Agricultural Trading System Research Articles

TRADE ANALYSIS OF RED CHILLIES (CAPSICUM ANNUM L) IN RANAH PESISIR DISTRICT, PESISIR SELATAN REGENCY

An efficient agricultural commodity trade system can increase the income of farmers. This study aims to describe the channels and functions of the trading system by each institution as well as to analyze the trading system margin, the share received by farmers, and the efficiency of the red chili marketing channel in Ranah Pesisir District, Pesisir Selatan Regency. The method used is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive method where the data collection uses a survey method. The results showed that the red chili marketing channel pattern uses intermediary traders. That are collectors and retailers. The marketing function performed by farmers and red chili collectors/retailers consists of exchange, physical, and facility functions. The trading system margin on channel one is smaller compared to channel two. The percentage share of the price farmers receive in channel one is higher than in channel two. Channel one is more efficient than channel two. Trading administration institutions must pay attention to the physical function (transportation, storage, and packaging) of distributing red chilies to maintain their quality of red chilies.

Effects of Sustainable Regulations at Agricultural International Market Failures: A Dynamic Approach

Several policies have been proposed to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural trade. However, a number of these policies have low efficiency on a global scale due to side effects on third-competitor countries. The objective of this article is to assess the consequences of these policies under the existence of market failures that characterise the agricultural sector (i.e., ex ante price uncertainty and oligopoly in international markets). In particular, it is shown that some of these policies could cause instability in the agricultural trade system in the short/medium run, as well as permanent adverse side effects on competitor countries. Using a theoretical dynamic model that includes these failures, it was found that instability could be reduced by supplying information that could help producers to improve price forecasting. Likewise, the adverse side effects could be prevented by means of sustainable policies adopted co-ordinately by competitor countries. This latter result is consistent with the general strategies stated by the Climate Club.

АДАПТИВНЕ СТРАТЕГУВАННЯ ПОВЕДІНКИ АГРОТРЕЙДЕРІВ НА РИНКАХ ЄС

In today's globalised world, agri-trading plays a crucial role in ensuring livelihoods and development for agricultural producers and individuals and legal entities involved in the food supply chain. The purpose of the article is to study the main approaches to adaptive strategising of agri-traders' behaviour in the EU markets. The author identifies typical components that characterise the structure of business models of leading agro-trading companies. The problems faced by agro-traders and all those involved in the agricultural commodity trade system are identified. The transformation processes in the system of the value chain ‘production and sale of agricultural products’ are substantiated. The key positions of adaptive strategies for medium-sized agro-traders, which are in the most difficult competitive conditions, are substantiated. It is determined that adaptive strategising of agro-trading companies' behaviour is an objective condition for their development at the present stage. This approach to business management and development is based on constant adaptation to changes in the external environment. The main features of adaptive strategising of agro-traders' behaviour are identified. These include constant monitoring of the market, competitors, consumers and technological trends, which allows identifying potential threats and opportunities; development of strategic plans; structure and processes of the organisation, which should allow for quick decision-making and implementation of changes; stimulation of innovation and continuous training at all levels of the organisation; availability of adaptive thinking skills among company leaders. As a result, adaptive strategising of agri-traders' behaviour can reduce risks by responding quickly to changes; accordingly, organisations that adapt to changes faster can outperform competitors. Flexibility in planning and implementation will allow companies to optimise resources and increase the efficiency of business processes. Adaptive strategising, which is systematically implemented by agri-trading companies, requires a high level of coordination and change management; significant investments in technology and training, and often requires changes in corporate culture, which is often a complex and lengthy process. As a result, it is the adaptive strategising of agro-traders' behaviour that is critical for successful business development in today's dynamic and unstable market environment.

Trade Liberalization: Reaping Its Effects on the Agricultural Performance of the Philippines

Over the years, economists had been taught that "Trade can make everyone better off", thus the rationale of the dynamic shift in the Philippine agricultural trade system from protectionism to trade liberalization. It was known that the Philippines was one of the champions in the agriculture sector as it had massively produced agricultural goods and exports during the late 20th century. However, various studies and reports have shown and concluded that agriculture in the Philippine setting is now dubbed as the “poor man’s sector”. In this study, it has reaped the reality of the country’s stance in trade agreements as it has examined the correlation of trade openness, imports of goods, and employment to the Value of Production in Agriculture—wherein, it has resulted in distinct conclusions such as (1) trade openness has a negative impact to VPA, (2) imports of goods increase VPA by 0.094373, and (3) employment’s positive impact is estimated to be at 4570.708. The researchers suggest that such results and analysis are vital for the government sector and thus revisit the pros and cons of trade policies and weigh their net effects on the agricultural sector to which people owe their daily nutrition.

EFFECTS OF COMBINING THE O2O MODEL, REGIONAL PRODUCTS AND EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIETNAM’S RURAL E-COMMERCE

Rural E-commerce has performed as a new area to consider, primarily takes spontaneous nature and it does not have an obvious orientation. As a result, rural E-commerce needs to select a suitable development model to form the breakthrough premise for Vietnam’s agriculture. Moreover, the core goal of this model is to intensify agricultural trading to build a modern agricultural product trading system (1 out of 3 new TAM NONG ideological criteria). Along with the purpose to exploit the potential in rural areas, increase the farmers’ income and improve the standard of living - a foundation to create a green, clean and beautiful environment, modernize the agricultural economy; the research is also of great significance in the development of modern TAM NONG policy with recent 4.0 technology in Vietnam. This research uses a cross-sectional descriptive method, aiming at shedding light on the key factor for the development of rural E-commerce in Vietnam based on the O2O model, including the ability to participate in E-commerce (age, gender, etc), living areas (rural, urban), academic level, combining of cultural, rural, regional specialties in developing field-trip ecotourism, managing logistics. As a result, our research aims to establish a new rural E-commerce combining 3 in 1: E-commerce O2O model, rural specialties, together with rural educational experience.

Pre-Seed, Seed, and Start-Up Business on the Vegetable Seller e-Commerce User in Bali Province

Today, many efforts prepared to improve the scope of the agricultural commodity product marketing segment to make the consumer and farmer could enjoy it properly. One of those effort completed by building an e-Commerce based agricultural trading system. This study aimed to assess the pre-seed, seed and start-up business on the vegetable seller e-Commerce user in Bali Province. This study done on the e-Commerce platforms: Facebook, Instagram, Tokopedia, and Shopee that used by the vegetable seller e-Commerce user in Bali Province. There were 30 participants involved in this study. Qualitative descriptive analysis with simple data tabulation used to address the study aim. Results showed that the pre-seed business developed due to the owner’s hobby in the agricultural area and environmental factors that drove them to run an agribusiness. On the step of the seed business, the vegetable seller started the business according to their will. Most of the sellers still used social media-based e-commerce with a simple application module. They expect to develop a complete module system to run their e-Commerce based business in the future.

Application of Data Mining in Recommending Mode of Agricultural Products Market System

The agricultural product trading system is a system that involves multiple links and multi-agency network-based work management methods. The article describes the overall design, system architecture, network architecture and related modules of the system through flow charts and structure diagrams. The design is implemented, and the database diagrams and attribute fields of related modules are given. The application process of data mining algorithm in the system is studied. Firstly, the data mining workflow is analyzed. Then the data collected by the system is studied. The data preprocessing process is studied, which makes the data set suitable for data mining. According to the characteristics of the data, the decision tree method is used to perform data mining. The data has been preprocessed. Based on the analysis of data and build a decision tree.

Research on Taiwan’s Agricultural Industry Introducing E-Commerce Auction Trading System

The main purpose of this study is to use information technology to promote the e-commerce auction trading mode of agricultural products, strengthen the supply and marketing order, ensure the trading information of agricultural products are transparent and opened, and improve the marketing system of agricultural products and expand the multiple marketing channels of agricultural products. The research method uses SWOT analysis and five-force analysis, and the secondary data collection method and literature exploration method in qualitative research are carried out. The research results show that: 1. By constructing a high-stability B2B e-commerce architecture, agricultural products can achieve good efficiency in transportation and sales; 2. An innovative agricultural product trading system can strengthen the agricultural economic system. In addition, in the research, the “business model innovation” that this study failed to mention is worthy of inclusion in continuous research to increase the contribution of research.

Zdolność konkurencyjna przemysłu spożywczego krajów UE, USA i Kanady na rynku światowym

Celem artykułu była ocena zdolności konkurencyjnej głównych branż przemysłu spożywczego UE, USA i Kanady na rynku światowym, z wykorzystaniem wybranych wskaźników ekonomicznych i handlowych. Zakres czasowy analiz objął lata 2007-2016. W badaniach wykorzystano dane urzędów i agencji statystycznych UE (Eurostat), USA (US Census Bureau, FAS/USDA) i Kanady (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada). Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz można stwierdzić, że poprawa pozycji konkurencyjnej branż unijnego przemysłu spożywczego w większym stopniu była determinowana skalą aktywności w handlu światowym (rosnącymi udziałami w globalnym eksporcie), natomiast o przewagach konkurencyjnych przemysłu spożywczego USA i Kanady decydowały przewagi o charakterze ekonomicznym, związane z poprawą ekonomicznych wyników działalności przedsiębiorstw danej branży, jej udziału w tworzeniu realnej wartości dodanej przemysłu spożywczego oraz produktywności pracy.

Economic shifts in agricultural production and trade due to climate change

In addition to expanding agricultural land area and intensifying crop yields, increasing the global trade of agricultural products is one mechanism that humanity has adopted to meet the nutritional demands of a growing population. However, climate change will affect the distribution of agricultural production and, therefore, food supply and global markets. Here we quantify the structural changes in the global agricultural trade network under the two contrasting greenhouse gas emissions scenarios by coupling seven Global Gridded Crop Models and five Earth System Models to a global dynamic economic model. Our results suggest that global trade patterns of agricultural commodities may be significantly different from today’s reality with or without carbon mitigation. More specifically, the agricultural trade network becomes more centralised under the high CO2 emissions scenario, with a few regions dominating the markets. Under the carbon mitigation scenario, the trade network is more distributed and more regions are involved as either importers or exporters. Theoretically, the more distributed the structure of a network, the less vulnerable the system is to climatic or institutional shocks. Mitigating CO2 emissions has the co-benefit of creating a more stable agricultural trade system that may be better able to reduce food insecurity.

Agricultural Trading System and Global Food Crisis

Agricultural Trading System and Global Food Crisis

Impact of European Union–U.S. Organic Equivalency Arrangement on U.S. Exports

AbstractThis study uses the synthetic control method to investigate the impact of the 2012 bilateral organic equivalency arrangement between the European Union and the United States, the two largest organic markets in the world. Employing the newly‐available USDA Global Agricultural Trade System (GATS) data on organic trade, we collectively analyze 23 products of U.S. organic exports representing fresh produce, coffee, and tomato sauce, at the quarterly level during the 2011–2014 period. We find that the policy generates an increase of 9.1% in the organic exports of these products to the European Union each quarter.

Znaczenie wymiany bilateralnej w handlu zagranicznym produktami rolno-spożywczymi UE i USA

Celem artykułu było określenie znaczenia wymiany bilateralnej w handlu zagranicznym produktami rolno-spożywczymi UE i USA w latach 2001-2016 oraz wskazanie potencjalnych możliwości jej rozwoju w warunkach implementacji TTIP. W badaniach wykorzystano dane pochodzące z baz ComExt w zasobach Urzędu Statystycznego Unii Europejskiej (Eurostat) oraz Global Agricultural Trade System, pod nadzorem służb zagranicznych Departamentu Rolnictwa Stanów Zjednoczonych (FAS/USDA). Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz można stwierdzić, że w latach 2001-2016 UE i USA były dla siebie ważnymi partnerami handlowymi, jednak wartość bilateralnych obrotów produktami rolno-żywnościowymi pozostawała stosunkowo niewielka. W dużej mierze wynikało to z relatywnie niskiego stopnia komplementarności struktur produkcji rolniczej w tych krajach, a w rezultacie nieznacznego popytu na artykuły rolne strefy klimatu umiarkowanego w USA, które z powodzeniem, a zwykle także taniej są tam wytwarzane i które stanowią nadwyżki eksportowe tego kraju. Sposobem na zintensyfikowanie wzajemnych powiązań handlowych UE i USA może być utworzenie transatlantyckiej strefy wolnego handlu, skutkujące silnym efektem kreacji obrotów bilateralnych stron TTIP, przy jednoczesnym ograniczonym wpływie porozumienia na relacje z pozostałymi partnerami handlowymi.

Clove cigar sales following the US flavoured cigarette ban

BackgroundFollowing the passage of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009, flavoured cigarettes, including clove cigarettes, were banned based on the rationale that such cigarettes appealed to...

Potential economic and health impacts of ochratoxin A regulatory standards

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin found in multiple agricultural commodities worldwide. OTA causes renal toxicity in certain animal species, but there is little documented evidence of adverse health effects in humans. Until recently, few nations have established regulations on maximum levels for OTA in commodities. The application of regulations may cause economic loss to food producers, which should be considered alongside potential health benefits from enacting such regulations. We evaluate the potential economic impacts of the recently proposed OTA maximum limits (MLs) for foodstuffs by Health Canada. Potential costs to Canadian food producers and nations exporting to Canada are estimated using data on reported proportion of foodstuffs exceeding OTA ML levels, and market data from the Canadian Importer's Database and the United States Department of Agriculture Global Agricultural Trade System. If the proposed OTA MLs are enforced, estimated annual losses to Canadian food producers could exceed 260 million Canadian dollars (CD), based on proportion of products expected to have OTA levels exceeding the MLs. Wheat and oat producers would experience the greatest proportion of economic loss. The United States is the largest exporter to Canada of foods that would be subject to the proposed MLs, and would experience an estimated annual loss of over 17 million CD; primarily in the infant food, breakfast cereal and raisin industries. The countervailing health benefits of such OTA standards are unclear. These potential health and economic implications should be considered by policymakers when setting regulatory standards on food safety.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN KEDELAI UNTUK PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI RAKYAT DI KABUPATEN KEEROM PROVINSI PAPUA

This study aimed to analyze the internal and external factors that influenced the soybean development strategy in Keerom Regency (Papua). soybean-farmers and stakeholders in 20 less-developed villages, and secondary data on period of 1997−2010 were the sample. The results revealed that the soybeans local-farming had a great financial prospect. The high productivity and its return to the farmers had allowed some proposed development strategies to improve the local soybean production and its product processing indus-tries. The unfair agricultural trading system, cheaper imported soybean, and unstable fertilizer prices were some of the threats that must be addressed.

Exporting obesity: US farm and trade policy and the transformation of the Mexican consumer food environment

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, in the United States as well as among its trade partners such as Mexico. It has been established that an "obesogenic" (obesity-causing) food environment is one influence on obesity prevalence. To isolate the particular role of NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, in changing Mexico's food environment, we plotted the flow of several key products between the United States and Mexico over the 14-year NAFTA period (1994-2008) and situated them in a broader historical context. Key sources of USDA data include the Foreign Agricultural Service's Global Agricultural Trade System, its official repository for current and historical data on imports, exports and re-exports, and its Production, Supply, and Distribution online database. US export data were queried for agricultural products linked to shifting diet patterns including: corn, soybeans, sugar and sweeteners, consumer-oriented products, and livestock products. The Bureau of Economic Analysis' Balance of Payments and Direct Investment Position Data in their web-based International Economic Accounts system also helped determine changes in US direct investment abroad from 1982 to 2009. Directly and indirectly, the United States has exported increasing amounts of corn, soybeans, sugar, snack foods, and meat products into Mexico over the last two decades. Facilitated by NAFTA, these exports are one important way in which US agriculture and trade policy influences Mexico's food system. Because of significant US agribusiness investment in Mexico across the full spectrum of the latter's food supply chain, from production and processing to distribution and retail, the Mexican food system increasingly looks like the industrialized food system of the United States.

Emerging Class Relations in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam: A Network Analysis

Neoclassical theory has not succeeded in explaining the relationship between increasing landlessness and class differentiation in rural southern Vietnam. In this paper, we take a relational approach, using statistical techniques from social network theory, to examine the governance structure of markets in a commune of Tra Vinh province in the Mekong River Delta. We demonstrate that new opportunities provided by the process of market development are accessible only to those households controlling the right bundles of resources in the core agricultural production and trading system of the area. Further, industrial employment is available only to those who have, at some stage, controlled land, while those who have never participated in the land and rice markets are confined to casual agricultural labour. The governance structure, embedded informally in relatively stable market networks, therefore reproduces class divisions.

Agreement on Agriculture: Issues of Market Access for South Asian Countries

The Uruguay Round achieved a historic turning point in the reform of agricultural trade system through adoption of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). The AoA lays firm foundation for strengthening multilateral discipline on agriculture trade by bringing the agriculture sector under GATT disciplines. It prohibits the use of non-tariff barriers and obliges members to reduce tariff barriers in the agriculture sector, and also establishes rules to restrain the use of domestic policy measures in the form of domestic support and export subsidies that have trade-distorting effects. Against these backgrounds, the paper delves into critical assessment of opportunities emanating from the AoA for the export of agriculture products by South Asian countries. The paper shows that member countries, in particular developed ones altogether, have not respected the agreement fully and faithfully, and tend to exploit the grey areas of the text to deny market access. As a result, new threats have been emerged. Since the agricultural export structure of South Asian countries are highly concentrated in a few products and markets, market access conditions even for few products would play a decisive role in terms of their export development potentials. The paper suggests that the ongoing negotiation on agriculture is an opportune venue for South Asia to correct the unbalanced provisions and modalities of implementation, and tilt the international agriculture market in their favour. For this, South Asian countries need to devise a common minimum position and put forward such position collectively along with forging issue-based alliances with other countries/groups. Given the limited usage of domestic supports and export subsidies coupled with fiscal constraints to introduce new ones, the level ofdispar ities in bound and applied tariffs of South Asian countries, the depth of market access barriers in other WTO members and the extent of price fluctuation ofagri cultural products in international market, the paper argue that South Asian coun tries should focus aggressively on expanding market access opportunities for their exportable products in the negotiations rather than protecting domestic market except for rural development and food security concern.

Agriculture in the Uruguay round: Prospects for long‐term trade reform

Abstract In this paper the case for long‐term reform of the agricultural trading system is re‐stated. The reform proposals advanced by the major players in the current Uruguay Round negotiations are reviewed and the main areas of contention identified. The prospects for resolving the major disagreements sufficiently for significant reforms to be achieved by the end of the Round are assessed.