Agricultural Extension Workers Research Articles

The Contribution of Subsistence Agriculture to the Livelihoods of the Smallholder Farmers in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Subsistence agriculture in most cases is practiced on a limited space of land by farmers and it is dependent on human power that results into production of food consumed at household level, with little or no surplus for sale. A study about the contribution of subsistence agriculture to the livelihoods of the smallholder farmers in south Kivu province was carried out. A total of 303 smallholder farmers were randomly selected and interviewed to examine the effects of practicing subsistence agriculture on the socioeconomic status of the farmers. How the socioeconomic status attained by the farmers influenced their sustainable livelihoods was also assessed. Data were analyzed using means, frequency distribution, correlation, ANOVA and Chi square test. Thematic analysis was done on qualitative data. The farmers practiced shifting and primitive agriculture, intensive subsistence, and nomadic herding. There was a significant difference in the yields of crops grown (F = 0.0088; P = 0.05), while education and income status significantly affected the farmer’s socioeconomic status by practicing subsistence agriculture (P < 0.05). An average mean value of 3.12 for the components of the farmers’ livelihoods were exhibited, with the human capital mean value being highest (4.16) compared to natural, social and financial capital. The socioeconomic status attained had a significant effect on sustainable livelihoods of the farmers at P < 0.05. This implies that the smallholder farmers need to be trained by the agricultural extension workers better and sustainable methods of farming for higher crop yields. In addition, the Central Government though the Ministry of Agriculture, should avail improved seed inputs to the local community for better crop yields. All these will enable the smallholder farmers improve their socioeconomic status and at the same time attain higher sustainable livelihoods.

The Contribution of Subsistence Agriculture to the Livelihoods of the Smallholder Farmers in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Subsistence agriculture is practiced in most parts of the world on a limited space of land by farmers. It is mainly dependent on human power that results into production of food consumed at household level, with little or no surplus for sale. A study about the contribution of subsistence agriculture to the livelihoods of the smallholder farmers in south Kivu province was carried out. A total of 303 smallholder farmers were randomly selected and interviewed to examine the effects of practicing subsistence agriculture on the socioeconomic status of the farmers. How the socioeconomic status attained by the farmers influenced their sustainable livelihoods was also assessed. Data were analyzed using means, frequency distribution, correlation, ANOVA and Chi square test. Thematic analysis was done on qualitative data. The farmers practiced shifting and primitive agriculture, intensive subsistence, and nomadic herding. There was a significant difference in the yields of crops grown (F = 0.0088; P = 0.05), while education and income status significantly affected the farmer’s socioeconomic status by practicing subsistence agriculture (P < 0.05). An average mean value of 3.12 for the components of the farmers’ livelihoods were exhibited, with the human capital mean value being highest (4.16) compared to natural, social and financial capital. The socioeconomic status attained had a significant effect on sustainable livelihoods of the farmers at P < 0.05. This implies that the smallholder farmers need to be trained by the agricultural extension workers better and sustainable methods of farming for higher crop yields. In addition, the Central Government though the Ministry of Agriculture, should avail improved seed inputs to the local community for better crop yields. All these will enable the smallholder farmers improve their socioeconomic status and at the same time attain higher sustainable livelihoods.

The Effect of Ugandan Coffee Farmers’ Role Identity on Their Experiential Learning

Background: Although the literature on education and learning sciences determined how student identities influence their experiential learning process, this link is less clear in the agricultural context, where farmers have faced unique value chain challenges i.e., production to marketing. Purpose: This study contributes to examining how farmers’ role identities support or hamper farmers’ experiential learning processes. Methodology: First, a qualitative analysis of 91 interviews with coffee farmers in Uganda was carried out to understand the nature and relevance of farmers’ role identities. Second, using partial least squares regression-based path analysis, the moderating effect of 214 coffee farmers’ production role identity on their experiential learning was assessed. Findings: Findings reveal that farmers’ identification as coffee farmers shape what, how, and when they learn from their value chain challenges. Farmers’ role identity, in particular, supports their reflection on past challenges to increase their challenge-solving knowledge, as well as experimentation to solve their challenges. Implications: This study integrates role identity theories in the study of learning processes in rural coffee value chains. Moreover, the findings suggest that agricultural extension workers should understand farmers’ identities and their influence on their learning to select the targets and developments of their training programs.

Human capital development programme for mid-career agricultural extension workers: The case of Sokoine University of Agriculture BSc. agricultural extension and education training programme

Of recent, there is changing work environment for agricultural extension workers as they operate under the multi-stakeholders’ phenomenon. This increasingly poses a challenge to frontline extension workers trained on linear model (extension-researcher-farmer linkage) in extension services delivery. This is because, facilitating the multi-stakeholder processes requires competent agricultural extension workers well-versed in human relations. In recognizing the importance of human capital development for agricultural extension service delivery in Tanzania, Sokoine University of Agriculture established a mid-career agricultural extension training programme in 1998. Informed by the human capital theory, this study employed an evaluative study design to assess the impact of the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) mid-career BSc. Agricultural Extension and Education training programme on human capital development. The study was conducted in five agro-ecological zones, that is, Eastern, Western, Central, Southern Highlands and Lake zones in Tanzania. The development of the sampling frame was done in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF) and President’s Office-Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG). A total of 200 respondents-100 alumni and 100 farmers were sampled proportionately. A snowball sampling technique was used to replace the respondents who were selected randomly but could not be reached for interview. Data were collected from respondents through a questionnaire that covered a set of competences through analysis of the mid-career agricultural extension curriculum and consultations with public and private employers. In addition, literature review and observations were also used to supplement the collected information. The findings indicate that the agricultural training programme at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) equipped graduates with appropriate knowledge, competencies and skills that improved their job performance and productive capacities that enabled them to interact with various stakeholders and facilitate multi-stakeholders’ processes. This is in line with the purpose of establishing the programme. Hence, this points to the need for continuous human capital building and motivations of agricultural extension workers for the improvement of their performance. Key words: Mid-career, Agricultural extension workers, Curriculum, Human capital, Multi-stakeholder processes

PERAN PENYULUH PERTANIAN TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN KELOMPOK TANI DI NAGARI TANJUNG LOLO KECAMATAN TANJUNG GADANG

This research aims to determine the role of agricultural instructors in the development of farmer groups in Nagari Tanjung Lolo, Tanjung Gadang District, Sijunjung Regency in the Kami Saiyo Farmer Group. The research was carried out from January to September 2023. The sample in this research was determined purposively based on the class level and farmer group level. the most active compared to other farmer groups in the target area. The number of samples in this study was 25 people. The data used in this research is primary data and secondary data. Data analysis in this study used a Likert scale. The results of the research show that agricultural extension workers in Nagari Tanjung Lolo, Tanjung Gadang District, Sijunjung Regency are running well in terms of their performance. The extension workers play a very important role in developing farmer groups. This is indicated by obtaining a total score of 4.06 with the information that it plays a very important role. Meanwhile, the obstacle faced by extension workers is the low level of education of farmers which influences the farmers' mindset.

The Reality of Extension Works in the Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Research In Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The study aims to identify the reality of extension works in the Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Researches in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and the study area included all governorates of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Germian, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk). The research community included all workers in agricultural extension, agricultural research, and agricultural directorates in all governorates, there were 215 respondents. The sample of the respondents includes (71) representing 33% of the population, taken by a simple random sampling method. The data were collected through personal interviews; questionnaire was prepared for this purpose. To confirm the validity, the questionnaire was reviewed by some experts. In general, the reality of extension work was described by the respondents (extension workers and agricultural engineers working in the Agricultural Research and Extension Directorate) as weak. Conducting training courses for agricultural extension workers regarding methods and methods of communication to work with farmers, emphasizing the importance and necessity of linking and coordinating between agricultural extension and education (universities) to graduate a qualified agricultural guide. Cooperation with other research agencies that work on producing and generating agricultural scientific information and practices approved by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Impact of climate-smart agricultural practices on smallholder farmers' resilience in Ethiopia

Climate change poses challenges to smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. To address this, adopting Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAPs) is crucial for building resilient communities. However, limited evidence exists on the impact of CSAPs on farmers' resilience. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAPs) on the resilience of smallholder farmers and identify the factors determining their resilience. The study collected both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data was obtained from 646 survey households using household surveys, while qualitative data was gathered through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Findings reveal that there is an agroecological difference in resilience status and factors like the education level of the household head, livestock size, and agricultural extension worker visits positively influence the resilience of CSAP-adopting smallholder farmers. Conversely crop share leases negatively impacts the adoption of climate-smart practices. Crop CSAPs adopters show significantly higher resilience gains (37.74% ATT) compared to non-adopters. Non-adopters could have experienced a substantial improvement (23.83% ATU) if they had adopted CSAPs. Positive and significant effects on resilience were also observed for livestock and soil management CSAPs adopters, with an improvement of 28.36% and 40.58%, in resilience capacity, respectively. Non-adopters of these CSAPs could have enhanced their resilience by 24.74% and 10.80%, respectively, if they had adopted these practices. This underscores the need to adopt more CSAPs and the importance of considering these factors in designing policies and promoting CSAPs to enhance the resilience of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia and similar contexts.

Readiness of Semarang City Agricultural Extension Officers and Influential Factors in Implementing Cyber Extension

The main focus of information and communication technology applications in agriculture is to fulfill farmers' information needs. Cyber extension is not only for information seeking but also for disseminating agricultural technology innovations. This study aims to examine the readiness of agricultural extension workers in Semarang City to apply cyber extension in the era of digital extension and analyze the factors that influence their readiness to use cyber extension. The research was conducted from November to December 2022 at all Agricultural Extension Centers in Semarang City. A method of census was used in this study. Data were collected by interviews, observation, and documentation and analyzed descriptively using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the readiness of extension workers in Semarang City to apply cyber extension was high. Age, formal education level, training, experience, motivation of extension agent, and environmental factors have a simultaneous influence. Training, experience and motivation of extension agents have a partial influence, while age, formal education level, and environmental factors have no partial influence.

Efektivitas Komunikasi Penyuluh Pertanian dalam Program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) di Kecamatan Colomadu Kabupaten Karanganyar

Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) is a program that is carried out jointly by community groups by seeking to use unproductive yards or vacant land as a place for planting. In achieving the goals of P2L there needs to be a communication process carried out by agricultural extension workers to KWT members. An indicator of the effectiveness of communication in a program is Source Credibility (source credibility), the message, and the message recipient. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the message and the credibility of the communicator affecting the communication effectiveness of the Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) program. The basic method used is descriptive quantitative with survey techniques. Samples were taken from purposive random sampling with a total of 65 respondents. Data analysis used Multiple Linear Regression. The results showed that the effectiveness of the message and the credibility of the communicator had a significant effect on the Pekarangan Pangan Letsrai (P2L) program with a significant value of <α (0.05). This shows that the effectiveness of communication in the Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) is influenced by two variables, namely the effectiveness of the message and the credibility of the communicator.

The effect of the agricultural mechanization assistance model on socio-economic changes of farmer groups in Palopo city, Indonesia

Increasing agricultural productivity through agricultural mechanisation by the Palopo City government of Indonesia is a policy to meet the needs of farmers in developing their agricultural businesses. This study uses innovation and technology adoption variables, variable effectiveness of machinery and agricultural extension as intervening variables to determine effective models to see socio-economic changes in agricultural groups through agricultural mechanisation assistance in Palopo City, Indonesia. This research method used descriptive research techniques with a quantitative analysis approach. Then, all data was collected using a structured questionnaire with closed questions using a Likert scale. The data was tabulated using Microsoft Excel, and then the data collected was analysed by variance-based statistics, namely SEM PLS. According to the study's SEM analysis findings, 34.6 % of socio-economic changes are influenced by innovation and technology adoption, the impact of agricultural extension workers on socio-economic changes obtained by 4.4 %, while the overall influence of variability on socio-economic changes in community results obtained by 16.6 %.

Persepsi Petani Terhadap Peranan Penyuluh Pertanian dalam Pengembangan Kelompok Tani di Kecamatan Gedong Tataan Kabupaten Pesawaran

The role of agricultural extension workers in developing farmer groups is important in order to improve the mindset, attitude and ability of farmers to absorb information, innovation and technology, thus creating independent farmers. Therefore, the government's attention is very much needed in facilitating extension support facilities and increasing the number of extension workers so that equitable agricultural development can be realized. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of farmers' perceptions of the role of extension workers in the development of farmer groups in Gedong Tataan District, Pesawaran Regency. Data collection in this study was carried out in July 2022-August 2022. Respondents in this study were 97 members of farmer groups. This study uses a survey method and a purposively determined location with a quantitative descriptive approach. The results of this study are the level of farmers' perceptions of the role of extension workers in Gedong Tataan District with the development of farmer groups, namely the role of mentors is in the high category, the level of farmers' perceptions of the role of extension workers as organizers, dynamists, liaison liaisons and is in the medium category.

Supporting and Inhibiting Factors of Agricultural Extension Interpersonal Communication Competence in Enrekang Regency

Agricultural extension workers play an essential role in increasing shallot yields. They provide technical counseling, transfer knowledge and skills, and are involved in post-harvest monitoring, mentoring, and counseling. In addition, they also provide information about business development and marketing. Agricultural extension interpersonal communication competence plays a crucial role in efforts to increase shallot yields in Enrekang. With these competencies, agricultural extension agents can establish good relationships with farmers, understand their needs, and communicate effectively to transfer relevant knowledge and skills. Through effective interpersonal communication, agricultural extension workers can assist farmers in implementing proper cultivation practices, overcoming obstacles, providing motivation, and building collaboration between farmers and related parties. This article uses a qualitative descriptive methodology. The result showed that the agricultural extension interpersonal communication competence is outstanding and has a positive value for farmers in Enrekang Regency. Some farmers are still reluctant and indifferent to following directions from extension agents because they consider themselves quite experienced in farming.
 Keywords: agricultural extension, interpersonal communication, Enrekang

Planting patterns in rubber agroforestry (Hevea brasiliensis) developed by the communities of Menggala Mas Village, Lampung Province, Indonesia

Abstract The agroforestry system provides important economic and ecological benefits for local communities, one of which is obtained from the application of planting patterns and plants species in it. This research aims to explain the planting pattern of rubber agroforestry developed by the community in Menggala Mas Village, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The approach in this research is qualitative. Data collection methods included observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The planting patterns of agroforestry system on their rubber plants were analysed. The research results showed that there are three agroforestry planting patterns implemented by the community, namely, alley cropping, trees along border and random mixture. The dominant combinations in alley cropping were rubber/karet (Hevea brasiliensis) – pulai (Alstonia scholaris) and rubber–mentru (Schima wallichii) – kayu afrika (Maesopsis eminii). The dominant combinations in trees along border were rubber–akasia (Acacia auriculiformis), rubber–jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) – cempedak (Artocarpus integer) and rubber–petai (Parkia speciosa) – jati (Tectona grandis). The dominant combinations in the random mixture were rubber–jengkol (Pithecellobium lobatum), rubber–petai–jengkol–akasia, rubber–jackfruit–cempedak, rubber–pulai–mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) – jengkol and rubber–banana (Musa paradisiaca) – gadung (Dioscorea hispida) – sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack). Forty-one plant species were found. The local community wants to develop this planting pattern because the rubber agroforestry planting pattern can provide direct and indirect benefits such as a greater variety of plants which can increase their income; also, the products can be sold or consumed by the family, as a fence, fire break or barrier to other farmers’ land, can provide shade to reduce hot temperatures when farmers are working, and can reduce the risk of flooding and soil erosion to support soil and water conservation within the ‘Omou’ (garden/forest). The government and agricultural extension workers need to carry out regular guidance and outreach programmes regarding rubber agroforestry development strategies to increase public knowledge.

Peran Penyuluh Pertanian Dalam Penanggulangan Hama Penyakit Pada Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa L) Di Kampung Arsopura Distrik Skanto Kabupaten Keerom

The agricultural sector is a strategic sector in national development. The increase in production has been given by agricultural extension activities. The agricultural instructor must be someone who is competent in the field of agriculture and can communicate effectively and be responsive in dealing with every problem and question quetioned by farmers. The centers for shallot production in Papua Province are Kerom, Merauke, Tolikara and Jayawijaya Regencies. Shallot farming is always faced with risks. in the form of a decrease in production due to unpredictable weather factors and attacks by pests and diseases (such as wilt disease). To overcome the problems above, an agricultural instructor is needed who can help farmers in diagnosing pests and diseases of shallot plants. The research aims to determine the role of agricultural instructors for shallot farmers in controlling plant pests. This research was carried out in Arsopura village, Skanto District, Keerom Regency for 6 months from August 2022 to February 2023. This research used the Arithmetic Mean analysis method with average assessment criteria of 1.00-1.66 with categories of No Role, 1.67- 2.33. There were 60 questions asked by the resource person for each indicator, with 17 facilitator indicator questions, 15 motivator questions, 14 educator questions and 15 communicator questions. The results of the research show that agricultural extension workers play a role in controlling pests and diseases in shallot plants. The scores obtained for the facilitator indicator were 2.69, motivator 2.69, educator 2.34, and communicator 2.44, each in the Role category. Agricultural instructors play a very important role and always provide new technologies to increase shallot production, in Arsopura Village, Skanto District, Keerom Regency.

Urgency Role of Agricultural Extension Workers to Improve the Implementation of Good Agricultural Practices Geographical Indications (GAP-GI) for Pepper Farmers

Urgency Role of Agricultural Extension Workers to Improve the Implementation of Good Agricultural Practices Geographical Indications (GAP-GI) for Pepper Farmers

The Effectiveness of the Role of Agricultural Extension Workers to Increase Rice Paddy Productivity in Asahan Regency

Asahan Regency occupies the 13th position out of 33 regencies/cities as a rice producer in North Sumatra Province the rice productivity results are relatively low so that it is a problem that needs to be resolved. Agricultural extension workers act as motivators, educators, facilitators and communicators. This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of the role of agricultural extension agents on the productivity of paddy rice in Asahan Regency. The study was conducted in Asahan Regency, North Sumatra Province using primary data obtained from direct surveys and secondary data as supporting data using the Stratified Proportional Random Sampling method. The respondents were farmers from 3 sub-districts, namely Rawang Panca Arga, Sei Kepayang and Meranti districts. Data analysis using description analysis and Partial Least Square (PLS).

Peran Penyuluh Terhadap Kelompok Tani Jagung Panak Jaya Di Desa Kaiya Kecamatan Bolaang Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow

This study aims to describe the role of agricultural extension workers in corn farming in Kaiya Village, Bolaang District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research was conducted from June to July 2023. This study uses 2 types of data, namely primary and secondary data. Sampling using saturated sampling where all members of the population are used as samples. The research sample was the Panak Jaya farmer group consisting of 10 people in Kaiya Village, Bolaang District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The data analysis method used in this research is descriptive analysis using a Likert scale. Based on the results of the study which showed the respondent's assessment of the role of the extension worker as a motivator obtained an index of 38.67% for the less involved category, the role of the extension worker as an educator obtained an index of 75.5% for the role category, the role of the extension worker as an organizer obtained an index of 52% for the role category, the role of the extension worker as a communicator was 65.33% for the role category, the role of extension agents as catalysts obtained an index of 62% in the role category and the role of extension agents as advisors obtained an index of 64.67%. category plays a role. In general, the role of extension workers to the Panak Jaya corn farmer group in Kaiya Village, Bolaang District, Bolaang Mondondow Regency was in the role category by obtaining an index of 62.67% in the role category.

DEVELOPMENT OF WEB GIS APPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN SUNGAI KAKAP DISTRICT, KUBU RAYA REGENCY

<p>Good agricultural development planning requires an accurate and real-time database. This is very important to see the development and level of welfare of farmers as the spearhead of food security. Sungai Kakap Sub-district, Kubu Raya Regency is one of the sub-districts with the number of Gapoktan (23), Poktan (284), the number of members (6305) with Field Agricultural Extension Workers (PPL) since 2019 totalling 9 civil servants and 14 people helping themselves. The number of PPLs is not proportional to the number of farmer group members, making supervision of agricultural activities difficult. The presentation of information in the form of Web GIS is expected to be a solution so that assistance, guidance, and counselling carried out by the government through the agriculture office can be right on target. The purpose of this research is to build a Web GIS-based Agricultural Information System in Sungai Kakap District so that it can be used as a model for agricultural monitoring activities in other areas. The engineering method in this research uses Remote Sensing and Waterfall methods. Remote Sensing is a method of building spatial data using aerial photo interpretation techniques, while Waterfall is used to build a web GIS as a place to display spatial data. The result of this research is Software Engineering in the form of a Web GIS-based Agricultural Information System Application. This Web GIS application can then be used as a tool to monitor the agricultural activities of each farmer group member in each farmer group.</p>

PERAN KELOMPOK TANI DAN PENYULUH PERTANIAN LAPANGAN DALAM PENGADAAN PUPUK SUBSIDI DI DESA BOU KECAMATAN LAMBANDIA KABUPATEN KOLAKA TIMUR

This study investigates the involvement of farmer groups and Field Agricultural Extension Workers (PPL) in the acquisition of subsidized fertilizers in Bou Village, Lambandia Sub-district, East Kolaka District. A qualitative approach was employed, with 11 rice farmers selected as informants through the snowball sampling technique. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, utilizing an interview guide as a medium. The study employed a descriptive qualitative method for data analysis. This involved identifying, systematically presenting, processing, and interpreting the collected data. The results indicate that farmer groups in Bou Village, Lambandia Sub-district, play a significant role in enhancing farmers' knowledge and skills, particularly in the procurement of subsidized fertilizers. The function of farmer groups is demonstrated by their role as a learning community, a cooperative vehicle, and a production unit. The role of Field Agricultural Extension Workers (PPL) has been effective in assisting farmers in the process of obtaining subsidized fertilizers, particularly in their role as mediators, facilitators, and initiators. However, the role of motivator has not been successfully fulfilled by extension workers. The procurement of subsidized fertilizers is based on six principles: the right type, quantity, price, place, time, and quality. The distribution of subsidized fertilizers has successfully achieved the principles of the right type, place, time, and quality. However, the principles of the right amount and price have not been successfully realized.

Kajian Empirik Pilihan Rasional dan Jaringan Nelayan Tani Di Kawasan Danau Tempe

This study aims to assess the rationality and social networks formed among fishermen farmers who live and run farms in tidal areas in the Tempe Lake area. The study was conducted in Tempe Lake area, covering Salo Menraleng and Laelo villages, Tempe sub-district, Wajo district from April to May 2016. The assessment method used was the Rapid Rural Appraisal method. Interviews were conducted repeatedly with 2-3 people from the community who work as farmers-fishermen, heads of farmer groups, community leaders and local agricultural extension workers. The interview was considered complete when it had reached a saturation point, i.e. there were no more things to ask. The process of forming rational choices of fishermen farmers who live and run farms in tidal areas in the Tempe Lake area is the existence of actors in this case are fishermen farmers and resources (land) where the relationship between the two is power and interests. The power here means that the landowner fishermen farmers have the right to work on anything in the natural conditions that occur in the Tempe Lake area to fulfill their interests or goals. The goal is to fulfill food needs and a source of family income. This is the reason and background they make decisions or actions in the form of farming methods, cropping patterns, selection of rice varieties and switching from secondary crops to rice. The social network formed among fishermen farmers is a sense of knowing each other, informing each other, reminding and helping in carrying out or overcoming something. Social networks will not materialize without being based on norms and mutual trust. The network of farmer group formation can be used as a means to learn to increase the productivity of their rice farming land.