Agricultural Production Conditions Research Articles

Modern information technologies in the management and planning of ecologically balanced irrigation systems

Canals are part of natural ecosystems, occupy a large area of reclaimed land and are an important component in obtaining guaranteed sustainable crop yields. However, the condition of the canals deteriorates over time and repairs and reconstruction of structures are necessary. The main defect of the canals is a violation of the integrity of the lining fastening. The introduction reveals the main problems and prospects of using irrigation canals. One of the most important prospects is the development of digital technologies in the field of hydraulic engineering, namely, the development of a software package that allows you to calculate the cost and rationality of a project in the shortest possible time. High-quality information exchange and planning in the conditions of agricultural production is the primary task of ecologically balanced irrigation systems. The research methodology includes the main stages of program design, as well as the basic formulas used when writing code. The results of the study include an analysis of existing programs for writing code. The program and its main functions are presented. The flowchart of the program clearly shows the algorithm of operation.

The effect of a country name on consumers' perception and assessment of agricultural products with protected designation of origin

The aim of the paper was to show that Serbia has favorable natural conditions (land and climate) for diverse agricultural production (plant- and animal-based), experienced manufacturers, experts and scientists, as well as world-famous selections of numerous plant cultures. Serbia's major agricultural products are corn, wheat (flour), sunflower (oil and pellets), sugar beet (sugar), soybean (oil and protein products), potatoes, raspberries, apples, plums, sour cherries, grapes, pork, beef and poultry, as well as milk.

Agro-fotonaponski sistemi kao sinergija poljoprivredne i proizvodnje električne energije

Having in mind the deteriorating conditions for agricultural production due to climate change, there are more and more factors that justify the use of agro-photovoltaic or agrivoltaic systems. The systems offer an innovative, efficient and cost-effective solution for the simultaneous development of sustainable agricultural production and renewable energy production. Besides, they increase land use by synergizing agricultural infrastructure with photovoltaics, making rural communities more competitive and sustainable. In this way, farmers have the opportunity to develop a new source of income without leaving agricultural production. Installed directly above agricultural crops, solar panels protect plants from excessive sunlight, heat, maintain soil moisture, protect from hail and frost, enabling a stable yield with the simultaneous production of electricity. The benefits of using APV systems can be increased thanks to digital solutions being adapted to crop needs by optimizing the level of shading or soil moisture in relation to electricity production. Solar energy can be used to drive irrigation pumps, thus replacing diesel generators, as well as for the purpose of processing agricultural products and powering equipment and rolling stock on farms. Individual farmers as well as cooperatives can benefit from the application of these systems, given that the experience so far shows an increase in farm income of over 30%. The technical and economic feasibility of APV projects has been proven in many countries, and the lack of an appropriate regulatory framework is probably the biggest obstacle for their potential to be realized. Investments in these projects are higher compared to conventional photovoltaic systems installed on the ground so, at this moment, it is necessary to design and implement certain support measures to achieve positive economic effects in the Republic of Serbia (AP Vojvodina). Taking into account the climatic conditions in the territory of Serbia (AP Vojvodina), as well as the crops that are grown, it is necessary to examine the possibility of applying these systems primarily to vegetable and fruit crops.

Agriculture and Rural Development as a Main Objective of Polish Cooperation and Development Aid for the Republic of Moldova

Agriculture and development of rural areas are important sectors of Polish-Moldovan cooperation and development aid. Importantly, both of them constitute structural problems, similar to those which faced agriculture in Poland in the 1990s. Through Polish aid and development cooperation, various measures are initiated which increase the competitiveness of Moldovan agricultural production, improve sanitary and phytosanitary conditions, bring technological innovations in agricultural farms, ensure modernization of rural infrastructure, providing support to small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, cooperatives, and agricultural consultants, along with professional activation of the Republic’s residents.

Influence of the Height in a Colombian Multi-Tunnel Greenhouse on Natural Ventilation and Thermal Behavior: Modeling Approach

The dimensions of a passive greenhouse are one of the decisions made by producers or builders based on characteristics of the available land and the economic cost of building the structure per unit of covered area. In few cases, the design criteria are reviewed and the dimensions are established based on the type of crop and local climate conditions. One of the dimensions that is generally exposed to greater manipulation is the height above the gutter and the general height of the structure, since a greenhouse with a lower height has a lower economic cost. This has led some countries in the tropical region to build greenhouses that, due to their architectural characteristics, have inadequate microclimatic conditions for agricultural production. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect on air flows and thermal distribution generated by the increase of the height over gutter of a Colombian multi-tunnel greenhouse using a successfully two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The simulated numerical results showed that increasing the height of the greenhouse allows obtaining temperature reductions from 0.1 to 11.7 °C depending on the ventilation configuration used and the external wind speed. Likewise, it was identified that the combined side and roof ventilation configuration (RS) allows obtaining higher renovation indexes (RI) in values between 144 and 449% with respect to the side ventilation (S) and roof ventilation (R) configurations. Finally, the numerical results were successfully fitted within the surface regression models responses.

Collection of hemp genetic resources as an initial material for breeding in modern conditions of agricultural production

The article presents the results of studies of collection samples of hemp. The best source promising material is selected based on the main morphological, biological, economic, technological characteristics and their complex. The National Hemp Genetic Collection is a source of raw material for the creation of high-yielding varieties of monoecious hemp in the direction of increasing the stability of the population based on gender, high performance indicators and minimal content of cannabinoid compounds.

Dynamic change of agricultural energy efficiency and its influencing factors in China

In order to practice the concept of‘lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets’ and promote the green development of agriculture, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of agricultural energy utilization. Based on the panel data of 28 provinces from 1995 to 2018, this paper calculated China’s agricultural energy input from two categories of direct energy and indirect energy, and used EBM (Epsilon-based Measure) mixed distance function model to measure the energy efficiency of agriculture in China. The nuclear density function and spatial autocorrelation were used to analyze the dynamic evolution of agricultural energy efficiency, and the dynamic panel model was used to analyze the influencing factors of agricultural energy efficiency. The results showed that: ① From 1995 to 2018, the total agricultural energy input had increased year by year in China, with an average annual growth rate of 2% . Energy input structure changed from indirect energy-based to direct energy-based. Agricultural energy efficiency showed an evolutionary trend of ‘rising-stagnating-rising rapidly’in China. The agricultural energy efficiency was generally low in China, and there was a large space for improvement in agricultural energy efficiency. ② From 1995 to 2018, the average annual growth rate of agricultural energy efficiency in the eastern, central and western regions was 2. 7%, 1. 9% and 1. 4% respectively. In 2018, the agricultural energy efficiency in the eastern, central and western regions was 0. 81, 0. 71 and 0. 59 respectively. The gap between regions was expanding rapidly, and the agricultural energy efficiency in the central and western regions needed to be improved. ③ From 1995 to 2018, the agricultural energy efficiency of each province was polarized and the absolute gap was widened. There was obvious improvement in agricultural energy efficiency in Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Tianjin, while the agricultural energy efficiency of Xinjiang, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Inner Mongolia deteriorated. ④ From 1995 to 2018, there was no global spatial correlation of China’s agricultural energy efficiency. However, local ‘high-high’concentration gradually appeared in the eastern region since 2010. ⑤ The first lag of energy efficiency had a significant positive impact on agricultural energy efficiency, and agricultural energy efficiency improvement had a time lag. The level of human capital, per capita net income of farmers and the level of urbanizaton had a significant positive impact on agricultural energy efficiency. The disaster rate, the level of development of secondary and tertiary industries, and the level of opening up had a significant negative impact on agricultural energy efficiency. In the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization, we should focus on the central and western regions, take the cultivation of professional farmers as the key, focus on improving agricultural production conditions, enhance the level of cooperation between regions, exert the leading role of the secondary and tertiary industries, and enhance the ability of agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation.

RESULTS OF DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF COMPUTER-INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY OF GREENHOUSES ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING CONTROL

The development and implementation of the automation and digitalization technologies of growing crops production processes in industrial greenhouses is being actualized for increasing of crop yields. This fact, in turn, positively influences on the re-equipment of the software and hardware base of protected soil domestic agricultural production, which stimulates an increase of investment attractiveness and long-term sustainability of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises. The main purpose of the article is developing of the scientific approaches on creation and testing of computer-integrated technology for artificial lighting control in the protected ground agricultural production conditions. The research object is automatic control process of artificial lighting. The research subject is methods and hardware-software components of the indoor greenhouse microclimate. Research methods are analysis of existing development methods, mathematical and computer modeling, hardware and software experimental testing. In course of the research, the component base has been substantiated and the block diagram of the hardware and software for the control of lighting technology has been developed. As a result, a computer model has been synthesized and tested, which is implemented on microprocessor technology and algorithms of the fuzzy logic theory for control the intensity and spectral composition of LED lamps in greenhouses. The prototype of control system for artificial additional lighting of greenhouse crops has been implemented and experimentally investigated. The implemented hardware and software means of computer-integrated technology allow to automatically control the parameters of LED lamps, taking into account the types and periods of growing crops.

Abandoned farmland: Past failures or future opportunities for Europe’s Green Deal? A Baltic case-study

Competing societal demands on land require careful land management. In the era of the European Green Deal, farmers are required to meet some of these competing demands, specifically around production, greenhouse gas emission reductions, and biodiversity conservation. At the same time, 15.1% of total EU land is abandoned or underutilised, which means that it contributes neither to food, nor to ecosystem services, to its full potential. Reintegrating abandoned agricultural land back into production is therefore one of the potential pathways to deliver on the aspirations of the Common Agriculture Policy post-2020. In this paper we assess the potential of managing and reintegrating abandoned agricultural land in Europe to simultaneously increase primary productivity, carbon regulation and habitat for biodiversity, using Latvia as a national case-study that is representative of this challenge in a Baltic context. Our results show that for some regions, reintegration of abandoned agricultural land can lead to “triple win” synergies. These opportunities can be further exploited by applying best management practices to these reintegrated lands. In other regions, where the area of abandoned agricultural land is limited because of favourable biophysical conditions for intensive agricultural production, such “triple-win” synergies are scarce. In such areas, abandoned land plays a role in maintaining ecosystem services at local and regional scales, and even small increases in primary productivity come at the expense of biodiversity. This calls for careful management that involves diverse actor groups, including land managers, in the decision-making process, and in priority setting in each of the regions.

Методика оценки и картографирования природно-аграрного потенциала ландшафтов

In order to increase the efficiency of land use- and territorial planning, cartographic materials of various thematic contents are required. In the article, the authors propose a methodology of assessing and mapping the favorability of the natural and agricultural potential of landscapes for agricultural use to increase its efficiency using GIS technologies. It is proposed to obtain information on landscapes by means of geoecological assessment, including a multivariate mathematical-cartographic, and spatial analysis of landscape conditions for sustainable environment-friendly agricultural production. Geoecological conditions make an integral indicator of the natural and agricultural landscape. To assess the land for agricultural production, maps are used, according to which the quality of the land plot is determined through the convolution of normalized indicators of the territory’s favorability, while the map is created in the GIS environment of spatially-linked information on the degree of the agro-resource suitability and geoecological conditions for agricultural production. Indicators of agro-resource and geoecological state of landscapes were established. The first ones include the agroclimatic potential and soil bonitet, and the second – the ecological and geochemical resistance of soils to acidification, erosion, ecosystem diversity of the territory, the density of the hydrographic network, the depth of groundwater, and the erosion potential of the relief. The developed technique is tested on Volkhov landscape of Leningrad oblast. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology for assessing and mapping the natural and agricultural potential of landscapes in the GIS environment and to test it on the territory of the region.

Modeling an Intelligent Agriculture System Simulation Based on Mobile Cloud Internet of Things (IoT)

Intelligent systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) used for analysis and monitoring needs are present in all areas of human life and agriculture. Through the smart system was created, it can provide recommendations for management and also improving for agricultural and livestock production. Monitoring is done by collecting data (data collecting) and being modeled from several temperatures, humidity, gas, distance measurement, light indicators. The concept of E-Agriculture (Electronic Agriculture) is limited to monitoring environmental conditions of agricultural production and also provides an overview of E-Agriculture or E-Farm modeling on a larger scale. The E-AgriFarm intelligent system simulation using Arduino Controller and Blynk's Cloud IoT has a temperature measurement range of 26 - 31 0C, Relative humidity (RH) from 47% - 64%, and detection of a water level of at least 40-50 cm meters for drinking containers for each livestock with a capacity of 20 liters, and the systems can detect the level of pollution of gas leaks. Thus the E-AgriFarm smart system can provide management recommendations and increase the livestock production system to be better monitored and controlled.

Working machines state operational monitoring according to the parameters of the internal combustion engine

The authors showed that the imperfection of precision farming methods, methods of transferring energy from the tractor engine to the working bodies required the development of new methods for reliable and accurate identification of the soil and its properties, as well as the state of machine-tractor units. (Research purpose) To determine the actual energy and economic indicators of a working machine and unit reliably and promptly in the operating conditions of agricultural production by parameters closely related to the energy indicators of an internal combustion engine, the measurement of which did not require large costs. (Materials and methods) 24 indirect parameters reflecting the power and degree of engine load were used for the operational assessment. In this case, the angular accelerations of the internal combustion engine and the turbocharger rotor crankshaft, including those caused by the operation of individual cylinders, the working processes of the generator (their average and extreme values), as well as the amplitude-frequency spectra of these processes, and speed characteristics were taken into account. To improve the accuracy and reliability of the assessment of energy indicators, the authors selected the processes in the frequency and phase domains. (Results and discussion) The considered methods were tested in production conditions during the main processing of the alkaline-chernozem complexes of the Chulym district of the Novosibirsk region. The authors found that the use of a flexible machine-tractor unit based on an energy-rich tractor improved the quality of soil cultivation: the share of soil lumps less than 5 centimeters in size was 73-80 percent; the productivity of the tillage machine increased by 15-20 percent. (Conclusions) The authors proved that with the help of indirectly determined indicators of power and degree of load, it was possible to estimate the actual values of the energy and technical and economic indicators of the working machine and the unit, the quality of the assembly of the unit, the heterogeneity of the soil was much easier and cheaper than using the known force-measuring methods. It was found that the use of digital systems for automatic control of the unit using the indicated indicators made it possible to provide quite simply the setting of the optimal zone of energy modes.

Improving the efficiency of the road transportation process in agricultural production

The article is devoted to the solution of a topical issue- improving the efficiency of road transportation process on the basis of improving the methods of vehicles selecting for the transportation of certain agricultural cargo under the given operating conditions. It has been proved that significant number of parameters influenced on the efficiency of road transportation in agricultural production. In addition to the generally accepted factors (maintenance costs and fuels and lubricants), transportation conditions, type of cargo, type of unloading and loading operations have a significant impact in agricultural production conditions. It is proved that variety of agricultural cargo within one farm encourages enterprises to form a universal automobile park. As a result of the analysis of purchases of vehicles by agricultural enterprises, it has been determined that there are no stable approaches of enterprises to forming the automobile park, which confirms the thesis of the influence as big number of factors on the choice of vehicles for transportation in agricultural production conditions. The approaches to the definition of the reserves for increasing the efficiency of the available automobile park and to the formation of the optimal structure for certain operational conditions have been considered. The objective need for proper grounding of the choice of vehicle for the conditions of agricultural production, due to the need to take into account a large number of parameters that characterize both the vehicle and the cargo and transportation conditions. In this context, the authors have proposed for practical use an algorithm for selecting a vehicle to perform specific transport work on the transportation of agricultural products, which takes into account the set of vehicles characteristics, cargo type and transport conditions. Attention has been drawn on the need for a systematic approach to the selection of transport vehicles estimation criteria in agricultural production. Taking into account the size of the bulk density, the availability of loading and unloading facilities, the peculiarities of transportation conditions, the amount of average expenses per unit of transport allows to comprehensively assess a single vehicle, optimize the choice of vehicle transportation of concrete agricultural cargo, minimize financial losses, thus, to increase the efficiency of the transportation process in agricultural production. Consideration of the optimal list of vehicle parameters provided by the presented algorithm will increase the efficiency of the transport process in agricultural production, both by reducing operating costs and by saving cargo and time. The clear structure of the proposed algorithm, with justification of each of its steps and, the purpose of each step, certainty and discreteness makes it easy to solve with available software.

Evaluation of agricultural investment environment in countries around the Black Sea under the background of The Belt and Road

AbstractThe stable development of agriculture is of great significance to alleviate the problem of food insecurity. As a significant yield zone along the Belt and Road Initiative, the Black Sea area is an ideal object for China to invest in agriculture. Therefore, it is particularly important to evaluate the agricultural investment environment in this region reasonably and effectively. This paper selects the countries around the Black Sea as the research objects and uses an Entropy‐ technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) model to analyse the agricultural investment environment and its influencing factors. The results show that: (a) There are significant differences in the agricultural investment environment among the six countries around the Black Sea, ranking as follows: Russia(0.5583) > Bulgaria(0.4782) > Georgia(0.4072) > Ukraine(0.3539) > Turkey(0.3493) > Romania(0.3167); (b) in primary indexes, agricultural production conditions, political environment, and social development have a relatively large impact, among which agricultural production is the most important factor; (c) among the secondary indexes, human capital index and railway (total kilometres) have high levels of impact. Unemployment rate, inflation rate and employment in agriculture (% of total employment) also have a significant impact. On this basis, suggestions are put forward according to the research results.

MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF ADAPTATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Topicality. Climate change is one of the global challenges for humanity. It is formed over the decades and become more and more obvious, change the conditions of management and have a number of negative consequences for many areas of economic activity and, in particular, the agricultural sector of the economy. The global climate is the result of the interaction of factors of natural and man-made origin. If the former are objective in nature, the latter are due to the combined effects of global economic activity. Addressing climate anomalies has two global vectors: addressing the factors that accelerate climate change and developing adaptive measures to prevent the negative impact of these changes to ensure that land is protected from degradation, to maintain the financial capacity and resilience of businesses. The managerial aspect in the conditions of market, economic-ecological and information uncertainty acquires relevance for the maintenance and strengthening of competitive positions of land users. The problem of developing adaptation measures should be considered at the state, regional and local levels, which determines the direction of work. Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to develop effective management measures to adapt agribusiness to profitable farming in the new climate. Realization of the purpose has led to the decision of research tasks: to estimate tendencies of transformations of natural and climatic conditions of agricultural management; propose precautionary measures and management actions to ensure efficient management in the context of intensifying climate change in southern Ukraine. Research results. According to the results of the analysis, the need for a comprehensive approach to solving the problem of adaptation of the agricultural sector to changes in natural conditions of agricultural production, based on the revival of irrigation in the zone of risky agriculture, which is the steppe zone and especially its southern part. The priority management actions at all levels of the management vertical are defined. Conclusion. The problem of adaptation of the agricultural sector to climate change should be considered not only as a vector of increasing the production of export-oriented agricultural products, but as a way to preserve highly productive lands that have a high percentage of humus and degrade due to moisture deficit. Given that the field of land reclamation has felt all the effects of transformation processes, lost support from the state, and in some cases controllability, the very strategy of this area will determine the most rational scenario for its development. The main areas of search are the following vectors of possible solutions: right-establishing; institutional; technical and technological; organizational and managerial; innovation and investment; economic; informative; alternative. Modern challenges are not limited to solving the problem of irrigation at the expense of existing water supply sources. The whole world today is inventing ways to accumulate water for the needs of the agricultural sector, using local conditions and opportunities. Determining their list, feasibility of implementation, expected effect and scope is an important scientific problem that needs to be studied.

Выбор объектов калькулирования себестоимости продукции в условиях сельскохозяйственного производства

The optimality of the choice of objects of calculation determines the procedure for calculating the cost of labor products, the implementation of planned and control measures in the strategic management of production, in particular, to minimize the cost. It is necessary to ensure a synergy of technological features, production conditions, the principal distinguishing features of the resulting product, its volume, cost center, and the ability to evaluate the results of current management decisions. Agriculture is characterized by a number of specific conditions that affect the results of production. In most enterprises of the industry there is no point approach to accounting and management of the cost of labor products. The purpose of the study is to develop information support for the adoption and evaluation of managerial decisions when choosing objects for calculating the cost of production in agricultural production. Methods of observation, measurement, systematization, classification and system analysis of data were used. As a result, on the basis of determining the distinctive conditions of agricultural production, information is structured for the corresponding detailing of calculation objects, according to which a procedure for informational and instrumental support for the analysis of the volume and cost of production, which is also applicable for evaluating management decisions, is presented.

Harvesting rainwater for food security: farmers' perceptions of the Boardwalk Cisterns Program in Alagoas, Brazil.

Boardwalk Cisterns is a government program that aims to attend a population with precarious access to water in Brazil. Developed as part of the Zero Hunger strategy, it intends to increase food security and contribute to the realization of the human right to food. The objective of this study was to assess farmers' perceptions of the Boardwalk Cisterns program and its impact on the food security situation of beneficiary households. Data were collected through a descriptive cross-sectional quali-quantitative survey. Questionnaires were applied to farming families selected from two municipalities in the state of Alagoas (Northeast Brazil), containing questions on sociodemographic characteristics, production methods, and food security status. The Free Evocation Technique for social representation, analyzed through the software Ensemble of Programs Permettant L'analyze des Évocations, was used to ascertain farmers' perceptions of the program. The study showed a positive perception of the interviewees in relation to the boardwalk cisterns. The program brought some improvement in the agricultural production conditions and, consequently, in the food security situation of the households. Corn, beans and cassava were the most common crops, with almost half of this production (48.3%) destined for consumption by the families themselves. Farmers also reported having more water, allowing them to plant more fruit trees, as well as medicinal and ornamental plants. Nevertheless, 79.1% of the households interviewed were still in a situation of food insecurity, of which 28.1% were classified as mild food insecurity, 26% as moderate food insecurity, and 25% as severe food insecurity. Farmers were correct in their perception that the Boardwalk Cisterns program improved their food security situation. The program resulted in greater access to water, and greater production and consumption of food. However, by itself, the Boardwalk Cisterns program was not enough to raise beneficiary families above their food-insecure status. The program alleviated the problem of food insecurity, but other complementary government interventions are needed to guarantee the food security of families living in extreme poverty.

Future of Food Safety and Possibility of Its Realization in Russia

The possibilities of minimizing the negative impact on food security of the likely changes in the external conditions of agricultural production, which are not eliminated by the efforts of enterprises, are discussed. Attention is drawn to the increasing decline in agriculturally suitable land, especially land with high rental potential – ​near cities and accessible transport routes. Negative for food security may be in foreign trade geopolitical changes, unfavorable for the economy as a whole, and for the consumer market. Known climatic anomalies, the danger of pandemics and epidemics are among the most adverse factors. As an effective direction of agricultural policy, the state considers possible options to help enterprises to acquire and develop high-performance new technologies in crop and livestock production, financing the expansion of sought-after agricultural land. These measures are considered in addition to the current practice of supporting low-profit farms.

Archaeobotanical analysis of food and fuel procurement from Fulayj fort (Oman, 5th-8th c. CE) including the earliest secure evidence for sorghum in Eastern Arabia

The recent study of botanical macro-remains from the Late Sasanian and Early Islamic (5th to 8th century) fort of Fulayj (Batinah, Sultanate of Oman) provides a unique opportunity to discuss food and fuel acquisition strategies in an arid environment and to document periods that are little known from an archaeobotanical perspective in Eastern Arabia. Seed assemblages include the first well-identified and directly radiocarbon dated evidence of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor (L.) Moench.) in Eastern Arabia, which raises the question of whether the grain was imported from distant sources (for example Yemen, East Africa or India) or locally cultivated. In addition to sorghum, the food plant assemblage includes hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare), date (Phoenix dactylifera) and jujube (Ziziphus cf. spina-christi). Date palm gardens may have existed near to the site as they do today or food products may have been brought from date palm gardens on the Batinah coast where conditions for agricultural production are particularly favourable. Charcoal analysis reveals that the main taxa used for fuel (acacia, prosopis, jujube tree, tamarisk) were collected from local plant communities, occasionally supplemented with firewood gathered in the foothills and mountainous areas.

Brazilian Coffee Production and the Future Microbiome and Mycotoxin Profile Considering the Climate Change Scenario.

Brazil holds a series of favorable climatic conditions for agricultural production including the hours and intensity of sunlight, the availability of agricultural land and water resources, as well as diverse climates, soils and biomes. Amidst such diversity, Brazilian coffee producers have obtained various standards of qualities and aromas, between the arabica and robusta species, which each present a wide variety of lineages. However, temperatures in coffee producing municipalities in Brazil have increased by about 0.25 °C per decade and annual precipitation has decreased. Therefore, the agricultural sector may face serious challenges in the upcoming decades due to crop sensitivity to water shortages and thermal stress. Furthermore, higher temperatures may reduce the quality of the culture and increase pressure from pests and diseases, reducing worldwide agricultural production. The impacts of climate change directly affect the coffee microbiota. Within the climate change scenario, aflatoxins, which are more toxic than OTA, may become dominant, promoting greater food insecurity surrounding coffee production. Thus, closer attention on the part of authorities is fundamental to stimulate replacement of areas that are apt for coffee production, in line with changes in climate zoning, in order to avoid scarcity of coffee in the world market.