Agricultural Biotechnology Research Articles

Genomic insights and anti-phytopathogenic potential of siderophore metabolome of endolithic Nocardia mangyaensis NH1

Actinobacteria are one of the predominant groups that successfully colonize and survive in various aquatic, terrestrial and rhizhospheric ecosystems. Among actinobacteria, Nocardia is one of the most important agricultural and industrial bacteria. Screening and isolation of Nocardia related bacteria from extreme habitats such as endolithic environments are beneficial for practical applications in agricultural and environmental biotechnology. In this work, bioinformatics analysis revealed that a novel strain Nocardia mangyaensis NH1 has the capacity to produce structurally varied bioactive compounds, which encoded by non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS), polyketide synthase (PKS), and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Among NRPS, five gene clusters have a sequence homology with clusters encoding for siderophore synthesis. We also show that N. mangyaensis NH1 accumulates both catechol- and hydroxamate-type siderophores simultaneously under iron-deficient conditions. Untargeted LC–MS/MS analysis revealed a variety of metabolites, including siderophores, lipopeptides, cyclic peptides, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the culture medium of N. mangyaensis NH1 grown under iron deficiency. We demonstrate that four CAS (chrome azurol S)-positive fractions display variable affinity to metals, with a high Fe3+ chelating capability. Additionally, three of these fractions exhibit antioxidant activity. A combination of iron scavenging metabolites produced by N. mangyaensis NH1 showed antifungal activity against several plant pathogenic fungi. We have shown that the pure culture of N. mangyaensis NH1 and its metabolites have no adverse impact on Arabidopsis seedlings. The ability of N. mangyaensis NH1 to produce siderophores with antifungal, metal-chelating, and antioxidant properties, when supplemented with phytohormones, has the potential to improve the release of macro- and micronutrients, increase soil fertility, promote plant growth and development, and enable the production of biofertilizers across diverse soil systems.

Adaptability of Buckwheat in vitro

The research goal was to study the morphogenesis of common buckwheat plantlets obtained using different stressors in vitro. The research object was common buckwheat variety Izumrud – single-node cuttings (1.0-1.5 cm in length; two-three lowest internodes) of the plantlets that were obtained by subculturing on a hormone-free MS medium and of the lines that showed tolerance to CuSO4 Å~ 5H2O (161 and 184 mg/l) at the Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology. Selective media were prepared based on the Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with a zinc salt (ZnSO4 Å~ 7H2O) at concentrations of 808, 909, 1010, 1111, 1212, and 1313 mg/l. To evaluate the morphological characteristics of the studied genotypes, their parameter values were calculated relative to the control and expressed as percentage. The genotypes were compared in the following groups depending on the exposure to a certain stressor: group 1 – the genotypes obtained without exposure to copper, group 2 – the genotypes obtained on the media containing the copper salt at a concentration of 161 mg/l, and group 3 – the genotypes obtained on the media containing the copper salt at a concentration of 184 mg/l. Plants from different groups demonstrated dissimilar growth rates under the toxic conditions caused by the studied concentrations of zinc. The morphological parameter values of the copper-tolerant plants (groups 2 and 3) were significantly higher than those of the plantlets obtained without exposure to copper. The plantlets tolerant to CuSO4 Å~ 5H2O (161 and 184 mg/l) showed a heightened resistance to the selective factor (Zn) as evidenced by their high regeneration and survival rates (95.7-100%).

ИНТЕНСИВНОСТЬ МОРФОГЕНЕЗА РЕГЕНЕРАНТОВ КАРТОФЕЛЯ ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ ОСВЕЩЕНИЯ РАЗЛИЧНОГО СПЕКТРАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА

The aim of research is to establish the optimal parameters of LED lighting for in vitro cultivation of meristem plants of different potato varieties in order to optimize the elements of the original potato seed production technology. Research was conducted in 2023 in the laboratory of agricultural plant biotechnology of the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. The object of research was meristem plants of six potato varieties. The explants were grown on a Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium for 40 days using various sources of artificial LED lighting. The photoperiod duration was 16 hours, the air temperature was 22–24 °C, the relative humidity was 70–75 %. After 10, 20, 30 and 40 days of cultivation, the biometric para¬meters of the regenerants were measured – plant length and the number of internodes. When growing meristematic potato plants in vitro, lighting of different spectral composition had a positive effect on the growth and development of regenerants at different periods of their development. At the initial stages of vegetation, the maximum parameters of growth and development of regenerants were revealed when using white and combined lighting. By the end of the vegetation period, plants in the variant with red-violet spectrum lighting were characterized by a significantly higher length and number of internodes. A pronounced variety-specific response of meristematic plants to different lighting conditions was shown. During the entire exposure period, an increase in the share of the influence of the interaction of genotypic and environmental factors on the variability of plant length was noted. The interaction of factors was also decisive for the number of internodes in the first 30 days of vegetation. In the last decade of vegetation, the maximum contribution to the variability of the trait was made by the lighting factor. For practical use in ori¬ginal seed production of potatoes, individual selection of LED lighting parameters for each variety is recommended with a gradual increase in the red-violet spectrum after the tenth day of exposure.

First report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera xanthii on Siraitia grosvenorii in Guizhou, China.

Swingle (Siraitia grosvenorii), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, stands out as a distinctive plant with both economic and medicinal significance. In October 2023, severe powdery mildew were observed on S. grosvenorii in Guiyang City (26.50°N; 106.66°E), Guizhou Province, China. About 80 % of the plants in the greenhouse showed powdery mildew symptoms. Three infected plant samples were selected for morphological and molecular analysis (GZAAS 23-0801, GZAAS 23-0802 and GZAAS 23-0803). The voucher specimens are deposited in the Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Guizhou Province. The symptoms initially manifested as irregular to nearly circular, small yellow spots, with distinct depressions as well as surfaces covered in white mycelium. Over time, these spots gradually expanded and merged patches. In the final stages, the entire leaves turned into yellow and withered. Microscopic observations showed that fungal hyphae were septate, branched, and flexuous to straight and 5 to 9 µm wide, and appressoria were indistinct to slightly nipple-shaped. Conidia were hyaline and ellipsoid to oval with fibrosin bodies and measured 31 to 43 × 18 to 24 μm (n = 50) with a length/width ratio of 1.3 to 2.3. Conidiophores were unbranched, straight, 120 to 268 × 14 to 22 µm (n = 30), producing two to five immature conidia in chains. Foot cells of conidiophores were cylindrical, 39 to 84 × 8 to 14 μm (n = 30), followed by one to three short cells. Short cells were cylindrical, 12 to 32 × 8 to 15 μm (n = 50). The morphological characteristics were identical with the previous description of Podosphaera xanthii (Braun and Cook, 2012). Total DNA was extracted from conidia and mycelia by the Chelex method (Walsh et al., 1991). The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) were amplified by using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990) and LSU1/LSU2 (Scholin et al., 1994), respectively. The ITS (OR825802, OR825803 and OR825804, respectively) and LSU (OR825805, OR825806 and OR825807, respectively) sequences of three isolates, were deposited in GenBank. The BLAST results revealed that both the ITS and LSU region sequence were 100% identical to those of P. xanthii (ITS: MF043939, MG754404 and KJ698669; LSU: OQ061319, AB936277and OP218411). Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU sequences showed that our three isolates were clustered with P. xanthii (KX842351, LC270782 and LC270779) with high statistical support (ML/MP/BI: 100%/97%/1.00). Combined with their morphological characteristics, these three isolates were identified as P. xanthii. Pathogenicity tests were performed by gently brushing conidia onto the leaves of five healthy S. grosvenorii plants. Five non-inoculated plants were used as the control. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2°C. One week after inoculation, similar symptoms were observed in the inoculated plants, whereas no symptoms occurred on the control plants. By microscopic observation, the fungus on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to those on originally diseased plants. Powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii has been reported on Vernonia cinerea (Wu et al., 2023), Vigna unguiculata (Zhang et al., 2023), Cucumis melo (Meesam et al., 2023). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii on S. grosvenorii in Guizhou, China. The occurrence of powdery mildew on S. grosvenorii may pose a potential threat to its large-scale cultivation. The pathogen could become a threat to other Cucurbitaceae members in the future.

Prime-editing methods and pegRNA design programs

It has been 10 years since CRISPR/Cas technology was applied to edit the genomes of various organisms. Its ability to produce a double-strand break in a DNA region specified by the researcher started a revolution in bioengineering. Later, the Base Editing (BE) method was developed. BE is performed via the formation of single-strand breaks by the mutant form of Cas nuclease (nickase), cross-linked with deaminases and other enzymes. It can be used to promote A↔G and C↔T transitions, and a C→G transversion. Just over three years ago, a new Prime Editing (PE) variant of CRISPR/Cas was invented. Unlike BE, in PE the nickase is fused with reverse transcriptase, capable of building a new DNA chain using the pegRNA template. The pegRNA consists of an elongated guide RNA with an extra sequence at the 3ꞌ-end. Prime editing makes it possible to insert the desired mutations into this extra sequence and to carry out any substitutions and indels of bases without the use of special donor DNA. To date, a number of PE variants have been proposed, and they are briefly considered in this review with an emphasis on prime editing of plant genomes. Some attention is also paid to pegRNA design programs, as well as evaluation of the efficiency of the editing. Such a variety of PE techniques is due to the opportunities of high-precision introduction of desired changes with a rather low frequency of off-target mutations in the genomes of various organisms. The relatively low efficiency of prime editing inspire researchers to offer new approaches. There is hope that further development of the technology will improve PE enough to take its rightful place among the genome targeting methods, suitable for any organisms, and will have a positive impact on the agricultural sector, industrial biotechnologies, and medicine.

Establishing the <i>in vitro</i> culture of and micropropagating edible honeysuckle

Edible honeysuckle is a popular fruit crop. Its therapeutic and health-promoting effects are attributed to a high content of bioactive compounds in the fruits. Unlike the traditional plant multiplication methods, the in vitro propagation allows scientists to obtain high-quality planting material of honeysuckle in a great quantity and within a short time. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Breeding and Genetic Research on Field Crops of the Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki. Honeysuckle variety Podarok amurchanam created by the Far Eastern State Agrarian University was used as the research object. The research materials were sterilized according to the methodology of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources with some modifications. Several products were used as chemical agents for sterilization in the following sequence: a 5% solution of surfactants, fungicide Fundazol, EC (1 g/l), the bleaching agent ACE freshly diluted with distilled water in the proportion 1:9 (0.50% of NaOCl in the working solution), and 70% ethanol. The primary explants were cultured on an MS containing 20 g/l sucrose and 6 g/l agar (hereafter – MS) and supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.7-5.8 using 1N КОН. The explants (microcuttings with one-two internodes) were subcultured on an MS supplemented with BA (0.5 mg/l). The morphometric parameters of the plants were measured on the 35th day of cultivation. The sterilization of the explants with Fundazol (1 g/l) and the ACE diluted with distilled water in the proportion 1:9 allowed us to obtain a high number of viable microclones (50%). The elimination of leaves from the honeysuckle microcuttings drastically decreased the survival rate and led to the death of the microclones in most cases (the mortality rate was 98.7 %). Subculturing the microcuttings on the MS supplemented with BA at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l facilitated the normal growth and development of the regenerated honeysuckle plants (the average reproduction rate was 4.65).

Nanomaterials for intelligent CRISPR-Cas tools: improving environment sustainability.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is a desirable gene modification tool covering a wide area in various sectors of medicine, agriculture, and microbial biotechnology. The role of this incredible genetic engineering technology has been extensively investigated; however, it remains formidable with cargo choices, nonspecific delivery, and insertional mutagenesis. Various nanomaterials including lipid, polymeric, and inorganic are being used to deliver the CRISPR-Cas system. Progress in nanomaterials could potentially address these challenges by accelerating precision targeting, cost-effectiveness, and one-step delivery. In this review, we highlighted the advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials as smart delivery systems for CRISPR-Cas so as to ameliorate applications for environmental remediation including biomedical research and healthcare, strategies for mitigating antimicrobial resistance, and to be used as nanofertilizers for enhancing crop growth, and reducing the environmental impact of traditional fertilizers. The timely co-evolution of nanotechnology and CRISPR technologies has contributed to smart novel nanostructure hybrids for improving the onerous tasks of environmental remediation and biological sustainability.

The effect of a complex bajillary microbiological preparation on the growth and indicators of the internal environment of the body in juvenile siberian sterlet Acipenser ruthenus marsiglii Brandt

Probiotic drugs are a product of agricultural biotechnology. Their use for feeding fish and other aquatic organisms, especially coldwater ones, is currently insufficiently studied. The addition of a bacillary probiotic preparation (based on two species of bacteria of the genus Bacillus in fish feed) was carried out. These microorganisms are symbionts of many warm-blooded animals and are not a specific intestinal microflora of sturgeon. Experimental work was carried out in the UZ of the Aquaculture Research Center of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University. Studies have shown that the addition of a bacillary probiotic drug in doses of 500 and 1000 mcg per kg of feed when feeding juvenile sterlet weighing 0.27–0.29 kg to a weight of 0.375–0.384 kg for 40 days did not have a positive effect on fish growth in experimental groups. All physiological parameters, such as oxygen consumption, the state of white and red blood, lay within the limits typical for sturgeon fish contained in the ultrasound. At the same time, there is an increase in leukocytosis in fish in the group receiving 1000 mcg/kg of feed within 106,7±16,7–143,8±56,3×103/mcl by an average of 22.3% compared to the control. The oxygen consumption level in the fish in the control group was 18.7–28.31% lower than in the experimental ones. There were no significant changes in the growth rate of fish receiving different doses of the drug. The average daily increase in the group receiving 500 mcg/kg of feed was 4.52 g per day, 1000 mcg/kg — 4.44 g per day. On average, on the 30th day of observations, when compared with the control, the growth rate of juvenile sterlet in the experimental groups was lower by 25.16 and 38.6%. At the same time, the safety of fish in the control group was 96.55, and in the experimental group it was 100%.

The need for communication between researchers and policymakers for the deployment of bioengineered carbon capture and sequestration crops

Bioengineered/genome-edited carbon capture and sequestration (BE/GEd-CCS) crops are being developed to mitigate climate change. This paper explores how technology, regulation, funding, and social implications, could shape the development and deployment of these crops. We conclude that some of the technological efforts to create BE/GEd-CCS crops may work. Still, stakeholders must agree on generally accepted methods of measuring how much carbon is captured in the soil and its value. The regulatory space for BE/GEd-CCS crops remains fluid until the first crops are reviewed. BE/GEd-CCS crops have received considerable initial funding and may benefit financially more from other federal programs and voluntary carbon markets. BE/GEd-CCS crops may continue perpetuating social equity concerns about agricultural biotechnology due to a lack of oversight. We argue that stakeholders need to pursue a multidisciplinary view of BE/GEd-CCS crops that draw in varying perspectives for effective development and deployment. Communication is needed between researchers and policymakers involved in either developing BE/GEd-CCS crops or developing voluntary carbon markets. We argue for the start of a conversation both across disciplines and between researchers and policymakers about the development and deployment of BE/GEd-CCS crops.

A century of studying plant secondary metabolism-From "what?" to "where, how, and why?"

Over the past century, early advances in understanding the identity of the chemicals that collectively form a living plant have led scientists to deeper investigations exploring where these molecules localize, how they are made, and why they are synthesized in the first place. Many small molecules are specific to the plant kingdom and have been termed plant secondary metabolites, despite the fact that they can play primary and essential roles in plant structure, development, and response to the environment. The past 100 yr have witnessed elucidation of the structure, function, localization, and biosynthesis of selected plant secondary metabolites. Nevertheless, many mysteries remain about the vast diversity of chemicals produced by plants and their roles in plant biology. From early work characterizing unpurified plant extracts, to modern integration of 'omics technology to discover genes in metabolite biosynthesis and perception, research in plant (bio)chemistry has produced knowledge with substantial benefits for society, including human medicine and agricultural biotechnology. Here, we review the history of this work and offer suggestions for future areas of exploration. We also highlight some of the recently developed technologies that are leading to ongoing research advances.

Регулирование в области биотехнологий в сельскохозяйственном секторе стран БРИКС

The goals and objectives of this study are dictated by the interest in studying the current state of regulation of biotechnology in agriculture and related key trends globally and specifically in the BRICS countries. The author attempts to identify the factors of the implementation of a particular policy by individual states in relation to biotechnology, to find common features and differences in their respective strategies. The emphasis is placed on the analysis of authoritative industry sources in order to identify the modern trends, followed by comparison and synthetic generalization of the data obtained.

Key trends in the global biotechnology market

The global biotechnology market is is experiencing a dynamic transformation, showing a substantial upswing and diversification. The main trends forming this sector are considered in detail in this study in terms of extensive data collection and reliable analytical techniques. The main conclusions point to sustained growth in the market with a significant shift towards the Asia-Pacific region. Therapeutic advances, such as those in regenerative and personalized medicine, provide revolutionary approaches to healthcare. Simultaneously, agricultural biotechnologies are becoming a beacon of light for the challenges of food security and climate change. Due to the combination of biotechnology with digital tools, it foretells a new era of interdisciplinary research to facilitate rapid discoveries. However, the rapid pace of innovations necessitates vigilant and adaptive regulatory frameworks. This article reports on the multidimensional nature of the biotechnology landscape, highlighting its potential in forming a sustainable, healthy, and equitable future.

Biodiversity, mechanisms, and potential biotechnological applications of minerals solubilizing extremophilic microbes: A review

The earth’s surface consists of arid, semi-arid, and hyper-arid lands, where life is profoundly challenged by harsh conditions such as temperature fluctuations, water scarcity, high levels of solar radiations, and soil salinity. The harsh environmental conditions pose serious consequences on plant survival, growth, and productivity accessibility of nutrients reduces. To cope with the harsh environments and increase plant productivity, an extremophilic microbe has attracted agriculturists and environmentalists. The extremophilic microbes, adapted to extreme environmental conditions, offer an unexploited reservoir for biofertilizers, which could provide various forms of nutrients and alleviate the stress caused by the abiotic factors in an environment-friendly manner. Worldwide, minerals solubilizing extremophilic microbes are distributed in various hotspots and belong to three domains of life including, archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. The minerals solubilizing extremophilic microbes belong to diverse phyla, namely, Ascomycota, Actinobacteria, Basidiomycota, Bacteroidetes, Crenarchaeota, Deinococcus-Thermus, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Mineral solubilizing extremophilic microbes achieve the mineral solubilization of phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and selenium by secreting special compounds such as organic acid, exopolysaccharides, and different enzymes. Consequently, extremophilic microbes are becoming increasingly important in agriculture, industries and environmental biotechnology as well, paving the way for novel sequencing technologies and “metaomics” methods, including metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics. The extremophilic microbial diversity and their biotechnological application in agriculture and industrial applications will be a milestone for future needs. The present review deals with biodiversity, mechanisms and potential biotechnological applications of minerals solubilizing extremophilic microbes.

Using bioproducts for soybean protection against the soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella Mats.) under the conditions of the steppe zone of Primorsky kray

This paper presents the results of a study on bioproducts BioKill, EC, and Proclaim, WG, against the soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella Mats.), which damages soybean pods in the agroecosystems of Primorsky kray. This species is one of the main soybean pests in the Russian Far Eastern federal district. The research was conducted on late soybean variety Briz in the conditions of the steppe zone of Primorsky kray – in the soybeans fields of FSBSI “FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki”. The plan of the experiment included the use of bioinsecticides BioKill, EC, and Proclaim, WG, for treating plants either during the growing period (two times) or in combination with seed-applied insecticide Imidor Pro, SC. Our research goal was to evaluate the biological and economic efficacy of the bioproducts against Leguminivora glycinivorella Mats. It was established that applying the bioinsecticides decreased the degree of the damage caused by the soybean pod borer (larvae) to soybean pods and seeds and positively affected the productivity of soybean plants. Bioproduct BioKill, EC, had the highest biological efficacy. The protective properties of bioinsecticide Proclaim, WG, were observed to be weaker. The research results demonstrated that bioproducts BioKill, EC, and Proclaim, WG, were effective against the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella Mats. and could be used as soybean protection products in the agroecosystems of the Russian Far East.

Use of Temporary Immersion Systems in the Establishment of Biofactories.

Companies dedicated to the large-scale propagation of plant species are known as biofactories or agricultural biotechnology companies. Globally, there are a large number of biofactories (large-scale production) or plant tissue culture laboratories (small-scale production) in charge of supplying commercial propagules of plants of economic interest. Each biofactory implements technological developments such as temporary immersion (TIS) systems that allow them to reduce costs. This chapter analyzes some of the biofactories established globally, the main plant species propagated, and whether or not they implement the use of TIS.

Prospective of agriculture biotechnology to minimize hunger and malnutrition

Prospective of agriculture biotechnology to minimize hunger and malnutrition

Effect of PGPR Arthrobacter sp. CTF1 and foliar iodine spraying on pea microgreens growth in hydroponic culture

The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) along with additional biofortification of agricultural plants with scarce essential elements, such as iodine, is a promising area of agricultural biotechnology. The seeds of Pisum sativum L. (var. Madras) pre-inoculated for two hours with PGPR Arthrobacter sp. strain CTF1 (108 CFU/mL) were grown for 14 days in a hydroponic culture at foliar spraying with iodine solution (0.01% KI or KIO3) on the 7th day of the vegetation. Growth parameters such as the length of shoot, fresh and dry biomass of seedlings were studied, the germination percentage and vigor index were calculated, and the content of photosynthetic pigments in pea leaves was assessed. The results showed inoculation of pea seeds with PGPR strain CTF1 had a positive effect on the biomass of two-week-old pea microgreens and their vigor index. At the same time, a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments was also observed in the leaves of pea seedlings, especially chlorophyll a (by almost 25%) and carotenoids (by almost 40%). Additionally, application of iodine via foliar spraying, irrespective of its form (KI or KIO3), resulted in nearly a 26-fold surge in amount of microgreens. However, the significant effect of such iodine treatment had a positive effect only on the content of carotenoids.

Создание и оценка новых генотипов картофеля с применением методов традиционной селекции

The paper presents a comparative evaluation of economically important traits of potato variety collection. Selected genotypes were included in directed crossbreeding. New hybrid combinations with the most significant parameters were created for potato breeding. The research was carried out in a breeding field plot of Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A. K. Chaika, Putsilovka, Ussuriysk district, Primorsky krai. The research was based on the methodology developed by Federal Potato Research Center named after A. G. Lorkh and the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N. I. Vavilov. The biochemical analysis of tubers (the content of dry matter and starch) was performed by the method of the specific weight using a digital scale PW-2050 (UK). The content of protein, vitamin C, and reduced sugars was determined by the Laboratory of Agrochemical Analysis. In a collection nursery 368 potato varieties of Russian and foreign breeding were studied. The conducted research allowed the selection of genotypes with high productivity indicators, biochemical parameters, taste qualities and processing profitable. Such genotypes included varieties Ariel, Varyag, Zhemchuzhina Kamchatki, Kumach, Merlot, Nikulinskii, Tretyakovka and hybrids 4634-34 Krepysh × Bora Valley, 14-11-8, 17K10-2, and 55-10-38. The selected genotypes were used to obtain hybrid combinations characterized by correct tuber shape and resistance to diseases: Ocharovanie × Reggi, Charoit × Darnitsa, Charoit × Manifest, Barin × Reggi, Ocharovanie × Lyuks, Koroleva Anna × Kazachok, Avrora × Darnitsa, and Irbitskii × Kazachok.

A New Chapter in Sugarcane Genomics: Constructing the R570 Reference Genome and the Future of Agricultural Biotechnology

A New Chapter in Sugarcane Genomics: Constructing the R570 Reference Genome and the Future of Agricultural Biotechnology

基于改进遗传算法的苹果收获机器人三维路径规划

In recent years, the problem of “rural labor shortage” in China has become increasingly serious, with a large number of young laborers going out to work, leading to an increasing amount of idle rural land. The intensification of population aging and the reduction of agricultural labor force in China resulted in an urgent demand for agricultural robots. With the rapid development of agricultural machinery and automation technology, agricultural robots have been continuously developing. They can better adapt to the development of biotechnology in agriculture, and traditional harvesting methods may undergo significant changes, with an increased focus on the cultivation of crops. Therefore, this paper introduces a new encoding scheme on the basis of traditional genetic algorithm (GA) and proposes an improved double encoding GA. This new encoding scheme is used on the crossover link, whereas the path node sequence encoding scheme is still used on the mutation link. The selection operation is placed after the mutation, and the merging sorting and elitist selection are performed on the parent population, crossover population, and mutation population before selection, thereby accelerating the convergence speed. On the basis of the improved GA, the three-dimensional path of the apple harvesting robot is designed and planned, with the addition of adaptive adjustment function during the progress. The experimental simulation results show that the three-dimensional path planning of the apple harvesting mobile robot based on the improved GA can minimize the number of paths and loops and well meet the operational requirements of the harvesting robot.