Abstract
Brazil holds a series of favorable climatic conditions for agricultural production including the hours and intensity of sunlight, the availability of agricultural land and water resources, as well as diverse climates, soils and biomes. Amidst such diversity, Brazilian coffee producers have obtained various standards of qualities and aromas, between the arabica and robusta species, which each present a wide variety of lineages. However, temperatures in coffee producing municipalities in Brazil have increased by about 0.25 °C per decade and annual precipitation has decreased. Therefore, the agricultural sector may face serious challenges in the upcoming decades due to crop sensitivity to water shortages and thermal stress. Furthermore, higher temperatures may reduce the quality of the culture and increase pressure from pests and diseases, reducing worldwide agricultural production. The impacts of climate change directly affect the coffee microbiota. Within the climate change scenario, aflatoxins, which are more toxic than OTA, may become dominant, promoting greater food insecurity surrounding coffee production. Thus, closer attention on the part of authorities is fundamental to stimulate replacement of areas that are apt for coffee production, in line with changes in climate zoning, in order to avoid scarcity of coffee in the world market.
Highlights
Medina et al [48] examined the interaction between water stress, temperature and elevated CO2 during growth and analyzed expression of genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis and phenotypic production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by a strain of Aspergillus flavus
While other authors have discussed the microbial diversity associated to other components of the coffee plant, such as the rhizosphere, the episphere and endosphere [62,63,64,65,66,67,68], we have focused our review on the postharvest microbiota which, as described above, has been shown to be highly relevant to coffee quality and mycotoxin production
An apocalyptic scenario has been foreseen with projections of extensive reduction of area destined to coffee production [24,83,98]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply [3], Brazil has favorable climatic conditions for producing coffee in 15 regions. This diversity guarantees a variety of coffees from the north to south of the country. Amidst such diverse climates, altitudes and types of soil, Brazilian coffee producers have obtained various standards of qualities and aromas, between arabica and robusta species, which each present a wide variety of lineages. Reducing rejection of foods by the European Union and other countries has become one of Brazil’s national priorities, from both an economic and food safety standpoint [12]
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