Agricultural Water Supply Research Articles

Система регионально-адаптированных индикаторов для целей устойчивой интенсификации орошаемого земледелия

Purpose: to develop and substantiate a system of regionally adapted indicators reflecting geospatial patterns, relationships and vulnerabilities of the irrigated farming systems functioning, for its sustainable intensification. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of a systematic approach using the principal component method, rating and scoring methods, cluster analysis, proportional costs method, and estimation scales. The database for calculations was formed on the basis of data from federal and regional institutions of the Russian Federation, the portal of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Water Supply Systems “Raduga”, enterprises and administrations of municipal districts of Western Siberia. Results. A system of regionally adapted geospatial indicators for sustainable intensification of irrigated agriculture, which includes two blocks: structural-functional and geoecological, has been developed. The principles for selecting indicators adapted to the regional scale and tested at the macro-regional, landscape-provincial, basin and district territorial levels of Western Siberia are substantiated. The structural-functional block includes 45 indicators reflecting both the main driving forces, factors and vulnerabilities of the irrigated farming systems functioning, as well as the processes of their cause-and-effect relationships with higher-order systems, which contributes to the study of regularities of spatio-temporal differentiation and identifying areas of interest. The geoecological block combines 40 indicators that help assessing and planning the development of irrigated agriculture, taking into account the geoecological limitations. Conclusions: the proposed system of regionally adapted indicators is an effective tool strategic decision support for the implementation of regional policies of sustainable intensification of irrigated agriculture.

СОСТАВ И РАСПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ГИДРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СООРУЖЕНИЙ МЕЛИОРАТИВНЫХ НАСОСНЫХ СТАНЦИЙ

Purpose: to analyze the composition and location of waterworks of reclamation pumping stations. Discussion. The object of research is the waterworks included in the reclamation pumping stations while designing. In the course of the research, the search, analysis and systematization of scientific, technical, regulatory and reference documentation, as well as modern developments in the field of design and calculation of reclamation pumping stations were carried out. During the research, the analytical, comparative and logical methods were used. It has been found that reclamation pumping stations can be both irrigation, drainage, including polder, and for agricultural water supply. The main features of each type of pumping stations are identified according the mode of their operation, the quality of the water supplied, water levels, performance seasonality, durability, type of water source, type of water intake, the need to supply sewage or livestock effluents, the likelihood of flooding and other parameters that affect the composition and location of waterworks. Based on these data, the types of waterworks that can be a part of various reclamation pumping stations have been determined. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the composition of the main and auxiliary reclamation pumping stations facilities was determined. The main layout of typical pumping station structures and their location, layout of irrigation pumping stations facilities used for irrigation with wastewater or livestock effluents, conditions for installing pumping station facilities into the water source course during designing are determined. The results obtained make it possible to apply these provisions in the development of regulations on the design standards for waterworks of reclamation pumping stations that are part of them.

The Influencing Factors of Water Uses in the Yellow River Basin: A Physical, Production-Based, and Consumption-Based Water Footprint Analysis by the Random Forest Model

The strategy of “Basing city, land, population and production on water resources”, clarifying the water uses of each province and the influencing factors are crucial to the conservation and intensive use of water resources for the Yellow River basin. In this study, physical water use, the production-based water footprint, and the consumption-based water footprint of nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2017 are measured. Then, the key influencing factors of three kinds of water use are analyzed by the random forest model. The results show that (1) the three kinds of water use in the Yellow River basin all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Physical water use and the production-based water footprint present the geographical differentiation in the declining order from the upper reach to the lower reach, and then the middle reach, while the order for the consumption-based water footprint is the lower reach, the upper reach, and the middle reach. (2) Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, electricity and hot water production, supply, and chemicals are the dominant sectors of physical water use. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, food processing, tobacco, and construction are the key sectors for production-based and consumption-based water footprints. (3) The results of the random forest model show the influencing factors and their interactions of three kinds of water use in the Yellow River basin present obvious sectoral differences. The key influencing factors exhibit a linear or nonlinear response to water use in the three perspectives. The influencing factors of water use are also differentiated among the three perspectives.

Agricultural water supply system resilience

Agricultural water supply system resilience

Methodology for Calculating Water Supply for Irrigation from Reservoirs of Multifunctional Purpose (on the Example of China and Belarus

Reservoirs with multifunctional purposes are the most widely used as sources of water for irrigation. In China, a large number of irrigation systems have been created using reservoirs as sources for flood prevention, irrigation, industrial and agricultural water supply. In Belarus, the Soligorsk, Lyuban, Petrovich, Pogost and other multifunctional reservoirs are used for irrigation. The useful (regulating) volume of a multifunctional reservoir consists of separate components calculated for each consumer in the basis of a hydrological and feasibility study. Thus, the useful volume of water intended for irrigation should provide the required irrigation capacity and capacity of the irrigation system. When determining the useful (regulating) volume of a multifunctional reservoir, the total water requirements for various purposes (water supply, irrigation, hydropower, etc.) are calculated. For each consumer, the required design supply is assigned and the appropriate method for determining water consumption is used. Reservoirs intended for water supply count on 95–97 % availability of runoff, and for irrigation purposes – on 75–80 % availability in zones of moderate and excessive moisture. In arid, desert and semi-desert regions of China, where lack of water in dry years can lead to large crop losses, irrigation reservoirs are expected to be 90–95 % secure. The volumes and costs of water in the reservoir for irrigation purposes must cover the needs of plants in water within the established time frame for the year of estimated availability. The paper provides a formula for determining the weighted average irrigation rate and the volume of water required for irrigation. A methodology is presented for calculating the useful volume of a reservoir intended for industrial water supply and irrigation, for which flow regulation is calculated for two supply of water consumption. A method is proposed for determining the flow rate of entrained sediments for various stages of their movement. A formula is presented for the total volume of suspended and bottom sediments entering the reservoir.

Optimal reservoir operation and risk analysis of agriculture water supply considering encounter uncertainty of precipitation in irrigation area and runoff from upstream

The precipitation in irrigation area and the runoff from upstream can reflect the natural and irrigated agriculture water supply situations. The wetness–dryness encounter uncertainty of precipitation and runoff, affected by the different microclimate in the basin, can lead to the potential water supply risk of reservoir dispatching, which poses a threat to food security. This study develops an innovative integrated modeling framework by coupling Copula joint distribution of precipitation and runoff, the reservoir multi–objective optimal operation model, and multi–criteria decision–making CECG–VIKOR method to assess agriculture water supply risk in the Baojixia Irrigation Area (BIA) of Northwest China. The results indicated that the integrated methodology is an important tool for assessing agriculture water supply risk, which has comprehensive, advanced, and efficient features. The correlation between the precipitation in BIA and runoff from upstream is weak, which can lead to a high uncertainty of the natural and irrigated agriculture water supply conditions. The Clayton copula was more suitable for estimating the joint distribution of precipitation and runoff. And there was a large probability of an unfavorable water balance situation in the BIA, with the extreme water shortage encounter condition of precipitation and runoff had the maximum joint distribution probability of 23.50%. The 9 scheduling schemes were set up according to encounter scenarios and whose optimal scheduling results are R104, R116, R66, R95, R5, R28, R117, R89, and R110, respectively. Among the 9 optimal scheduling results, the water supply risk in BIA increased with the decrease of available water supply and the increase of water demand. Below middle and middle water supply risk were mainly faced by scheme A and B with an occurrence probability of 62.47%, while scheme C had a high risk with an occurrence probability of 37.53% in BIA. The research results can provide a scientific basis for reservoir dispatching risk research and new ideas for making dispatching plans.

A Strategy to Quantify Water Supply of an Agricultural Reservoir for Integrated Water Management Policy

A data-driven approach is required to scientifically manage agricultural water resources in accordance with the integrated water management policy of South Korea. In this study, a quantification strategy is presented to calculate reservoir supply by comparing the results with the actual reservoir water storage. Strategies considering current calculation methods were divided into canal flow measurement (S1), theoretical flow rate (S2), water storage decrease in field practice (S3), and water demand in design practice (S4), utilizing water levels of the reservoir and its canal and the level–flow rate curve obtained from surveying the canal flow. Each strategy was assessed through hydrological verification of reservoir water balance modeling. Based on the determination coefficient (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and relative error (RE) values, the S1 method was found to be the most suitable. S2 had lower reliability than S1, while S3 and S4 satisfied neither R2 nor NSE and had a larger RE than S1 and S2. To accurately quantify agricultural water supplies, the importance of directly measuring reservoir canal flows must be emphasized using automatic water level and flow gauges in canals. This study provides insights into more scientific management of agricultural reservoir water supplies and more effective monitoring of agricultural water usage.

Multidisciplinary assessment of the agricultural supply of desalinated seawater in south-eastern Spain

Desalinated seawater (DSW) has provided a steady supply of agricultural water for the last decade in south-eastern (SE) Spain, overcoming climatological and hydrological constraints. This article analyses the impacts of the progressive replacement of traditional irrigation water resources with DSW on the main crops of SE Spain, from agronomic, environmental, and economic perspectives, for the first time. The regional magnitude and spatial variability of these impacts have also been evaluated. To that end, six impact indicators were identified and calculated for three water supply scenarios using increasing proportions of DSW, which is representative of the current and possible future situations.The results reflect the high variability of the impact indicators for the different crops. The agronomic impact is favourable but the benefits of reducing water salinity become saturated when DSW exceeds 50 %. The detrimental environmental impact is due to the higher specific energy consumption associated with increased DSW supply, although this is not an intrinsic problem of seawater desalination since it could be mitigated using renewable energies. The economic impact is very sensitive to the cost of DSW and offers heterogeneous results for the different crops. The results show that the combined use of DSW with traditional resources is the most efficient option from the different perspectives of the study, rather than irrigating with DSW alone. The insights from this study could be useful for the assessment of the feasibility of integrating DSW to support agriculture in other regions where desalination plants are being considered to support the water supply.

PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES

The article justified the urgency of ensuring the environmental safety of water intake and treatment facilities in water supply systems by creating a complex of specialized protective equipment. The operation of water supply systems was analysed, as a result of which it was determined that the environmental safety of water intakes was insufficient. To solve this problem, the scientific justification of the ecologically sustainable operation of the natural-technical system of the specialized type "natural water environment - water management complex - agricultural water supply system" was carried out. The proposed systematic approach to solving the vital problems of ensuring the environmental safety of water intake facilities of water systems is to provide high-quality water to consumers in any operating conditions (mud, suspension) of agricultural water supply systems. At the same time, the complex of water and intake treatment facilities improves the river ecosystem.

Modified Multi–Source Water Supply Module of the SWAT–WARM Model to Simulate Water Resource Responses under Strong Human Activities in the Tang–Bai River Basin

In the past few decades, the water resources in the Tang–Bai River Basin showed a declining trend, due to the human–driven alteration of surface water and groundwater management. There are potential risks to the sustainable utilization of future water resources in response to agricultural, industrial, and domestic water supply. In this work, we used the water allocation and regulation model based on SWAT (SWAT–WARM model) to quantify the characteristics of water resources response under human activities in this basin. The multi–source water supply module was modified to improve the applicability of the SWAT–WARM model in this basin. We validated our simulations against observed runoff, water consumption, and supply. The main results were as follows: (a) We used the percent bias, the correlation coefficient, and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient to measure the model validity and found that the modified model did not show obvious advantages in runoff simulations, whereas it reproduced water consumption and supply better than the original model. The modified model had more advantages in reflecting the process of water resources transformation and utilization in the basin driven by strong human activities. (b) By comparing the variation of watershed water circulation fluxes under natural and human disturbance conditions in the Tang–Bai River Basin from 1995 to 2016, we found that human activities increased evapotranspiration by 6.8% and surface runoff increased by 10.0%, while groundwater resources decreased by 0.23 million m3/yr. (c) There was water shortage in the basin at different flow frequencies, among which agricultural water shortage accounted for the largest proportion, >70%. The basin should further strengthen agricultural and industrial water saving, reduce water consumption fundamentally, and ensure the sustainable development of economy and society.

Rainfall Spatial-Temporal Variability and Trends in the Thamirabharani River Basin, India: Implications for Agricultural Planning and Water Management

Rainfall is critical to agricultural and drinking water supply in the Thamirabharani river basin. The upper catchment areas of the Thamirabharani basin are located in high-elevated forest regions, and rainfall variability affects dam inflow and outflow. The well-known methods for rainfall analysis such as the coefficient of variation (CV), the precipitation concentration index (PCI), and trend analysis by Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope test, as well as the Sen’s graphical innovative trend method (ITA) recently reported in several studies, were used. Rainfall data from gauge stations and the satellite-gridded Multisource Weighted Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) dataset were chosen for analysis at the annual and four-season time scales, namely, the Southwest Monsoon, Northeast Monsoon, winter, and summer seasons from 1991 to 2020. The mean annual PCI value reflects irregular monthly rainfall distribution (PCI > 20) in all gauge stations. The spatial monthly rainfall distribution of PCI values remarkedly shows a moderate distribution in the western and an anomalous distribution in the eastern part of the basin. The annual mean rainfall ranges from 718.4 to 2268.6 mm/year, decreasing from the high altitude zone in the west to the low plains and coastal regions in the east. Seasonal rainfall contributes about 42% from the NEM, 30.6% from the SWM, 22.8% from summer, and 3.9% from winter, with moderate variability (CV less than 30%). Ground stations experienced extremely high interannual variability in rainfall (more than 60%). Trend analysis by the MK, TFPW-MK, and ITA methods shows increasing annual rainfall in the plains and coastal regions of the basin; particularly, more variations among the seasons were observed in the Lower Thamirabharani sub-basin. The NEM and summer season rainfall are statistically significant and contribute to the increasing trend in annual rainfall. The ITA method performed better in the annual and seasonal scale for detecting the rainfall trend than the MK and TFPW-MK test. The Lower Thamirabharani sub-basin in the eastern part of the basin receives more rain during the NEM than in other areas. To summarize, the low plains in the central and coastal regions in the southeast part experience an increase in rainfall with irregular monthly distribution. This study helps farmers, governments, and policymakers in effective agricultural crop planning and water management.

Monthly Agricultural Reservoir Storage Forecasting Using Machine Learning

Storage rate forecasting for the agricultural reservoir is helpful for preemptive responses to disasters such as agricultural drought and planning so as to maintain a stable agricultural water supply. In this study, SVM, RF, and ANN machine learning algorithms were tested to forecast the monthly storage rate of agricultural reservoirs. The storage rate observed over 30 years (1991–2022) was set as a label, and nine datasets for a one- to three-month storage rate forecast were constructed using precipitation and evapotranspiration as features. In all, 70% of the total data was used for training and validation, and the remaining 30% was used as a test. The one-month storage rate forecasting showed that all SVM, RF, and ANN algorithms were highly reliable, with R2 values ≥ 0.8. As a result of the storage rate forecast for two and three months, the ANN and SVM algorithms showed relatively reasonable explanatory power with an average R2 of 0.64 to 0.69, but the RF algorithm showed a large generalization error. The results of comparing the learning time showed that the learning speed was the fastest in the order of SVM, RF, and ANN algorithms in all of the one to three months. Overall, the learning performance of SVM and ANN algorithms was better than RF. The SVM algorithm is the most credible, with the lowest error rates and the shortest training time. The results of this study are expected to provide the scientific information necessary for the decision-making regarding on-site water managers, which is expected to be possible through the connection with weather forecast data.

Review: All the Water the Law Allows: Las Vegas and Colorado River Politics, by Christian S. Harrison

Review: <i>All the Water the Law Allows: Las Vegas and Colorado River Politics</i>, by Christian S. Harrison

Nanostructured Hybrid Hydrogels for Solar-Driven Clean Water Harvesting from the Atmosphere.

The scarcity of useable water is severe and increasing in several regions of the Middle East, Central and Southern Asia, and Northern Africa. However, the earth's atmosphere contains 37.5 million billion gallons of water in the invisible vapor phase with fast replenishment. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification reports that by 2025 about 2.4 billion people will suffer from a lack of access to safe drinking water. Extensive research has been conducted during the last two decades to develop nature-inspired nanotechnology-based atmospheric water-harvesting technology (atmospheric water generator, AWG) to provide clean water to humanity. However, the performance of this technology is humidity sensitive, particularly when the relative humidity (RH) is high (&gt;~80% RH). Moreover, the fundamental design principle of the materials system for harvesting atmospheric water is mostly unknown. In this work, we present a promising technology for solar energy-driven clean water production in arid and semi-arid regions and remote communities. A polymeric electrospun hybrid hydrogel consisting of deliquescent salt (CaCl2) and nanomaterials was fabricated, and the atmospheric water vapor harvesting capacity was measured. The harvested water was easily released from the hydrogel under regular sunlight via the photothermal effect. The experimental tests of this hybrid hydrogel (PAN/AM/graphene/CaCl2) demonstrated the feasibility of around 1.04 L of freshwater production per kilogram of the hydrogel (RH 60%). The synergistic effect enabled by photothermal materials and deliquescent salt in the hydrogel network architecture presents controllable interaction with water molecules, simultaneously realizing efficient water harvesting. This technology requires no additional input of energy. When considering the global environmental challenges and exploring the available technologies, a sustainable clean water supply for households, industry, and agriculture can be achieved from the air using this economical and practical technology.

Data-Driven Evaluation and Optimization of Agricultural Environmental Efficiency with Carbon Emission Constraints

To cope with global carbon reduction pressure, improved agricultural production efficiency, and optimize regional sustainability, we constructed a data-driven evaluation and optimization method for agricultural environmental efficiency (AEE) under carbon constraints. This study constructs a comprehensive input-output AEE evaluation index system, incorporates carbon emissions from agricultural production processes as undesired outputs, and optimizes their calculation. The Minimum Distance to Strong Efficient Frontier evaluation model considering undesired output, and the kernel density estimation, are used to quantitatively evaluate AEE from static and dynamic perspectives. Tobit regression models are further used to analyze the driving influences of AEE and propose countermeasures to optimize AEE. The feasibility of the above methodological process was tested using 2015–2020 data from the Anhui Province, China. Although there is still scope for optimizing the AEE in Anhui, the overall trend is positive and shows a development trend of “double peaks”. The levels of education, economic development, agricultural water supply capacity, and rural management are important factors contributing to AEE differences in Anhui. Data and regression analysis results contribute to the optimization of AEE and proposes optimization strategies. This study provides extensions and refinements of the AEE evaluation and optimization, and contributes to sustainable development of regions.

Climate induced water security risks on agriculture in the Abbay river basin: A review

Climate induced water security risks on agriculture are assessed in the Abbay river basin by reviewing journal articles, book chapters and research reports. The intent of the review is to understand the state of water security issues in the agricultural sector in relation to climate variability and climate change, existing agricultural water management practices and identification of gaps in knowledge and practices that need to be addressed in the future. It is found that the basin has huge potential of water resources but it is constrained by high spatiotemporal climate variability which has resulted in very variable water supply for agriculture. The challenge is aggravated by lack of effective and locally relevant agricultural water management practices. The central part of the basin in particular is characterized by very short rainy season and long dry season and thus it is the main hotspot of water security risks to agriculture. Climate change, growing demand for water due to increasing population, and land degradation will exacerbate water security risks on agriculture. Research and development efforts to addressing the challenges have generally been limited in scope and spatial scale, so much remains to be done. This review identifies major gaps that need to be investigated and understood in the future to address water security issues on agriculture in the basin.

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigation of the multilayer aquifer system: a case study of the Quaternary and the Campanian aquifers of the Mateur plain, Northern Tunisia

Abstract The Mateur multi-aquifer system, consisting of a Quaternary alluvial aquifer and a Campanian limestone aquifer, is one of the most significant aquifer systems in northern Tunisia, providing domestic and agricultural water supply for the entire Mateur region. The present study aims to unveil the various factors and mechanisms controlling the groundwater chemistry of such a system. Indeed, integrated hydrogeochemical and isotopic approaches are used herein to identify the alluvial and limestone aquifer waters mixing and evolution in the Mateur region. Results show that despite the difference in aquifer lithology, there is little difference in the major ion geochemistry and stable isotope ratios of groundwater within the Mateur plain. Waters from the Quaternary alluvial aquifer are classified into two predominant facies: mixed facies (Ca–Na–SO4–Cl and Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl) and Na–Cl facies. Similarly, waters from the limestone aquifer have also mixed facies (Ca–Na–SO4–Cl) and sodium chloride facies (NaCl). Groundwater δ18O and δ2H values show more homogeneous values along the groundwater flow direction, indicating inter-aquifer mixing processes. Tritium contents of the Campanian aquifer are lower than those of the Quaternary aquifer, indicating a relatively older age or mixture with recent waters. This validates a concept of the hydraulic continuity between the Quaternary aquifer and the Campanian aquifer which is consistent with the geochemical analytical results.

Irrigation management zone strategies impact assessment on potential crop yield, water and energy savings

In irrigated agriculture, soil spatial variability is a primary factor for low irrigation efficiency. In regions such as the Brazilian Cerrado, where there is a continuous growth of irrigated agriculture and limited water supplies, it is important to seek alternatives to reach an efficient and sustainable irrigated agriculture. In this context, precision irrigation has great potential. Better strategies must be established, especially for center pivot irrigation conditions. Irrigation considering management zones is a promising option; however, criteria must be set to delimitate management zones and evaluate irrigation performance in such situations. This study aims to assess the impact of the use of management zones on irrigation performance. Therefore, two center pivots, PivoBHBV and PivoBHALPA, with distinct soil water physical traits, were evaluated. Two management zones strategies were considered to carry out the simulations. One of the strategies was based on regions in the format of square grids with areas of 25, 100 and 225 m2. In the other strategy, the unsupervised grouping algorithm Fuzzy C-Means was used to create management zones. The irrigation performed on those management zones was assessed by comparing their performance with the irrigation conducted in the grid areas. The irrigation management zones were delimited based on the interpolated maps of soil available water capacity (AWC), and the management was conducted individually for each zone. The simulations were made through a model developed with the Python language. The results indicate similarity between the irrigation with management zones and the grid irrigation, as it did not significantly increase water and energy demands or reduce soybean yield. Precision irrigation practiced management zones increased irrigation efficiency, reducing the effect of soil spatial variability. The total irrigation depth applied was, on average, 1.47 % lower than the irrigation by grids. Comparing the grid and the management zones irrigations, water and energy savings potential and the average yield increase potential were 1.85 %, 1.75 %, and 0.41 %.

Heavy metals pollution profiles in Tigris River within Baghdad city

The Tigris River is a major source of Iraq’s drinking and agricultural water supply. An increase in pollution by heavy metals can be a great threat to human and aquatic life. In this study, the pollution index (PI) and metal index (MI) were used to evaluate the status of the Tigris River in Baghdad City. Five stations were chosen to conduct the study. Five heavy metals were analyzed: iron (Fe), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr). The result of PI was ranked between “No effect to moderately affected for Fe; Slightly Affected to Seriously Affected for Pb; no effect to moderately affected for Ni, and no effect to strongly affected for Cr; only Zn was in the No effect class. While the Metal Index (MI) exceeded the warning threshold on all sites, its results ranged between 2.85 and 5.89. Pb was the most significant element that caused the rise of both indices where their values exceeded the allowable limits all the time, followed by Fe and Ni. increasing the concentration of heavy metals in the Tigris River, which returns to effluents of waste from many industrial facilities located on its bank, and the direct discharge of public sewage.

The Effect of Urban Agriculture on Water Security: A Spatial Approach

This study aimed to examine the influence of agricultural development under urbanization on agriculture water supply internalization. Water supply internalization is the process of measuring water security to estimate the degree of water supply sustainably by region inside. According to water users, Water supply internalization could be divided into Agriculture and urban water supply internalization. Agriculture and urban water supply internalization are calculated in this study. This study employed a spatial model to analyze agricultural water supply internalization and its influencing factors. The results showed that the agriculture development associated with agricultural population and crop typology impacts agricultural water supply internalization. Urban water supply internalization increases lead to an increase in agricultural water supply internalization. The agricultural population’s spatial agglomerations lead to increased agricultural water supply internalization. Agricultural population’s spatial agglomerations mean neighborhood city agriculture population share similar trend. Agricultural and urban water supply internalization have spatial autoconnection. The study area consisted of 30 cities in four provinces in North China: Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and Shandong.