Agrotechnical Measures Research Articles

Analiza uzoraka organski proizvedenog meda i meda proizvedenog na konvencionalni način na području Zapadne Srbije

Conventional method of honey production is widely spread in the area of western Serbia. Despite the advantages of honey production in an organic manner, beekeepers are still hesitant to take this step, regardless of the difficulties with placement of such honey on the foreign market, so their products are mainly sold on the domestic market. Besides the undeniable nutritional value, honey produced in the conventional way with proper use of agro technical measures and implementation of the wide range of products in the treatment of bee diseases, in its composition very often contain residues of hazardous chemical compounds, pesticides, antibiotics. Research on four qualitative differences of the content of certain substances between the conventional and organic honey producers has been conducted in western Serbia. The research obtained five manufacturers, out of which two were engaged in organic manner of production, while the remaining three dealt with the conventional honey production. After examining the area and the apiaries in question, interviews with honeybee producers, the sampling of honey took place. Upon performed analysis, it was concluded that one conventionally produced sample of honey was not safe for human consumption, due to presence of pesticides.

Irrigation regime Influence on the growth and seedlings development of common fake chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and Japanese safflower (Sophora japonica L.) in the highways landscaping

It is important to accelerate the growth of seeds and seedlings when growing seedlings in forests and orchards in the landscaping of roads and residential areas. One of the effective methods is irrigation in the complex of agro-technical measures to improve the nursery. This shortens the growing time of seedlings and saplings of tree and shrub species, increases their quality while reducing labor costs per unit area.

Prospects for the development of the fruit and vegetable products market

The fruit and vegetable sector is an important sector of agriculture in Uzbekistan. This sector will meet the demand of the population for food products, and the processing industry for raw materials. Fruit and vegetable growing is one of the sectors for Uzbekistan that provides integration into world agricultural andfood markets andforeign exchange earnings. In order to ensure uninterrupted supply of food products to the population of Uzbekistan today, special attention is paid to increasing the volume and variety of production, raising incomes and living standards of the rural population. A number of positive results have been achieved as a result of the implementation of the established regional action programs for the cultivation of fruit and vegetable products, the timely and quality implementation of agro-technical measures. Analysis of the experience of developed countries in the cultivation, storage, processing and export of fruit and vegetable products shows the need to develop cooperation and clusters of producers of these products. It is known that the current natural and climatic conditions in our country allow for the sustainable development of agricultural products, especially fruit and vegetables. The President and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan pay great attention to the development of fruit and vegetable growing as a priority in the transition to market relations. The fact that a significant part of the country's foreign exchange earnings is formed through the sale of fruit and vegetable products in foreign markets also indicates the priority of radical reform and rapid development of the industry.

The experience in the implementation of adaptive-landscape systems of agriculture in Rostov Oblast

The goal of the adaptive-landscape organization of the territory is to ensure effective protection of soils from degradation under the anthropogenic impact. The experiment was performed in the permanent study area located on the slope of the Bolshoi Log clough, Aksay District of Rostov Oblast from 2016 to 2019. The use of adaptive-landscape territory organization of the slope prone to erosion allowed reducing soil erosion by 35-43%. The use of soil protection treatments as the main tillage reduced soil erosion by more than 13-24%. For this, it is provided on arable lands prone to erosion and poorly eroded areas with a degree of the slope from 2 to 3°, an extended complex of agrotechnical measures is applied. Crop rotation with 40% of perennial grasses, 20% of row crops, and 40% of winter and spring grain crops is recommended. Productivity is up to 3.9 t/ha of grain units when applying manure in a dose of 5 tons and mineral fertilizers, N46P24K30, ensuring the preservation of soil fertility at the initial level. With a 1.5-fold increase in organic fertilizers (manure at a dose of 8 tons and mineral fertilizers, N84P30K48), productivity increases to 4.3 t/ha of grain units, and humus content increases to 4.1% (or 7.8%).

The Effect of Different Pruning Types on the Growth and Yield Capacity of Plum Varieties Fortune and Vengerka Domestica in Conditions of Armavir Community in Armavir Region

Pruning is vital for producing healthy and high quality yield. Nowadays, pruning of fruit and berry plants is considered to be one of the most important agro-technical measures. The role of pruning and trimming is significant in the improvement of sanitary conditions in orchards, as well as in foliage development, pest control, regular tree growth, fruiting regulation and its periodicity reduction. In the result of our investigations it is recommended that annual medium/moderate pruning should be implemented in the orchards of Fortune plum variety and for Vngerka domestica plum variety light or moderate pruning should be implemented.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ОБОСНОВАННЫЕ РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЕ АГРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ МЕРОПРИЯТИЯ ДЛЯ ОРОШАЕМОГО ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The article presents the results of research on the conduct of agrotechnical measures in the cultiva-tion of crops on long-term irrigated dark chestnut soils of the Volga region and the impact on their productiv-ity. Resource-saving agrotechnical methods of land use are proposed. An important direction of increasing the efficiency of irrigated lands is to improve the structure of crops: it is advisable to allocate at least 65% for fodder crops, cereals - up to 25%, vegetables, potatoes and industrial crops - 10% of the sown area. When placing crops on the best predecessors, irrigation moisture and effective soil fertility are most productively used, the effectiveness of agromeliorative methods for the cultivation of agricultural crops increases, and their yield increases by an average of 20-25%. The effectiveness of the use of non-moldboard tillage has been proven, since it does not lead to a decrease in crop yields, while it is aimed at preventing negative envi-ronmental processes, such as soil erosion, and saves energy resources. However, for decompaction of the arable horizon, it is advisable to use a multi-depth system of basic tillage. Its depth depends on the level of occurrence of groundwater and their mineralization. It is proposed to carry out the irrigation regime differen-tially, taking into account moisture reserves, especially in soils with a heavy granulometric composition: irri-gation should be avoided after sowing crops, in order to avoid the formation of a soil crust and sparse crops, and the irrigation rates should be set below optimal to prevent runoff.

Influence of external environmental factors on the productivity of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L) in different sizes of silk breeding organizations

The information presented in this article suggests that the larger the silkworm breeding organization (SBO), the harder it is to maintain a comfortable temperature, relative humidity, and other environmental factors, resulting in the development of silkworm cocoons. differently, the process of implementing agro-technical measures is disrupted. As a result, industrial cocoons are reported to have a yield of 14-17%, viability 22-25%, worm life 7-9 days and silkworm cocoons 7-13%.

Cultivation of radish and turnips

The article provides recommendations for the introduction of new modern agrotechnical measures, which are one of the main factors in increasing the gross harvest and productivity of the cultivation of radish and turnip. In the current pandemic, one of the important factors in increasing the immunity of the human body and providing it with various essential vitamins is to pay attention to the medicinal properties of these crops, to fully meet the needs of consumption.

Оценка эффективности реабилитации лугопастбищных угодий на различных этапах после аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС

The paper presents the impact of remedial actions on 137Cs content in agricultural lands affected by radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident. The remediation of Cs-137 – contaminated of hayfields and pastures in the vicinity of the Veprin village, located in the Bryansk region, was car-ried out in 2004. Remediation of greenlands aimed at reduction of soil-forage-milk transfer of 137Cs involved deep ploughing of the soil, liming, introducing high doses of mineral fertilizers and sowing grass mixtures. Evaluation of remedial actions effectiveness after the first three years and 15 years later is discussed in the paper. Undertaken agrotechnical measures resulted in reduc-tion of soil surface layer density contamination with 137Cs by 1.8 times. Due to remediation of the pasture in the river flood-plain the soil surface layer density contamination with 137Cs was re-duced by 2.7 times and dose rate by 1.9 times. It is to be noted that lower geomorphological ele-ments of the landscape with prevailing peat soils are critical for accumulation of 137Cs in the grass stand and accumulation of radionuclides in the river floodplain. In the first three years after the remediation 137 Cs soil-grass transfer was reduced by 3 times, and in cultivated hayfield soils the 137Cs transfer was reduced by 8 times. While the land reclamation effectiveness weakened signif-icantly in 15 years after the remediation, accumulation of 137Cs in grass stand grown on cultivated hayfields was 1.6 time lower than in the grass grown in uncultivated lands. The radionuclide con-tent in cultivated pastures is 1.8 times lower than in uncultivated ones. The content of 137Cs in milk was reduced by 3.3 times in the first years after grasslands reclamation, in 15 years the reduction factor was 1.5. Outcomes of long-term follow-up of radioecological situation in grasslands, af-fected by radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident, following land remediation and the as-sessment of its effectiveness can be used as the motivation for and benefits of remedial actions ensuring radiation safety of agricultural products from radioactively contaminated areas. The ob-tained results can be used for clarification and adjustment of the strategies of reclamation of ra-dioactively contaminated lands and optimal use of grasslands after their restoration.

The use of mineral fertilizers in sunflower crops in the conditions of Ryazan region

The most important direction of increasing the production of sunflower oilseeds is improvement of technology elements that provide a fuller use of the productivity potential in soil and climatic conditions of a particular region. In this regard, the aim of the research was to identify the varieties and hybrids of sunflower most adapted to the natural and climatic conditions of Ryazan region, accounting for different levels of mineral nutrition. In order to identify biological features and economically valuable traits, a field experiment was conducted in 2017–2019. Agrotechnical measures for the cultivation of sunflower were carried out in accordance with zonal recommendations. As a result of the studies, it was found that variety Poseidon 625 was the most adapted to the climatic conditions of Ryazan region. Sunflower plants of Poseidon 625 variety were noted to have the smallest height (158–172 cm), the largest leaf surface area (11.61–16.53 thousand m2/ha), the largest number of seeds formed in one basket (1,194–1,247 pcs), the largest mass of 1,000 seeds (49.9–59.8 g) and the highest yield (2.37–2.99 t/ha). On average, in 2017–2019, the introduction of full mineral nutrition in doses of N125P60K60 and N125P120K120 contributed to an increase in the yield of sunflower oil seeds by 0.06–0.45 and 0.07–0.62 t/ha, depending on the cultivated variety and hybrid.

Influence of seeding time on the development of the root system of chickpea varieties

In ensuring the grain independence of our republic long with cereals, it is also important to grow legumes. Legumes-crops solve3 problems at once Firstly, it is an important factor in increasing grain production, secondly, it allows solving the problem of feed in animal husbandry, and, finally, thirdly, it is a sourceof increasing soil fertility. Chickpa occupy a special place among such crops. This article describes the impact of agro-technical measures used for the development of the root system of chickpea culture on the irrigated lands of the Samarkand region.

The usage of a combined machine in the process of preparing the land for planting

The existing traditional technologies of land preparation, such as leveling, chiseling, harrowing, mulching, and many other agro-technical measures performed by separate units, are labor-intensive, which costly and overspending on material costs, where fuel consumption is 78-86 liters per hectare. In the unit that prepares the lands, we are proposing planting in one pass, five agrotechnical tillage operations were carried out at one time, and 35-45 l of fuel consumption was observed while each hectare of land was being tilled. Based on the research results on the efficiency of presowing tillage and the results of scientific research to increase the efficiency of this type of aggregates, an optimal variant of a combined aggregate is prepared and used for the direct preparation of lands for planting.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ОДНОЛЕТНЕГО ВИДА КЛЕВЕРА АЛЕКСАНДРИЙСКОГО (TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM)

The article discusses the results of studies of a new technology developed by us for the cultivation of an annual crop of Alexandrian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), which includes the method of pre-sowing seed treatment with different terms and methods of sowing. Recently, along with agrotechnical measures to stabilize crop production, there is a need to cultivate non-traditional crops useful for human nutrition and health, and annual legumes play an important role in this process. A short vegetation cycle and intensive rates of crop formation make it possible to cultivate them in repeated crops in places with a favorable bioclimatic potential. Annual fodder grasses have a variety of uses and purposes. In the zone of sufficient moisture, these are good fallow-occupying crops. Annual leguminous grasses play an important role in creating a solid forage base: in summer they are the main source of green fodder production, they are used for making hay, haylage, silage, concentrated fodder in the form of grass meal, cutting, full-ration briquettes and granules; annual legumes can also be used as a concentrated feed in the form of grains. Harvesting grasses in the early phases of vegetation and with multi-cutting using artificial drying makes it possible to obtain fodder that is not inferior in total calorie content to oats and barley, and significantly exceeds them in protein content. Annual grasses are distinguished by a great diversity in terms of agrobiological features: they are widely used as preliminary crops on lands of radical improvement and as links in a pasture conveyor. The studies carried out by us over four years (2017-2020) revealed that the presowing treatment of Alexandrian clover seeds with double and triple mixtures of PABA, krezatsin and chicory infusion (against the background of preliminary stratification) provides a low-cost, environmentally friendly way of presowing stimulation of Alexandrian clover seeds with simultaneous hardening, adaptation and selection of the best species for use in a particular region, it is advisable to sow clover for seeds with a row spacing of 50 cm and a seeding rate of 6 kg/ha, and the optimal sowing time is the beginning of March and the first ten days of September.

Experience of growing soybeans (Glycine max (L) merryll) on irrigation in the unstable moisture zone of the Stavropol Territory

To obtain a stable harvest of high quality grain, Agrosakhar LLC, located in the Stavropol Territory, used soybean growing technology, which included: the use of modern energy and resource-saving equipment for soil cultivation, sowing and harvesting, cultivation of adapted varieties bred in Russia and Canada - Selecta 302, Vilana, Furio, Kofu, Kyoto, Kanata; introduction of complex fertilizer - azophoska for main soil cultivation, pre-sowing seed treatment with a fungicidal dressing agent Delit Pro and the inoculant Highcoat Super Soy. The system of protective measures included a combination of agrotechnical measures using chemical plant protection products based on monitoring of harmful objects. To combat monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species of weeds, sowing was treated with Pledge herbicide before germination, followed by a tank mixture of herbicides Bazagran with Harmony in the phase of the first true leaf in soybean plants. The use of the fungicide Akanto Plus together with Karate Zeon and Ampligo Plus ensured effective protection of soybean plants from diseases and pests during the growing season. The technology used for growing soybeans on the farm enables you to consistently get a large and high-quality grain yield. The maximum yield of 2.92 t/ha was obtained by sowing the Kofu variety using the developed cultivation technology. On average, the yield of protein amounted to 0.98, and vegetable fat amounted to 0.59 t/ha. The profitability of soybean grain production on the farm using this cultivation technology is 44.2%.

Energy Efficiency of Maize Production Technology: Evidence from Polish Farms

The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of selected silage maize cultivation technologies, including energy inputs in the production chain (cultivation, harvesting, heap placing), on energy efficiency. The analysis of energy inputs, energy efficiency for the silage maize production technology were estimated. The research was performed for 13 farms producing silage maize. The data from the farms covered all the activities and the agrotechnical measures performed. The calculations of energy inputs made for the silage maize production for selected technologies were performed using the method developed by the Institute of Construction, Mechanization and Electrification for Agriculture (IBMER), once the method was verified and adapted to the needs and conditions of own research. Based on the accumulated energy production and the energy accumulated in the yield, energy efficiency index values for 13 silage maize cultivation technologies were calculated. The greatest impact on the results of energy efficiency calculations was shared by fertilizer and fuel inputs. In conclusion, it can be stated that, in terms of energy efficiency, maize cultivation is justified and it can generate energy benefits.

The conducting pheromone monitoring of the main pests of the orchard

Goal. Analysis of the latest methods for identifying pests of an orchard using pheromone monitoring and factors affecting its implementation.
 Methods. The studies were carried out in accordance with modern methodological approaches to pheromone monitoring of pests of fruit plantations.
 Results. The principles of pheromone monitoring in an orchard are given to identify harmful and quarantine organisms, which makes it possible to obtain information about the presence of pests in a certain area, determine their number, development dynamics, and, on the basis of the data obtained, plan and carry out appropriate phytosanitary measures. The main pests of the orchard of the Lepidoptera and Hemiptera classes have been identified, monitoring of which is carried out using pheromone traps. Methodological recommendations are given for conducting pheromone monitoring in fruit plantations to identify the eastern fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta Busck), Californian and mulberry scale insects (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targ.-Tozzetti, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst), American white butterfly (Hyphantria cune). The advantages of the pheromone method over other monitoring methods are presented. The main factors that affect the catch of pests with pheromone traps are described.
 Conclusions. The information obtained with the help of pheromone traps is a component of effective programs — systems of integrated plant protection against pests, which combine the use of a complex of biological, chemical, agrotechnical measures, as well as fundamental for planning measures to prevent emergencies in a phytosanitary state. The informativeness and reliability of pheromone monitoring makes it possible to substantiate and develop instrumental monitoring technologies that reduce the number of chemical treatments by up to 30%, increase labor productivity by 75%, reduce costs by 70%, and increase the efficiency and reliability of accounting.

Research on the Malting Properties of Domestic Wheat Varities

This study aimed to establish the suitability of new Croatian wheat varieties for the production of pale wheat malt. Four new varieties/breeding lines from the Agricultural Institute Osijek were tested (Indira, OSK. 378/19, OSK. 346/20, and OSK. 353/20). The quality of starting wheat, the success of the micromalting process and the quality of finished malts were analyzed. The obtained results showed that the tested varieties/breeding lines meet the quality criteria for pale beer malt, and can be classified in the II malting quality group. The vast majority of quality indicators examined in this research showed values within the limits recommended for pale wheat malt. The obtained results were very good considering that these varieties are not intended for malting, nor in their selection process attention was paid to meet the brewing quality criteria. Due to the sensory characteristics of beer, the possibility of intervention during the malting process is limited, therefore when selecting wheat for malting, attention should be paid to the lowest possible content of total and soluble proteins, which can be achieved by appropriate agrotechnical measures in cultivation.

INFLUENCE OF THE MODIFIED WOOD BARK "UNISORB-BIO" ON THE RESTORATION OF SOILS CONTAMI-NATED WITH OIL

The article examines the effect of the "Unisorb-Bio" carbamide sorbent modified with wood bark on the biodegradation of fuel oil using the example of artificially contaminated soil.
 It is shown that for 100 days of exposure "Unisorb-Bio" and actinomycetes immobilized on it (Streptomyces exfoliatus strain) are able to effectively decompose fuel oil. The maximum value of the degree of destruction of fuel oil was 82.7% in soil samples with a sorbent modified with birch bark. In the samples with larch bark, this figure is 7.3% lower. The degree of destruction of fuel oil in the control soil sample (soil with fuel oil) for the entire exposure period was – 27.4%. If this figure is taken as the background, then only the direct contribution to the degradation of fuel oil biosorbent is 45.1%; biosorbent with 0.2% diammofoska – 55%; sorbent without microorganisms – 33.8%.
 The results showed that the used carbamide sorbent with immobilized and native microflora is capable of effectively decomposing fuel oil to concentrations that allow the transition to agrotechnical measures. Thus, sowing watercress on soils after the end of the experiment showed that seed germination is 50–60%, which suggests that residual concentrations of fuel oil are relatively harmless to the root system of plants and the completion of the bioremidation process can be carried out by growing plants that are resistant to residual concentrations of pollutants.
 In general, the result confirms the effectiveness of the applied method in accelerating bioremidation processes, but further development is required in the direction of creating mixed associations of UVOM.

Development and distribution of aeolian processes within the Belgorod region, their impact on the environment

The paper describes the results of the study of development and distribution of aeolian processes within the Belgorod region, as well as their impact on the environment. A description of natural and anthropogenic factors causing wind erosion is given. The relevance of the work lies in the intensification of deflation; in this regard, there is a need for a deeper study of this topic and the search for solutions to neutralize or eliminate negative consequences. The purpose of the study is to give a detailed description of relief formation caused by wind activity, to assess the consequences of manifestation of aeolian processes on the ecological situation. The author of the paper reveals the process of soil change, which occurs by the destruction of the earth’s surface due to strong winds, the speed of which can exceed 15 m/s. Winds carry aeolian material in the form of a dry suspension from the center of blowing over long distances. The research used the methods of system analysis. The ideas and principles of geomorphology and landscape science were the main methodological basis of the study. The concept of geosystem natural-economic monitoring was also used by the author. Conclusions. The main reasons for emergence and rapid activation of deflation processes are human economic activity and non-compliance with agrotechnical measures. When drawing up plans to eliminate the negative consequences of wind erosion, the main attention should be paid to improving soil protection measures, taking into account the peculiarities of natural landscapes and principles of ecology. The author of the paperidentifies the areas of distribution of aeolian processes within the territory of the Belgorod region. It is noted that aeolian processes affect the climate and the environment, worsen the condition of agricultural lands in the region.

Удосконалення системи охорони ґрунтів від ерозії в умовах змін клімату

Goal. To show the existing climatic trends, their impact on erosion processes and improve the soil protection system. Methods. Field, laboratory, cartographic, statistical, geoinformation analysis, mathematical modeling. Results. The manifestation of global climate change in Ukraine is an increase in average air temperatures and the sum of active temperatures, increasing aridity and changes in air and precipitation in the direction of increasing the heterogeneity of their distribution throughout the year and increasing the share of heavy rains and showers. That leads to an increase in the erosion risk, which requires a revision of the existing system of soil protection measures and stricter requirements for their application. A set of agro-technical and organizational measures, which consists of optimizing the structure of crop rotations, removing the most erosive dangerous areas from arable land, and applying soil-protective agricultural techniques, allows in most cases to reduce the level of soil losses to regulatory values. Among the methods of basic tillage, preference should be given to chiseling, which makes it possible to store plant remains on the soil surface. For erosion research, it is advisable to take into account the part of the surface covered with plant debris or protected from the wind by reclamation plantations. It is also promising to use non-contact methods, such as magnetometry. Mathematical modeling of erosion processes, which is a necessary component of the development of erosion protection systems, requires the revision of the applied precipitation parameters following climate change. Conclusions. Improving the system of soil protection from erosion in the context of climate change should be carried out consistently on each of the components of the system, starting with the optimization of crop rotation and the use of soil protection measures. Despite the generally positive experience of using soil protection agrotechnical measures on lands with high erosion risk to prevent erosion, they should be used in combination with hydrotechnical and agro-forestry reclamation measures, which should be carried out at the national level.