Trade In Agricultural Products Research Articles

Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Agriculture in Developing Countries

Agriculture continues to make significant contributions to developing countries in the presence of globalisation. Thus, international trade and foreign capital flows are important to developing countries. The authors used data on 115 developing countries from 1995 to 2020 to investigate the effect of inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on trade in the agricultural sector of developing countries. Inward FDI enhanced exports, imports, and trade openness. However, outward FDI did not affect exports, imports, and trade openness. To escalate international trade in agricultural products, developing countries must continue to promote the inflow of FDI into agriculture (AIFDI). This requires paying attention to appropriate management of the macroeconomy, keeping down the inflation rate, optimising the currency exchange rate, and keeping interest rates down to boost investment among others. Whilst these would enhance AIFDI that would promote trade, these would directly promote trade. As developing countries have often suffered foreign exchange pressures, they must enhance foreign exchange receipts through increased exports. Increasing human capital can increase exports. Unlike existing studies, the authors used more current data covering many developing countries and accounted for endogeneity.

PRIORITIES AND MECHANISMS FOR BALANCING THE FOREIGN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS BASED ON COMPLEMENTARITY

The research paper aims at carrying out a systematic analysis of the complementarity of foreign trade in agricultural products and to substantiate on this basis the priorities for the expansion and balancing of Ukrainian agricultural exports at the micro, macro, and mezzo-levels. The concept of complementarity of foreign trade is defined as the level at which the economic systems of different countries are balanced on the basis of mutual complementarity of the commodity structure of export and import and effective participation in the international division of labour. The methodological approaches to the study of complementarity of foreign trade are systematized. The article uses a complex approach to the analysis of foreign trade relations in the agrarian sphere and the extent to which it is balanced. The main trends and features of the development of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products are determined. It was found that the imbalance of the foreign economic sphere in the agricultural sector is manifested in the dominance of export activities of large agricultural holdings, the monocultural nature of agricultural production and export, and ineffective institutional support of small farmers and agrarians. An empirical assessment of the complementarity of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products has been carried out using complementarity indices, indices of revealed comparative advantage, and applying the method of cluster analysis. The conducted calculations proved that the Ukrainian agricultural sector has a significant unused potential for the development of exports on the basis of complementarity. A set of priorities of balancing foreign trade in agricultural products based on complementarity are substantiated, in particular, the following: forming a system for monitoring the complementarity of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products; concluding and comprehensively supporting the implementation of interstate agreements on the development of mutually beneficial trade in complementary products, including on a barter basis; providing support for export development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and for small-scale production; enhancing diversification of the assortment of agricultural exports of Ukraine, especially in the niches of craft and organic products; supporting complementary foreign trade relations at the level of individual regions of Ukraine; providing a strong and efficient consulting support for exporters, giving assistance in the process of finding foreign partners and entering foreign markets.

Assessing the Competitiveness and Complementarity of the Agricultural Products Trade between Korea and CPTPP Countries

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the competitiveness and complementarity of the agricultural products trade between Korea and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) countries. The study evaluates the opportunities and challenges that Korea's agricultural sector faces after joining the CPTPP, and suggests strategies to deepen cooperation and expand Korea's agricultural products trade. Design/methodology – To achieve these objectives, we analyze the trade competition and cooperation relationship between Korea and CPTPP countries in the agricultural products trade. This study uses data from Chapters HS1-24 in UN Comtrade from 2012 to 2022, and applies the indices of revealed comparative advantage, export similarity, and trade complementarity to examine the trade dynamics. Furthermore, we use an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to predict the agricultural products trade complementarity index between Korea and CPTPP countries from 2022 to 2031. Findings – The findings of our analysis reveal that Korea's agricultural products trade competitiveness is weak compared to that of CPTPP countries, and Korea's agricultural products are at a competitive disadvantage. On the whole, the similarity index of agricultural products trade exports between Korea and CPTPP countries is low, the structure of agricultural products export is quite different, and trade competition is relatively moderate. The trade complementarity index between Korea and CPTPP countries is generally high, with strong complementarity and a large space for cooperation and development. The ARIMA model shows that in the next ten years, although the agricultural products trade complementarity index fluctuates, but is generally high, there will still be a complementarity advantage in the future. Originality/value – This study is the first attempt to investigate the competitiveness and complementarity of the agricultural products trade between Korea and CPTPP countries. We also introduce an ARIMA model to forecast and analyze the future agricultural products trade complementarity index. Our study provides new perspectives and solutions for the future development of Korea's agricultural products trade after joining the CPTPP.

Exploring the path of development of international trade of agricultural products in the context of digitalization

Abstract Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and Chinese agriculture in the digital background should realize the intelligent management of agricultural production To improve the efficiency of international trade of Chinese agricultural products and help Chinese agricultural products occupy a larger share in the international market, this paper takes the clustering algorithm and agricultural IoT technology as the research method applies the improved spectral clustering algorithm for processing agricultural data to extract research data and perform data correction, simulates and evaluates the performance of the algorithm through agricultural IoT data pooling and simulation analysis, and uses the chance routing performance index as the main judgment The variance results are derived from the criteria. The data show that the production of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery has developed qualitatively in the digital background, and the total output value reached 122,874.96 billion yuan in 2021, and the total grain production reached 73,000,000 tons in 2021, with obvious export advantages. The export value of agricultural products has grown from $48.98 billion in 2010 to $85.06 billion in 2021, and the export value of China’s agricultural products exceeded $70 billion in 2014, making China’s international trade in agricultural products fruitful. Based on this, this paper explores the multifaceted achievements and future development path of international trade in agricultural products in the context of digitalization, intending to contribute its share to China’s international trade in agricultural products.

Latin America's Export Trade Prospect of Agricultural Products to China

The objective of this research is to analyze the trade prospect of Latin America countries’ exporting agricultural products to China combining the dimensions of competitiveness and trade potential, and using the Boston Matrix. Based on the agricultural product trade data from 2000 to 2019, three categories are analyzed based on Harmonized System: animal, plant, and food processing product. The results show there are 4 LA countries in the zone of bright prospect trading agricultural products with China, which are Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. And 16 countries in the zone of promising prospect, 6 countries in the zone of bottleneck prospect, 5 countries in the zone of dark prospect. From the perspective of the category of agricultural products, plant agricultural product is the category in which there are the most countries with bright prospect. From the perspective of trading region, South America is the area in which countries with bright prospect concentrate. Countries with dark prospect mainly concentrate in Central America and South America. Countries with bottleneck prospect evenly distribute in different regions. Countries with promising prospect mainly concentrate in the West Indies. To promote Sino-LA agricultural trade, trade categories should be expanded and trade potential should be improved. Plans could be made for cooperation according to local conditions. LA should improve the quality control of exported agricultural products. China and LA should promote regional integration and strengthen technology cooperation in agricultural industry.

Examining the Threshold Effect of Environmental Regulation: The Impact of Agricultural Product Trade Openness on Agricultural Carbon Emissions

Agricultural product trade openness is a crucial factor impacting agricultural carbon emissions. This study analyzes the relationship between trade openness and carbon emissions in China. Using panel data from 2002 to 2020 for 31 provinces, a threshold panel model is employed to examine the non-linear relationship from an environmental regulation perspective. The findings reveal a significant single-threshold effect of environmental regulation. When environmental regulation intensity is low, trade openness is positively associated with agricultural carbon emissions. However, when environmental regulation intensity is high, trade openness significantly reduces carbon emissions. Regional regression analysis indicates that this single-threshold effect holds true in major grain-producing, grain-selling, and grain- producing- selling balance areas, although regional differences exist. This study emphasizes the need to coordinate environmental regulations and trade policies, strengthen environmental control, and leverage the threshold effect of environmental regulation in reducing carbon emissions through agricultural product trade openness.

Reverse Logistics of Pesticide Packaging: A Case Study in Rio Branco/Ac, Brazil

Objective: This study aims to analyze the implementation of reverse logistics in Rio Branco/AC to ensure proper disposal of pesticide and other agricultural product packaging. Theoretical framework: Significant measures are being adopted worldwide to reduce the impact of human activities on the environment over time. In Brazil, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) modernized solid waste management with the implementation of a reverse logistics system that seeks to reintegrate these wastes into the production cycle. Method: For a comprehensive understanding of the subject, a multidisciplinary methodological approach was adopted, which combined a review of specialized literature with data collection through a semi-structured questionnaire applied in eight agricultural stores in Rio Branco/AC. Results and conclusion: The majority of the interviewees had extensive experience in the trade of agricultural products, with 75% of them working in the sector for more than a decade. The research highlights the importance of proper training on handling and disposal of agricultural product packaging, with 87.5% of companies offering this type of training to their employees. However, the study also indicates the need to increase awareness and education to encourage customers to return packaging, as only 37.5% of clients correctly dispose of it. Research implications: To promote proper disposal of empty packaging and minimize negative environmental impacts, it is crucial to raise awareness among users through educational campaigns and training. These efforts should emphasize the negative consequences of improper waste disposal and encourage the practice of reverse logistics. Originality/value: Future studies are necessary for a better understanding of the effect of reverse logistics policies on sustainable agriculture, which should evaluate the effectiveness of these policies and also take into account the possible environmental and social consequences resulting from the inadequate disposal of agricultural waste, including pesticide packaging.

THE APPLICATION OF BRAND MANAGEMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE

China is a big agricultural country, as well as a major producer and exporter of agricultural products. In recent years, China's agricultural economy has been developing continuously, the foreign trade of agricultural products has been expanding constantly, and the trade of agricultural products has developed rapidly. With the advent of the Internet era and the deepening of market competition, the development of China's agricultural industry gradually shows a trend of brand, China's Ministry of Agriculture and villages has continuously strengthened its top-level design, designated 2017 as the "year of Agricultural Brand Promotion", issued the "opinions of the Ministry of Agriculture and villages on speeding up the Promotion of Brand strengthening Agriculture" in 2018, and guided and launched the construction of China's agricultural brand catalogue system in 2019, providing a policy guarantee for agricultural brand construction. All localities, in accordance with the idea of "building a brand, bringing an industry alive, rich farmers", rely on the advantages of resources, highlight planning and guidance, promote brand work as a whole, and promote the rapid development of characteristic industries. Planting brand, animal husbandry brand, fishery brand, rural characteristic brand, "China Land Reclamation" brand, cooperative brand and other industry brands have developed vigorously. Actively use the Agricultural Fair, Tea Fair and other well-known domestic exhibitions to promote brands to create a good atmosphere for development. With the help of modern information technology and media, we can innovate brand marketing and effectively improve the brand influence of agricultural products. This paper analyzes the development stage of China's agricultural brand construction, summarizes the characteristics of China's agricultural brand development, points out the main problems existing in the development of China's agricultural brand. In order to improve the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural brands in the international and domestic markets, the development trend of Chinese agricultural brands is put forward.

Maritime connectivity and agricultural trade

AbstractSeaborne shipping is the dominant mode of transport in international trade in agricultural products, and an increasing part of seaborne agricultural trade is carried in containers. Furthermore, the majority of world containers are moved through liner shipping services, that is, regular transport services provided by global shipping companies which comprise a dense network connecting ports and countries around the world. Using a theoretically consistent gravity equation and a novel identification strategy based on the use of intra‐national trade flows, this paper investigates the effect of liner shipping connectivity on international trade in agricultural products. The results show that liner shipping connectivity has a positive and statistically significative effect on agricultural trade. Moreover, this positive effect can be observed for the majority of the agricultural products analysed and is also identified for countries at different stages of development. These findings appear especially relevant in terms of the objective of increasing less developed countries' participation in global agricultural trade.

An attempt to develop a policy framework for the global sustainability of freshwater resources in the virtual water trade

International trade in agricultural products transfers significant virtual water flow between countries. However, it must be clarified whether countries or trade agreements take virtual water in products and goods that are traded into account. Despite unprecedented worldwide attention paid to water status, there is currently no framework for virtual water usage that may serve as the basis for global virtual water administration. The primary objective of this study is to address this research gap. This study attempted to develop an international policy framework in which political actors, governments, and private companies create shared responsibility agreements regarding water as the most fundamental natural resource for sustainable use. In this study, we performed a global assessment of the virtual water trade (VWT) of wheat from 2002 to 2021. Although previous research has hypothesized that will use the world's freshwater resources sustainably by transferring virtual water from water-abundant to water-deficient countries, However, based on the developed policy framework, we discovered that there is no positive correlation between the water abundance of virtual water exporting countries and the global sustainability of freshwater resources. A total of 68.3 % of the global VWT for wheat is unsustainable. Water-abundant countries, such as the United States, Australia, and the Russian Federation, are responsible for the greatest unsustainability in the VWT of wheat. Our results could contribute to developing decision-making tools for the global sustainability of freshwater resources used in VWT.

A Gravity Model Study on the Impact of the "Belt and Road" Trade Facilitation on Agricultural Products Trade

A Gravity Model Study on the Impact of the "Belt and Road" Trade Facilitation on Agricultural Products Trade

The impact of Digital Inclusive Finance on China’s agricultural trade

In October 2022, the Party's 20 National Congress report clearly proposed to promote rural revitalization in an all-round way. It will need to speed up digital transformation so that digital inclusive finance can serve the high-quality development of China's agriculture. Based on this, this paper uses the panel data of 31 provinces from 2011 to 2020 to investigate the impact of digital financial inclusion on the scale of agricultural trade. The results show that digital inclusive finance can promote the trade of agricultural products, and the level of economic development is a favorable factor to promote the trade of agricultural products, while foreign investment level, traditional financial level, government intervention level and urbanization level hinder the development of agricultural products trade to a certain extent. Accordingly, relevant policy suggestions are given. First, local government needs to combine the current development of agricultural products and vigorously develop digital inclusive finance. Second, use the financial advantage of digital inclusive finance to improve the scientific and technological content of agricultural products. Third, the government needs to control the degree of intervention in agricultural trade. Fourth, increase investment in new rural infrastructure to boost trade in agricultural products.

Current challenges of agricultural trade liberalisation between Ukraine and the EU

Agriculture is the main specialisation of Ukraine in the international arena, which is associated with its geographical features and relatively inexpensive labour. Despite this, it remains relevant to find opportunities for the development of this industry in the country through the use of all available methods. The purpose of the study is to describe the current challenges that arise in the trade relations between these subjects of international entities. This paper examines how the situation in the agricultural sector can be improved by liberalising trade between Ukraine and the European Union. The main methods used are analysis, prediction, abstraction, and deduction. Within the framework of this study, trends in trade in agricultural products between Ukraine and the European Union are evaluated. The paper establishes that this union became the largest Ukrainian trading partner after the outbreak of war. This was caused both by actions on the part of the European Union in support of Ukraine and by the blockade of seaports, which limited the country's export options to only the land route. The study describes the features of changes in the structure of external trade between the unions in the agricultural sector and proposes specific methods to address existing issues in international interactions between countries to better understand the specific features of economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union. In addition, the study includes recommendations on how to improve relations between these subjects of international relations in the future and solve the difficulties that still exist between them in the trade in agricultural products.

Foreign trade in agri-food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain

Among the most important regional allies of Ukraine, it is worth highlighting the United Kingdom, which first as an EU member state, and then, from 2021, independently, within the framework of a bilateral agreement, contributes in every possible way to the development of free trade, in particular, agricultural, between the two countries. This is evidenced by the constantly growing volumes of exports and imports of agricultural raw materials and food products for Ukraine and the United Kingdom until 2022. The purpose of the study is to examine the dynamics of foreign trade in agricultural and food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom, including the relationship between the development of mutual trade and the liberalisation of its conditions. Generalisation, analysis, and synthesis, comprehensive assessment, historical, graphic, and tabular methods were used. The general socio-economic characteristics of the UK are given, considering its withdrawal from the European Union and focusing on the current state of trade in agri-food products on the international market. The quantitative and cost indicators of foreign trade in agri-food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 2012 are analysed, the characteristic features of the commodity structure of export sales and import purchases of Ukraine are considered, including in 2022, the prospects for agricultural trade between the parties in the near future are assessed, in particular, areas for deepening foreign economic cooperation between Ukraine and the United Kingdom are proposed, and groups of products that will remain a priority even in war conditions, considering the needs of internal food markets of both countries are identified. The provisions of the study are aimed at providing information on the possibilities of developing trade in agricultural and food products with the UK for Ukrainian food sector enterprises and public authorities that ensure foreign policy and international cooperation.

Food Safety in Foreign Trade of Agricultural and Food Products: Evaluation of Risk Analysis Stages and Process

Foods have become open to physical, chemical, and biological degradation due to their structural properties. The concept of food safety includes measures that can be taken against these types of may occur hazards and risks. Risk analysis is a planned approach created to identify risks to food safety and to reduce likely occur risks in terms of human health. The processes take a long time of storage, transportation, and distribution of products in international agriculture and food trade make them more vulnerable to physical, chemical, and biological risks. Food control systems applied in foreign trade of agricultural and food products are carried out based on risk analysis. In this study, the place and importance of risk analysis in foreign trade of agricultural and food products have been mentioned, and it has been tried to reveal the worldwide legislation regulations, practices, and development related to risk analysis.

Measuring the Comparative and Competitive Advantage of Iraqi Dates Production Using the Policy Analysis Matrix

Purpose: This study came to analyze the impact of government intervention in the production of this important crop and to determine the extent of its global competition and whether it has a comparative advantage in its production or not. Theoretical framework: Dates are the most prominent representative of Iraq's foreign trade of commodities and agricultural products, which requires attention to that identity of Iraqi agriculture abroad. Interest in producing dates and improving their performance at the local and international levels is a necessity to revive the national economy and the agricultural economy alike. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research aimed to measure the impact of agricultural government intervention in the production and export of Iraqi dates through the study of the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) and protection coefficients, and some macro policies related to the subject of the study. Findings: The key finding of this research was the results of the policy analysis matrix for one acre of dates both showed that the selling prices of dates at the local level are lower than their prices at the global level, and this is what prompts farmers to export dates. It appeared through the commodity system has the ability to compete locally, but at lower levels than what is achieved at the level of social prices. Research, practical and social implications: This study contributes to analysis the impact of government intervention in the production of IRAQI DATES crop and to determine the extent of its global competition. Originality/Value: The study recommends that the state should support the producers of dates and provides them with the necessary production requirements such as fertilizers, pesticides, fuel and others, and encourage the cultivation of high-quality and abundantly produced varieties and the introduction of modern technologies in this field. This maintains price stability.

OMMODITY MARKETS OF THE CIS AND EAEU AND THEIR IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY IN RUSSIA

In the article, the author analyses historical and political factors, including the role of the country’s leaders and the legal basis for the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in the post-Soviet space and, later in time, the formation of an integration association of a different format - the EAEU. The author also considers the differences in the organisational and legal architecture of building associations, their international legal status, the competence of governing bodies, the ways of development of each of them, and the competitive opportunities between them. In addition, in the article, the author compares the customs legislation of the CIS and the EAEU in terms of regulating trade relations of a duty-preferential nature between their member states based on the corresponding free trade regimes in the CIS and the EAEU. Moreover, the author evaluates the statistical and calculated indicators (value and physical) of the results of mutual trade in food and agricultural products within the commodity markets operating in the CIS and the EAEU, their correlation with similar indicators of international trade of the CIS countries and the EAEU with third countries, the impact and significance mutual trade of the CIS countries and the EAEU with the Russian Federation on the food security of Russia.

Global contributions of milk to nutrient supplies and greenhouse gas emissions

Globally, ruminant production systems used to synthesize meat and milk differ tremendously in terms of their efficiency, productivity, and environmental impacts. Regardless of this variability, milk has been repeatedly identified as an essential source of nutrients for humans. The objective of this work was to characterize global contributions of fluid milk to human food and nutrient supplies, greenhouse gas emissions, and water withdrawal. Data were leveraged from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization to estimate global supplies of agricultural products. Trade of agricultural products and waste of those products, along with use of human food for livestock feed were accounted for before estimating human nutrient supplies. The contributions of milk to human-edible nutrient supplies were then enumerated in terms of their proportion of total nutrients supplied by the agricultural system and in terms of the human population's requirement for that nutrient. We identified that fluid milk provides over 10% of consumable supplies of vitamin B12, vitamin A, riboflavin, and calcium available for humans globally. In terms of human nutrient requirements, milk provides sufficient vitamin B12 to meet the needs of over 60% of the global population, riboflavin to satisfy 50% of the population, and calcium and phosphorus for over 35% of the population. Compared with other foods, milk ranked among the highest in terms of nutrient-to-calorie ratio for numerous amino acids, phosphorus, calcium, and riboflavin. Conditional dependencies were identified between greenhouse gas emissions and ruminant milk and meat, but not between water withdrawal and milk production. When evaluating the trade-offs in nutrient use versus nutrient provision for producing milk or producing all ruminant products, the production of ruminants worldwide was associated with both net increases and net decreases of several key nutrients. Continued work focusing on strategies to reduce the environmental impact of milk production will improve the utility of milk for feeding the growing global population.

Perubahan Produksi dan Perdagangan Negara-negara Produsen Lada Terbesar di Dunia dan Implikasinya bagi Indonesia

The production and trade of agricultural products in global markets will undergo changes due to shifts in demand and production patterns. Although demand for pepper is likely to remain strong, pepper production is prone to fluctuations due to various factors, particularly natural ones. This study aims to predict future changes in the production and trade of the world's largest pepper-producing countries and identify macro-level improvements needed to enhance the pepper production and trade system in Indonesia. Using time-series analysis (i.e., double exponential smoothing) with FAOSTAT data from 1961-2020, this study predicts that the competitive landscape among pepper-producing countries is likely to change over the next 15 years. Some producing countries may overtake others in terms of pepper production and trade. Consequently, Indonesia needs to respond to these changes by implementing various sectoral-level improvements, such as investing in sustainable development, improving infrastructure, and addressing political factors, in addition to improving farmer-level practices.

Global transfer of salinization on irrigated land: Complex network and endogenous structure

Increasing globalization intensifies land redistribution via global supply chains. Interregional trade not only transfers embodied land but also displaces the negative environmental impact of land degradation from one region to another. This study sheds light on land degradation transfer by focusing on salinization directly whereas previous studies have extensively assessed the land resource embodied in trade. To analyze the relationships among economies under interwoven embodied flows, this study integrates complex network analysis and input-output method to observe the endogenous structure of the transfer system. By focusing on irrigated land with higher crop yields than dryland farming, we make policy recommendations on food safety and proper irrigation. The results of the quantitative analysis show that the total amount of saline and sodic irrigated land embodied in global final demand are 260978.23 and 424291.05 square kilometers respectively. Salt-affected area of irrigated land is imported by not only developed countries but also large developing countries such as Mainland China and India. Exports of embodied salt-affected land in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan are pressing issues, accounting for nearly 60% of total exports from net exporters worldwide. It is also demonstrated that embodied transfer network has a basic community structure of three groups due to regional preference in agricultural products trade.