plants originated the M2 cycle. The number of seedlings was counted on the 21st day after sowing. Ten plants of each row were identified and evaluated for the various agronomic characteristics and for chemical composition. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. The F test was applied and the results were presented by boxplots and biplot (canonical variables). There was effect of gamma radiation doses at plant height at full bloom and maturity, number of nodes, pods with one seed and seeds per pod. The use of gamma radiation increases the variability in soybean, with consequent increase in the probabilities of identification of new mutants and gains in the chemical composition, useful for breeding programs that aim at better agronomic performance and gains in oil and protein contents. More satisfactory results in the generation of variability are obtained by the application of gamma radiation on soybean dry seeds between 50 and 150 Gy.

UAV imagery to assess agronomic, physiological, and yield characteristics in a super-intensive almond orchard

UAV imagery to assess agronomic, physiological, and yield characteristics in a super-intensive almond orchard

Maize crop residue cover mapping using Sentinel-2 MSI data and random forest algorithms

The return of crop residues to cultivated fields has numerous agronomic and soil quality benefits and, therefore, the areal extent of crop residue cover (CRC) could provide a rapid measure of the sustainability of agricultural production systems in a region. Recognizing the limitations of traditional CRC methods, a new method is proposed for estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of maize residue cover (MRC) in the Jilin Province, NE China. The method used random forest (RF) algorithms, 13 tillage indices and 9 textural feature indicators derived from Sentinel-2 data. The tillage indices with the best predictive performance were STI and NDTI (R2 of 0.85 and 0.84, respectively). Among the texture features, the best-fitting was Band8AMean-5*5 (R2 of 0.56 and 0.54 for the line-transect and photographic methods, respectively). Based on MSE and InNodePurity, the optimal combination of RF algorithm for the line-transect method was STI, NDTI, NDI7, NDRI5, SRNDI, NDRI6, NDRI7 and Band3Mean-3*3. Likewise, the optimal combination of RF algorithm for the photographic method was STI, NDTI, NDI7, SRNDI, NDRI6, NDRI5, NDRI9 and Band3Mean-3*3. Regional distribution of MRC in the Jilin Province, estimated using the RF prediction model, was higher in the central and southeast sections than in the northwest. That distribution was in line with the spatial heterogeneity of maize yield in the region. These findings showed that the RF algorithm can be used to map regional MRC and, therefore, represents a useful tool for monitoring regional-scale adoption of conservation agricultural practices.

Advancements in Lentil Genomics for Enhanced Crop Breeding: A Review

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) is an essential pulse crop that is widely grown for its high nutritional value, notably its high protein content, making it an important dietary component for vegetarians and vegans. Despite being the world's fifth most produced pulse, with large contributions from Canada and India, lentil production confronts obstacles such as poor productivity due to limited genetic improvement against biotic and abiotic stresses under rainfed cultivation conditions. Recent advances in lentil genetics and genomics, such as the discovery of genes related to yield, disease resistance, and nutritional content, have boosted breeding efforts to generate improved lentil varieties. The use of contemporary genomic techniques like molecular markers, marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has sped up the discovery of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the production of novel cultivars with superior agronomic characteristics. Databases such as NCBI and ENA, as well as specialized resources like KnowPulse, provide critical genomic data, while the creation of lentil genome assemblies, notably the CDC Redberry variety, has improved our understanding of lentil genetics. These resources help to solve the constraints of traditional breeding, particularly for complex characteristics impacted by genotype-environment interactions, opening the way for more robust and productive lentil varieties. Although the application of advanced tools such as genetic engineering, cisgenesis, and genome editing has moved more slowly in lentils than in other crops, their potential to improve lentil output is encouraging. Recent studies on lentil genomes, together with the creation of increased genetic resources and cutting-edge techniques, offer the ability to overcome production constraints and dramatically increase lentil production and quality throughout the world.

An overview of different chemical fertilizers’ applications on the agronomic performance (growth and yield) and quality parameters of rice (Oryza sativa) crop

An overview of different chemical fertilizers’ applications on the agronomic performance (growth and yield) and quality parameters of rice (Oryza sativa) crop

Agronomic features of introduced Argan tree in eastern of Morocco and optimization of their propagation

Argania spinosa or argan is an endemic plant of Morocco that belongs to sapotaceae family. This species has significant ecological and socioeconomical impact in Morocco and is mainly recognized by argan oil that is very known for its nutritional quality and health benefits. Our study aims to elaborate an agronomical and pomological characterization of introduced argan trees in Oujda, Morocco (about 200 trees, 10 years old) , select high-performance clone heads based on their productivity and stability criteria, by measuring various productivity parameters over a tree years study period (fresh fruit production, almonds production and oil production), and successfully propagate them asexually using apical grafting technique in controlled condition ( phytotron ) with the aim of stabilizing the high-performance clone. The obtained results indicated the existence of high diversity in terms of the various pomological parameters assessed. Parallelly, productivity and profitability parameters, the average production of fresh fruits, almonds and oil per tree and per year was 8.62 kg, 0.253 kg and 0.133 L, respectively. While, the maximal production was 34.4 kg/year for fresh fruits production, 1.07 kg/year/tree for almonds, and 0.575 liter/year/tree oil produced. Regarding the propagation of these clones, the results showed that the grafting success rate depended on the mother stock and the season, with 100% success rate. The results obtained show that the argan tree is an adaptive species, and the most suitable grafting method for the argan tree is apical split grafting during the autumn season.

Composting of Cow-Dung-Amended Soil by the Dung Beetle Catharsius molossus L. Improves Bacterial Ecological Functions Related to Nitrogen Mineralization and Human and Plant Pathogenesis

The Asian dung beetle (Catharsius molossus L.; Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) has been shown to positively affect soil bacterial diversity and the agronomic features of crop plants. In this study, we used bioinformatic tools to investigate the differences in bacterial functional phenotypes and ecological functions between control soil, cow dung-amended soil (CD), and cow dung-amended soil composted by dung beetles (DB). The soil bacterial metagenomes were sequenced and analyzed with the bioinformatic packages BugBase, PICRUSt2, Tax4Fun, and FAPROTAX to evaluate the effects of dung beetle-mediated composting on bacterial functions such as human and plant pathogenicity, trophic strategies, and soil nutrient transformation. BugBase proved useful for the determination of differences in major functional phenotypes, whereas FAPROTAX was effective at identifying differences in bacterial ecological functions between the treatments. Both tools suggested a relative decrease in human pathogens in the DB soil. This was corroborated by the pairwise comparison of abundances in bacterial species, which showed a significant reduction in the abundance of the broad-host-range pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the DB soil. In addition, FAPROTAX suggested a decrease in plant pathogens and an increase in chitinolytic bacteria, meaning that the DB treatment might be beneficial to the plant-growth-promoting bacteria involved in biological control. Finally, FAPROTAX revealed an array of ecological functions related to trophic strategies and macro- and micronutrient metabolism. According to these results, the activity of C. molossus beetles enhanced methanotrophy, ammonification, nitrification, sulfate reduction, and manganese oxidation, whereas iron respiration was decreased in the DB-treated soil. Our results represent a collection of general insights into the effects of C. molossus beetles on soil bacterial functions, which also reflect on the nutrient composition of dung beetle-composted soil.

Soybean performance under the biomass of Quênia guinea grass cover crops after intercropping with maize

Soil cover biomass in integrated systems can improve agronomic characteristics and impact in soybean productivity. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the desiccation efficiency, biomass production, nutrient accumulation, and soybean productivity in Quênia guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv. BRS Quênia) biomass after with an intercropped with maize in different forms of seeding, in compare the conventional soybean. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates. The treatments consisted of cover crop biomass: maize monoculture; Quênia guinea grass monoculture; maize intercropped with Quênia guinea grass within rows; maize intercropped with Quênia guinea grass between rows and an additional soybean treatment without cover biomass. The results showed that the Quênia guinea grass in the different cropping systems presented high desiccation efficiency, showing potential as a cover plant in integrated systems. The intercropping system of maize with Quênia guinea grass between rows is more recommended than seeding in the same rows as maize, because it promotes greater biomass production and nutrient cycling, reflecting in higher soybean productivity. The integrated production systems is a promising and efficient technology for production systems compared to the system of monoculture maize and soybeans without soil cover biomass, which ensures greater sustainability of agricultural systems.

Deciphering the stability indices using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model for high yielding registered variety of Lemongrass (Jor Lab L-8)

Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as Lemongrass (Poaceae) is an industrially significant plant due to its fragrant compounds and ability to produce a large amount of essential oil. However, variations in chemical components, agronomical characters and essential oil output can be observed due to grown in different climatic conditions. Pertaining to the economic importance of the crop, the present study was designed to evaluate the stability indices of the developed and registered variety of lemongrass ‘Jor Lab L-8’. In this experiment, cv. Jor Lab L-8 was assessed along with two check varieties at eight different locations of NE India for two years (2021-2022, 2022-2023). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) by regression method revealed that Jor Lab L-8 had a significantly higher herbage yield, essential oil yield, citral content and total essential oil yield than the other two check varieties. Furthermore, AMMI ANOVA was used to confirm the consistent performance of the recorded agro-morphological and quality characters and Jor Lab L-8 was shown to be stable in plant height, herbage yield, essential oil yield, citral content and total essential oil yield. The GC-MS study of the essential oil identified 18 constituents, with citral emerging as the predominant constituent. Additionally, majority of the locations were pinpointed as ideal environments for cultivating Jor Lab L-8, underscoring its resilience across multiple locations and highlighting its long-term industrial promise.

Semi-Arid Environmental Conditions and Agronomic Traits Impact on the Grain Quality of Diverse Maize Genotypes.

We assessed the impact of environmental conditions and agronomic traits on maize grain quality parameters. The study was conducted using genotypes with distinct genetic constitutions developed specifically for late sowing in semi-arid environments. We evaluated the agronomic, physical, and chemical characteristics of eight maize open-pollinated varieties, six inbred lines, and three commercial hybrids. The yield of the open-pollinated varieties showed a positive correlation with protein content (r = 0.33), while it exhibited a negative correlation with the carbohydrate percentage (r = -0.36 and -0.42) in conjunction with the inbred lines. The flotation index of the hybrids was influenced primarily by the environmental effect (50.15%), whereas in the inbred lines it was nearly evenly divided between the genotype effect (45.51%) and the environmental effect (43.15%). In the open-pollinated varieties, the genotype effect accounted for 35.09% and the environmental effect for 42.35%. The characteristics of plant structure were associated with grain quality attributes relevant for milling, including hardness and test weight. Inbred lines exhibited significant genotype contributions to grain hardness, protein, and carbohydrate content, distinguishing them from the other two germplasm types. These associations are crucial for specific genotypes and for advancing research and development of cultivars for the food industry.

Modifying the Ambient Light Spectrum Using LED Lamps Alters the Phenolic Profile of Hydroponically Grown Greenhouse Lettuce Plants without Affecting Their Agronomic Characteristics.

The growth and development of green lettuce plants can be modulated by the prevailing light conditions around them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ambient light enrichment with different LED light spectra on agronomic characteristics, polyphenol concentration and relative gene expression of enzymes associated with polyphenol formation in 'Levistro' lettuce grown hydroponically in a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system for 28 days in a greenhouse. The spectra (blue:green:red:far-red) and red:blue (R:B) ratios obtained by enriching ambient light with Blue (B), White (W), Blue-Red (BR) and Red (R) LED light were B: 47:22:21:10, 0.5:1; W: 30:38:23:9, 0.8:1; BR: 33:15:44:8, 1.3:1 and R: 16:16:60:8, 3.8:1, respectively, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under the different treatments, measured at midday, ranged from 328 to 336 µmoles m-2 s-1. The resulting daily light integral (DLI) was between 9.1 and 9.6 mol m-2 day-1. The photoperiod for all enrichment treatments was 12 h of light. The control was ambient greenhouse light (25:30:30:15; R:B = 1.2:1; PAR = 702 µmoles m-2 s-1; DLI = 16.9 mol m-2 day-1; photoperiod = 14.2 h of light). Fresh weight (FW) and dried weight percentage (DWP) were similar among the enrichment treatments and the control. The leaf number increased significantly under BR and R compared to B lights. The relative index of chlorophyll concentration (RIC) increased as plants grew and was similar among the enrichment treatments and the control. On the other hand, the concentration of chlorogenic acid and chicoric acid increased under BR and B lights, which was consistent with the higher relative expression of the coumarate 3-hydroxylase enzyme gene. In view of the results, it is inferred that half of the PAR or DLI is sufficient to achieve normal growth and development of 'Levistro' lettuce plants, suggesting a more efficient use of light energy under the light enrichment treatments. On the other hand, the blue and combined blue-red lights promoted the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves of 'Levistro' lettuce plants.

Parental Effect on Agronomic and Olive Oil Traits in Olive Progenies from Reciprocal Crosses.

Olive growing is undergoing a transition from traditional cultivation systems to a more technological model characterized by increased mechanization and a higher density of plants per hectare. This shift implies the use of less vigorous varieties that can adapt to the new system. Most traditional varieties are highly vigorous, and breeding programs can provide solutions to this challenge. This study investigates the parental effect on different agronomic and olive oil characteristics and its role in breeding programs. The objectives were to evaluate and characterize different agronomic and olive oil traits in the progenies from 'Arbosana' × 'Sikitita' cross and its reciprocal cross 'Sikitita' × 'Arbosana'. The results showed a high variability of the characters evaluated in the progenitors of the reciprocal crosses. The highest coefficients of variation were observed in traits related to ripening index, phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Δ5-avenasterol, with phenolic content exhibiting the greatest variability. No statistically significant maternal effect was detected for any of the evaluated traits, although a slight positive maternal effect was systematically observed in the mean values of the evaluated traits. These results suggest that the maternal effect on olive is quite subtle, although due to a slight tendency of the maternal effect in the descriptive analyses, future studies are suggested to understand in depth the possible maternal effect on olive breeding.

Application of CRISPR/Cas9 system to knock out GluB gene for developing low glutelin rice mutant

The nutritional quality improvement is among the most integral objective for any rice molecular breeding programs. The seed storage proteins (SSPs) have greater role to determine the nutritional quality of any cereal grains. Rice contains relatively balanced amino acid composition and the SSPs are fractioned into albumins (ALB), globulins (GLO), prolamins (PRO) and glutelins (GLU) according to differences in solubility. GLUs are further divided into subfamilies: GluA, GluB, GluC, and GluD depending on resemblance in amino acid. The GLU protein accounts for 60–80% of total protein contents, encoded by 15 genes located on different chromosomes of rice genome. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system was employed to knockout Glu-B (LOC-Os02g15070) gene in non-basmati rice PK386 cultivar. The mutant displayed two base pair and three base pair mutation in the targeted regions. The homozygous mutant plant displayed reduction for both in total protein contents and GLU contents whereas, elevation in GLO, ALB and PRO. Moreover, the mutant plant also displayed reduction in physio-chemical properties e.g., total starch, amylose and gel consistency. The agronomic characteristics of both mutant and wild type displayed non-significant differences along with increase in higher percentage of chalkiness in mutant plants. The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy showed the loosely packed starch granules compared to wild type. The gene expression analysis displayed the lower expression of gene at 5 days after flowering (DAF), 10 DAF, 15 DAF and 20 DAF compared to wild type. GUS sub-cellular localization showed the staining in seed which further validated the results obtained from gene expression. Based on these findings it can be concluded Glu-B gene have significant role in controlling GLU contents and can be utilized in breeding programs to enhance the nutritional quality of rice, and may serve as healthy diet for patient allergic with high GLU contents.