Trade In Agricultural Products Research Articles

Study on the Impact of Climate Change on China's Import Trade of Major Agricultural Products and Adaptation Strategies.

With global warming, China's agricultural products are facing severe production conditions and a complex international trade situation. In order to clarify the relationship between climate change and China's agricultural trade, this paper uses the GTAP model to explore the impact of climate change on China's agricultural trade from the perspectives of agricultural production and supply, energy substitution and trade policy. The results show that: (1) From the overall effect, the production supply risk and energy substitution risk caused by climate change have a positive impact on China's import trade, among which the energy substitution risk has brought about an import trade growth of 38.050%, the production supply risk has brought about an import trade growth of 12.635%, and the trade policy risk has a negative impact, bringing about an import trade decline of 12.589%. (2) Under the impact of production and supply risks caused by climate change, the import volume of different industrial sectors has increased by varying degrees, including livestock products (16.521%) > food crops (14.162%) > cash crops (7.220%). The increase in import trade mainly comes from the United States (10.731%), Canada (10.650%) and Australia (9.455%). (3) Under the impact of energy substitution risk caused by climate change, the increase in import trade was concentrated in food crops (48.144%) and livestock products (42.834%), mainly from the United States (57.098%), the European Union (55.014%) and Canada (53.508%). (4) Under the impact of trade policy risks caused by climate change, the import trade of different industrial sectors showed a downward trend, with cash crops (13.039%) > livestock products (12.588%) > cash crops (12.140%). The countries and regions with significant decline in import trade were ASEAN (-46.131%) and the United States (-28.028%). The trade deficit shifted to surplus, and the terms of trade were improved. Therefore, this paper suggests that we should deal with the impact of climate change on agricultural trade by developing "climate smart" agriculture, actively responding to low-carbon trade measures, and establishing an agricultural trade promotion mechanism to address the risk of climate change.

The influence of trade facilitation on agricultural product exports of China: empirical evidence from ASEAN countries

The trade of agricultural products plays an essential role in agricultural development. Agricultural trade is more complicated and diversified than other industrial products, influenced by product characteristics for perishable. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of the most important markets for China’s agricultural exports. This study aimed to analyze the impact of trade facilitation indicators on China’s agricultural exports to ASEAN countries. A gravity model was adopted by taking the volume of Chinese agricultural exports to ASEAN countries from 2006–2020 as the dependent variable. Indicators such as economic freedom (EF), trade across borders (TAB), and infrastructure quality (Infra) were introduced that were representing trade facilitation as the core independent variable. Also, an empirical analysis was carried out using a mixed regression model. The results show that the three proxy indicators of trade facilitation had a significantly positive impact on the scale of China’s agricultural exports to the ASEAN market. The results could play a guiding role in strengthening the cooperation between China and the ASEAN regarding trade facilitation and expansion of the scale of agricultural trade.

Transborder logistics network design for agricultural product transportation in the Greater Mekong Subregion

This research aimed to design a transportation model for the international trade of agricultural products between Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, known as the Great Mekong Subregion (GMS). Agricultural products are transported from a farmers’ cooperative to a foreign end market. The mathematical models GA, DE, and VaNSAS were developed to determine the optimal mode of transportation. The objectives of the proposed methods are to (1) maximize the total profit for the entire agricultural chain and (2) minimize the makespan or the arrival time of the containers to the end market in order to maintain the freshness of the agricultural product. The computational result shows that VaNSAS produces a 100 % optimal solution for small-size problem instances, while DE and GA produce a 63.63 % and 72.72 % optimal solution, respectively. For large-size problem instances, VaNSAS shows a profit that is higher than that of DE and GA by 10.53 % and 8.96 %, respectively, while it shows a makespan that is lower by 9.57 % and 7.20 %, respectively.

Enhancing Agricultural Value Chains Crucial to Achieving Sustainable Economic Growth in Nigeria

Nigeria is blessed with arable land mass and human resources however she is bedeviled with a crawling economy characterised by high unemployment rate, poverty and low per capita income. The ability of agriculture to contribute tremendously to economic growth is inherent if only the agricultural value chains in Nigeria are well developed. Adopting an exploratory approach, this paper examines the contribution of agriculture to GDP from 1981 to 2021; identifies the different stages of the agricultural value chain and the broad factors affecting them in Nigeria. It observed that for the past 40 years, the contribution of Agriculture to GDP has been low compared to the 1960s when agriculture was the mainstay of the economy. In addition more emphasis has been on input supply stage of the value chain while less attention has been given to other stages. In order to achieve the desired economic growth in Nigeria, a review of existing policies and removal of bottle necks in the production, processing and trade of agricultural products are recommended. Key words : Nigeria, economic growth, agriculture, value-chain, GDP DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-33-14 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Catalyst or barrier? Heterogeneous effects of standards on agricultural trade between China and the Belt and Road countries

AbstractThere is an ongoing debate about whether standards act as trade catalysts or barriers. This article uses a gravity model to analyze the effects of national standards on the trade of agricultural products between China and the 64 Belt and Road (B&R) countries from 1990 to 2019. Mandatory country‐specific standards have positive and significant effects on total trade, exports, and imports. Mandatory international harmonization standards have positive and significant effects on total trade and exports. Voluntary country‐specific standards positively (and significantly) affect exports, while voluntary internationally harmonized standards positively (and significantly) affect total trade, exports, and imports. The magnitude of coefficients of mandatory country‐specific standards is the highest, followed by mandatory internationally harmonized standards and voluntary internationally harmonized standards. It is beneficial for China and the B&R countries to strengthen standards cooperation, actively adopt international standards, and evaluate the implementation effect of standards over time.

Research on the Comparative Advantage and Complementarity of China–Ghana Agricultural Product Trade

As trade partners, China in East Asia and Ghana in Africa both play a major role in the China–Africa economic and trade cooperation and have strengthened their bilateral trade. The trade cooperation between China and Ghana has progressed, and there currently exists a large agricultural product trade between the two countries. China has become one of Ghana’s largest trading partners in recent decades, and bilateral cooperation has become stronger. This paper analyses the comparative advantage and complementarity of trade in agricultural products between China and Ghana in terms of twenty major agricultural products from 2016 to 2020, based on the revealed comparative advantage index, trade complementarity index, and their status quo. The results showed that the trade volume of China–Ghana agricultural products has continuously increased, and China is currently in a surplus state, but their total agriculture trade volume proportions had been decreasing. From the perspective of comparative advantage and complementarity, the results showed that the comparative advantage and complementarity coexist, but their comparative advantage is more obvious showing strong competitiveness. The result further shows that the comparative advantage of Ghana was stronger than that of China and the complementarity of China’s exports and Ghana’s imports of agricultural products has not been fully exploited; likewise, the complementarity of China’s imports and Ghana’s exports of agricultural products has not been fully exploited since 2018, and there is a large potential for further cooperation and development. Finally, based on the current situation and our analysis of agricultural trade between China and Ghana, suggestions were put forward to seek new and continuous development opportunities for agricultural trade cooperation between the two countries.

Identification of international trade patterns of agricultural products: the evolution of communities and their core countries

ABSTRACT As a special branch of global trade, the trade of agricultural products has an important impact on food security and the environment. In this paper, we studied international trade network of agricultural products from 2000 to 2016 as a whole and in part. We explored the overall characteristics of the network, analyzed the evolution of communities and identified core countries of the communities. The results show that the structure of the trade network became increasingly complex and the trade relations became closer over time. There were four major communities in the network, whose primary core countries were Germany, the United States, Brazil, and China. Since 2007, the community represented by China has disappeared, and the community pattern of the network has been in a three-pillar state and basically stable. We discuss the actual roles of certain trading countries, the formation of communities and the impact of economic events on agricultural products trade. This paper reveals the underlying patterns of the agricultural products trade and provides a way to track its evolution over time.

Problems and Countermeasures of China’s International Trade in Agricultural Products under the “Belt and Road Initiative”

To make China’s international trade in agricultural products develop more quickly and steadily, in this study, through the analysis of the development of international trade and the import and export of agricultural products under the strategy of “The Belt and Road (B&R),” in terms of agricultural products, the problems about the international trade in China are discussed. The results show that under the influence of “B&R,” China has established economic cooperation with many countries along the route. Even facing fierce international competition, it can promote the deep development of China’s international trade. Based on the discussion of the problems affecting the development of international trade of agricultural products in China, combined with the problems faced by the international development, in this study, the corresponding countermeasures are given, aiming to provide ideas for its future development. Therefore, the analysis of the development of international trade of agricultural products in China under the strategy of “B&R” has positive significance for finding the factors that affect the development of China’s agricultural products in international trade and also promoting the steady development of China’s international trade in agricultural products.

Overland and Oversea: Domestic Trade Frictions in the Philippines

Domestic trade costs are anecdotally high in the Philippines, and yet a systematic and spatially comparable metric of trade costs is unavailable. This paper fills this gap by estimating province border effects, or a province’s tendency to trade with itself rather than with other provinces. Subsequently, the effects of a maritime transport program based on roll-on roll-off (RORO) ships on province border effects are assessed. Using two novel datasets—the starting dates of RORO shipping services by route, and the intraprovince trade of agricultural products—this study finds that province border effects are substantial, with a typical province trading 51 times more with itself than with other provinces. The RORO transport program is associated with an average reduction of 35% of this home province bias. However, the border effect reductions are unevenly distributed, with the largest reductions concentrated in provinces near the biggest demand centers.

Case Analysis of Countervailing Investigation

With the continuous development of China in the field of world trade, the disputes between China and the United States in the trade of agricultural products are also increasing. Anti dumping and countervailing have gradually become important means in the trade disputes between China and the United States. In 2016, China continued to impose anti-dumping duties on imported white feather broiler products originating in the United States, and agricultural trade friction once again became a new focus of bilateral trade between China and the United States. This paper takes the American white feather chicken case as an example to analyze the countervailing investigation.

Carbon Neutrality, International Trade, and Agricultural Carbon Emission Performance in China

International trade and agricultural development play important roles in carbon neutrality. This study uses the Malmquist index to quantify agricultural carbon emission performance and the panel data regression model to analyze the relationship between international trade and agricultural carbon emission performance. Data from 2005 to 2020 were used. The results show that the agricultural carbon emission of China has increased slowly since 2005. There is still an improvement space for low-carbon agricultural productivity. As for the relationship between agricultural international trade and carbon emission performance, the coefficient of the total trade in agricultural products is 0.0444. Suggestions on agricultural international trade and the development of low-carbon agricultural production are put forward, which will provide technical support for carbon neutrality.

Structural Evolution and Sustainability of Agricultural Trade between China and Countries along the “Belt and Road”

Enhancing trade in agricultural products between China and countries along the “Belt and Road” (B&R) will help strengthen China’s food security and promote global, sustainable economic development. Based on the agricultural trade data between China and B&R countries from 2001 to 2019, we used the TII index, the HHI index, and the social network analysis method to calculate the trade structure of agricultural products between China and B&R countries, in terms of plane structure and spatial network structure, and analyzed the influencing factors of their spatial network structure. The results show that China’s agricultural trade with B&R countries is highly concentrated in terms of regions and types, the import trade is decentralized, while the export trade is concentrated, and the regions with high trade intensity are mainly concentrated in the countries in close proximity. China’s agricultural trade network with B&R countries has become increasingly close, and China has a significant presence in trade networks. The trade network shows four major segments, and the internal and external trade of each segment has become increasingly close. Water resources, geographical location, transportation, trade agreements, and trade structure are the main influencing factors in the trade network between China and B&R countries. Our findings provide useful insights for informed decision-making in the development of international agricultural sustainable cooperation strategies.

Problems and Countermeasures of China’s International Trade in Agricultural Products under the Belt and Road Strategy Based on Big Data Analysis Technology in the Internet of Things Era

In order to study the analysis of China’s trade development under big data technology, through the analysis of the import and export of trade, the expansion of international trade exports of agricultural products, the adjustment of agricultural structure, the enrichment of import and export markets, the security of agricultural products, and other issues through the Internet of things technology and traditional technology, as well as the comparison of the overall effect, comprehensive performance, and coupling data, it can be seen that the agricultural trade under Internet of things technology is more convenient and faster. The application of network technology makes things better connected with people, changes the previous way of life, speeds up the development process of international trade, and realizes the real intelligent era.

Стейкхолдерский подход к развитию внешней торговли сельскохозяйственной продукцией (на примере Вьетнама)

The article substantiates the expediency of Vietnam's application of a stakeholder approach to the development of foreign trade in agricultural products, which forms the basis of export operations. The direct interest of the state in increasing turnover stimulates the public administration sector to look for new approaches to expand international exchange opportunities. The author structured the stakeholders with whom Vietnam interacts in the process of foreign trade in agricultural products, identified stakeholders with direct and indirect interest. The use of a stakeholder approach can become one of the effective tools for achieving strategic goals.

Research on the Effects of COVID-19 on Guangdong Province Agricultural Products Export and Countermeasures Under Digital Trade

With the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (hereinafter referred to as COVID-19) in Wuhan starting in 2020 spreading worldwide, domestic and foreign trade in all walks of life in all countries in the world has been affected to varying degrees. In many industries, COVID-19 has brought greater impact and challenges to agricultural trade. Guangdong Province is China’s leading agricultural export destination, which has suffered the greatest resistance to development under the influence of COVID-19. However, with the rapid development of digital trade, the foreign trade of agricultural products in Guangdong Province has ushered in a “spring”. Therefore, under digital trade, this paper analyzes the challenges faced by Guangdong’s agricultural exports due to COVID-19, and puts forward effective countermeasures to help the steady progress of the province’s agricultural foreign trade.

Trade Facilitation and Agriculture Sector Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insightful Policy Implications for Economic Sustainability

This study investigates the impact of trade facilitation though costs, documents, and time to import and export—on agricultural sector performance (ASP) for a panel of 33 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2005 to 2019. The empirical analysis is based on a dynamic system of generalized method of moments. The following findings are established. First, higher import costs, documents, and time significantly improve ASP, while exports negatively impact ASP. Second, while import costs promote trade in agricultural products through substitution effects, export costs impede it. Third, among other factors, improvements in human capital, gross fixed capital formation, population growth, and trade openness significantly improve agricultural sector performance. Fourth, the results of the robustness check further emphasize the importance of TF on ASP from various dimensions. The study concludes that improving TF procedures by reducing costs, documents, and time in cross-border trade remains crucial to boosting agriculture sector performance in SSA.

Research on the Impact of COVID-19 on China's Agricultural Products Import

In December 2019, the COVID-19 first broke out in China. The socio-economic turbulence brought about by the epidemic triggered panic in many countries and adopted measures to restrict exports. As the COVID-19 spreads globally, the epidemic will inevitably affect china's agricultural imports. Moreover, the sources of my country's agricultural imports are too concentrated, and the spread of the epidemic will inevitably bring uncertainty to china's agricultural imports. This article mainly uses china’s agricultural product trade data in 2020 to analyze the impact of the outbreak of the COVID-19 on china’s agricultural imports, and what impact it will continue to have in the future, and uses the gravity model to study the pandemic-related demand weakening and the long-term impact of non-tariff barrier measures on China's agricultural imports. Through the analysis, it can be concluded that the international price of grain will still rise, the domestic grain reserves need to be appropriately increased, and the meat trade deficit gradually narrows.

Trade and food security in a climate change‐impacted world

AbstractToday's climate‐turbulent world is rife with food insecurity—threatening economic development trajectories by stunting growth, subsequently reducing employability and labor productivity, especially for developing countries. The pandemic has exacerbated these adverse effects and reveals the critical need to put in place policies that can safeguard and sustain trade flows in agricultural products. For the vast majority of countries, food security cannot be guaranteed by domestic production alone. If certain crops are domestically untenable or yields are temporarily poor, imports are essential. Additionally, exports of agricultural products provide a major source of income for some of the poorest people around the world. This article explores the interplay between climate change, the production and the trade of agricultural products, and the resulting food security implications. It then examines the existing trade policies governing agricultural trade and provides recommendations for action at the global, regional, and country levels.

Impacts of international food and feed trade on nitrogen balances and nitrogen use efficiencies of food systems

International trade of agricultural products has greatly increased over time, but its impacts on sustainable development are debated. It may contribute to food security in importing countries, increases the dependency between countries, and has been implicated in displacement of environmental pollution and resource depletion. There is also discussion about the relationships between trade and nitrogen (N) balances and N use efficiencies (NUE). We explored relationships between changes in the trade of food and feed and in N balances and NUE of the food supply systems through simulation modeling and an analysis of empirical data of 115 countries (representing 91% of global population) for the period 1961–2011. In the empirical analysis, 64 main importing countries and 14 main exporting countries, were distinguished. Importing countries had on average a higher population density than exporting countries but rather similar protein intake and GDP per capita. The empirical analysis indicate that main importing countries had on average higher N fertilizer inputs to their food supply systems, and also higher N surpluses and higher NUE than main exporting countries. The overall mean NUE of the food supply system of main importing countries decreased with increasing import, but the relationships between import and NUE were diverse when these countries were grouped according to population density and GDP per capita. We compared N balances and partial N balances, and three methodologies commonly used for estimating NUE. We observed that NUE2 provides an unbiased estimate for both importing and exporting countries. Our study contributes to the understanding of the diverse relationships between international trade, N balances and NUE of food systems.

Factors Influencing Agricultural Products Trade between China and Africa

Studies on the factors affecting agricultural trade between China and Africa are of practical significance to ensure the healthy and sustainable development of their agricultural cooperation and to strengthen the strategic outcome of China’s “one belt, one road” strategy. Firstly, this paper posits research hypotheses considering six aspects—economic scale, geographical and demographic factors, natural resource endowment, the level of agricultural science and technology, political factors, and exchange rate factors—and then performs an empirical analysis based on an extended gravity model by using data on China from the UN COMTRADE and other data on 58 Africa countries from 2010 to 2019. The results indicate that China’s GDP, African countries’ GDP, the years of education of the African population, the average arable land per capita of African countries and the renewable water resources per capita in Africa have positive effects on the trade flow of agricultural products between China and Africa. Geographical distance and China’s exchange rate have a negative impact on trade flow. The impact of the human capital index of China and the “one belt, one road” policy are not significant. Next, in order to analyze the impact of these factors on different regions of Africa, this paper uses sub samples to test the regional heterogeneity and discusses the relevant issues. Finally, some countermeasures are put forward: the top-level design and overall layout of bilateral cooperation should be consolidated, the stereoscopic traffic network construction of bilateral trade should be accelerated, and the upgrading of agricultural technology should also be accelerated.