Development Of Organic Farming Research Articles

Study of the Possibility of Using the Bottom Organomineral Accumulations of the Lakes of the North Kazakhstan Region to Obtain Innovative Fertilizers for the Development of Organic Farming and Agrotourism

This publication presents the results of studies of the bottom sediments (sapropels) of lakes in the North Kazakhstan region. The purpose of this study is to identify the possibility of using sapropels from the lakes of the region in obtaining innovative fertilizers for organic farming. For this purpose, geoinformation technologies, field research, statistics, and chemical and chemical-analytical methods were used (automated spectrometric methods of segmented flow analysis, photocolorimetry, flame photometry, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry). During the first stage of this study, the bottom sediments of three lakes in the region, which were at different stages of eutrophication, were selected to study the chemical composition of the raw materials. The sapropel of Lake Penkovskoye had optimal indicators. Further, an analysis of the territory of the region for the development of agrotourism was carried out. The aim of this study is to substantiate the prospects for the use of sapropel in the production of innovative fertilizers. The natural origin of sapropels allows them to be used in the production of environmentally friendly and safe products. Reducing the use of artificially synthesized mineral fertilizers will make agriculture and the environment safe and sustainable. This will further contribute to the development of agrotourism in the region.

Чутливість до антибактеріальних препаратів штамів Bacillus spp. з високим рівнем антагоністичної активності для виготовлення пробіотиків

The development of organic livestock farming, in particular poultry farming, which Ukraine is targeting, requires a radical change in approaches to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The macroorganism and microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract constitute a single ecological system with homeostatic balance. However, its violation creates a threat of an imbalance of intestinal normal flora and the development of diseases of bacterial etiology in poultry. Considering this, there is a growing need for the development and use of probiotic preparations. The high antagonistic potential of bacteria of the genus Bacillus in relation to other pathogens causes scientific and industrial interest in the development of probiotics with their involvement in the composition of these bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. But due to the existence of risks of direct transfer of R-plasmids of antibiotic resistance to the biotic microflora of the gastrointestinal tract together with probiotic strains when they acquire resistance, promising strains of bacteria of the genus Bacillus should be tested for sensitivity to antibiotic drugs. We selected promising probiotic strains with a high level of antagonism, Bacillus subtilis Bs-5 and Bs-9, Bacillus licheniformis Bfl-1 and Bfl-4, Bacillus coagulans Bcg-5, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Baf-1 and Baf-3 showed full sensitivity to the applied antibiotics — representatives of the groups of carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, lincosamides, macroliths and oxazolidones. These strains were recommended as probiotic, antibiotic sensitive, safe and promising for their use in the design of probiotic preparations. The obtained results of laboratory studies of other strains of B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. coagulans, B. amyloliquefaciens proved the presence among them of bacteria polyresistant to fluoroquinolone, carbapenem, macrolide and glycopeptide antibiotics.

Problems and Opportunities for the Development of Organic Agriculture in Siberia

Problems and Opportunities for the Development of Organic Agriculture in Siberia

Organic Farming in India and its Way Forward

India is home to 30% of the world’s organic growers and is likely to expand in the coming years. The solutionto the issues of sustainability, global warming, land degradation and food security is Organic Farming, which is seen as a sign of dynamic change for the agricultural industry. Organic Farming discards the use of synthetic fertilizers and promotes sustainable agricultural practices. Organic Farming holds immense potential to revive the degrading state of the agricultural sector in the world by offering environmental benefits, quality products and conserving non-renewable resources. It is a promising alternative to conventional farming and is expanding quickly. Organic Farming is gaining worldwide attention with 2.30 million hectares of land being used for the purpose. It helps to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improves soil fertility, boosting productivity and crop health. Organic Farming can also be used for land reclamation purposes. The aim of the present study is to examine the development of Organic Farming in India and globally, as well as identify any potential barriers to its implementation.

Specifics of Development of Organic Agriculture in New Conditions

Relevance. Organic agriculture is a dynamically developing area of the global agro-industrial complex. The global problems of the climate plan and the depletion of natural resources throughout the planet dictate the need to revise the technologies used in food production. Excessive intensification of agricultural production due to mineralization and fertilization of soils, hormonal stimulation of the growth of animals and plants has led to a deterioration in the quality of water, soil, air and, in general, the health of the population. Therefore, the problem of reducing the anthropogenic impact on the environment is the main trend in the implementation of the principles of organic production.The purpose of this study is aimed at assessing the potential of organic agricultural production on the example of the leading countries and the problems associated with the development of this area in Russia.Objectives: to assess the volume of the world organic market and the dynamics of its development over 10 years; to consider the latest changes in the organization of Russian organic production after the entry into force of the N-208 Federal Law; to analyze the areas of organic agriculture by region and to identify countries leaders of organic production; refer to the experience of state support of the leading countries in organic production; assess the potential of Russian organic production; determine the future direction for the implementation of organic principles.Methodology. In the work, methods of scientific knowledge of a theoretical and methodological nature were used, graphs were used to illustrate the statistical data, and the method of generalization and synthesis was used to formulate conclusions.Results. Recommendations for the strategic development of the Russian market of organic production were developed within the framework of the current EAEU agreement.Conclusions. Conclusions are drawn about the expansion of state tools for stimulating the development of organic agricultural production in the context of changing world economic relations and integrations.

A SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC PRODUCTION MODEL – OPPORTUNITY FOR INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS IN RURAL AREAS

Sustainable agricultural models, as an innovative approach, are essential in the transition to a higher degree of sustainability of a healthy and environmentally friendly food system related to the production of high value-added products under the sustainable management of natural resources. The aim of the research is to identify the contribution of organic agriculture to the sustainable management and development of rural areas in the Republic of Bulgaria. The strategic framework for the future development of organic agriculture and the contribution of a sustainable organic production model as a tool for innovative development of the territory are outlined. It is defended the opinion that the innovative development of agribusiness in rural areas, through the application of a sustainable organic production model, is based on the collaboration among the authorities, local communities and business for diversification in the functional use of the territory and optimal utilization of the available resources

The Material Entropy and the Fourth Law of Thermodynamics in the Evaluation of Energy Technologies of the Future

The primary purpose of this article is to use the laws of thermodynamics, mainly the second and fourth laws, to evaluate three energy technologies of the future: fusion, solar, and fission. Among the criteria used to evaluate them, the most important are the amount of matter needed to sustain the technology itself and the environmental impact. Much emphasis is placed here on the fourth law of thermodynamics, which introduces the concept of material entropy. Zemansky–Georgescu-Roegen’s Law of Inevitable Dissipation of Useful Concentrated Matter states that, in the economic process, some matter is inevitably degraded and becomes unavailable matter. This has tremendous implications for humanity as a whole since the Earth is thermodynamically a closed system, meaning that it cannot exchange matter with space but is open to the flow of solar energy. This results in the need to conserve matter and natural resources. This law can be used as an important criterion for the selection of energy technology. Moreover, the flow–fund model, which was proposed by Georgescu-Roegen, was used to assess the viability of energy technologies. The final conclusion is that there is no Promethean technology of the third kind yet, but the closest to meeting this condition is solar technology. Technology based on nuclear fission has been rejected due to its adverse ecological effects, while fusion technology has proven to be less useful due to the matter criterion, the negative environmental impact, since radioactive waste only becomes safe for humans after 500 years, and the risks associated with nuclear proliferation. Solar technology can become Prometheus III only after all of humanity is involved with this project, which requires profound social changes, widespread demilitarization, and the development of organic agriculture. This implies the necessity of the emergence of a global solar society based on an economic system called solar communism.

The Relevance of Systematic Studies of the Ecology of Azerbaijan for the Sustainable Development of Organic Agriculture

In the ecological system on the territory of Azerbaijan, as a result of long-term techno-anthropogenic impacts, the rates of vital functions of the elements of the system diverge, having a direct impact on the structure of ecosystems by increasing, reducing and transforming the entire ecosystem and its components. The unity of the three components (social-environmental and economic) forms the basis of the concept of sustainable development. The question of the real possibility of long-term sustainable eco-development in Azerbaijan is relevant. In connection with the increased anthropogenic and technogenic impact on the environment, one of the main tasks in the environment was to obtain detailed information on the actual state of natural ecosystems of Azerbaijan, monitoring, assessment and forecasting of their changes in order to develop science-based measures to improve the country’s ecosystems. The problem of optimizing the quality of soil cover and water systems in Azerbaijan is extremely important for achieving long-term food security of the country at the stage of formation of “The Strategy for the Development of the Non-Oil Sector”, ensuring the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products against the background of extremely low environmental and biological capacity of the country’s territory. Scientific and methodological developments that meet the modern scientific and technological level using biomonitoring, bioindication and biotesting methods are in demand by modern bioecology to solve practical problems, including when analyzing environmental risks associated with environmental pollution and exceeding the environmentally acceptable loads of pollutants on natural and territorial complexes of various hierarchical level in Azerbaijan, the formation and development of active adaptive management.

Developing a framework for using local knowledge systems to enhance capacity building in agricultural development

Building human capacity through education and training programs is a key component of agricultural development. This article lays out a framework for educators working in agricultural development to use local knowledges to enhance capacity building efforts. Local knowledge systems are complex social phenomena consisting of unique combinations of ontologies/epistemologies, worldviews, and cultures of the people in a particular social/ecological context. To embrace local knowledge systems, educators should: (a) understand power, positionality, and privilege; (b) understand your learners and yourselves; (c) use participatory approaches; and (d) embrace new knowledges. The framework presented provides guidance for agricultural development practitioners; agricultural development organizations; educational institutions and others who train agricultural development practitioners; and researchers and evaluators.

Occurrence profiling and environmental risk assessment of veterinary antibiotics in vegetable soils at Chongqing region, China

Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) are emerging contaminants in soils as they may pose high risks to the ecosystem and human health. Identifying VAs accumulation in soils is essential for assessing their potential risks. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of VAs in soils from vegetable fields and evaluated their potential ecological and antimicrobial resistance risks in the Chongqing region of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. Results indicated that twenty-six species of VAs, including nine sulfonamides (SAs), seven quinolones (QNs), four tetracyclines (TCs), four macrolides (MLs), and two other species of VAs were detected in soils, with their accumulative levels ranging from 1.4 to 3145.7 μg kg−1. TCs and QNs were the dominant VAs species in soils with high detection frequencies (100% TCs and 80.6% for QNs) and accumulative concentration (up to 1195 μg kg−1 for TCs and up to 485 μg kg−1 for QNs). Risk assessment indices showed that VAs (specifically SAs, TCs, and QNs) in most vegetable soils would pose a medium to high risk to the ecosystem and antimicrobial resistance. Mixture of VAs posed a higher risk to soil organisms, antimicrobial resistance, and plants than to aquatic organisms. Modeling analysis indicated that socioeconomic conditions, farmers’ education levels, agricultural practices, and soil properties were the main factors governing VAs accumulation and environmental risks. Farmers with a high educational level owned large-scale farms and were more willing to use organic fertilizers for vegetable production, which eventually led to high VAs accumulation in vegetable soil. These findings would provide a reference for sustainable agricultural and environmental production under the current scenario of chemical fertilizer substitution by organic products and green agricultural development.

Use of a Consortium of Agronomically Important Microorganisms for Growing Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Aims: This study aimed to create a consortium of agronomically important microorganisms based on local strains of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria that could increase the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of soybean, thereby increasing its productivity in Kazakhstan. Background: The use of agronomically important microorganisms that simultaneously possess several useful properties for growing plants is a priority for the sustainable development of organic agriculture. Objective: The objectives of the study were to isolate and functionally characterize rhizobia from soybean nodules (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from rhizosphere soybean. Methods: In this study, local rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan were isolated from the nodules and rhizosphere of soybean. The nitrogenase activity of rhizobia was determined by the acetylene reduction assay. The biocompatibility of consortium strains was determined by the perpendicular streak technique. The plant growth-promoting activity, nitrogenase, phosphate-solubilizing activity, and nodulation of isolated bacteria were studied, and the four most active strains were selected. Identification of these strains was carried out by sequencing the 16S rRNA. Consortia of agronomically important microorganisms were created based on active strains of rhizobia and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Results: The sequencing of 16S rRNA of the selected strains showed that rhizobia belonged to the genus Rhizobium and the phosphate-solubilizing to the genera Pseudomonas and Enterobacter. The results showed that seeds inoculation by consortia had a highly stimulating effect on soybean plants' growth and significantly increased the stem height (1.8-2.0 times), root length (2.3-2.7 times), and the number of nodules (2.7-3.2 times) compared to the control without inoculation. Besides, these consortia induced a significant increase in the number of nodules on soybean roots and their nitrogen fixation, an increase in phosphorus absorption, and an increase in protein in soybean plants compared to the control. According to these results, consortium No. 21 was selected as the most effective one. The consortium included strains of rhizobia Rhizobium lupini RH-7 and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria Pseudomonas koreensis FT-4. Conclusion: A consortium of agronomically important microorganisms based on local strains of bacteria adapted to the soil and climatic conditions and not competing with microbes of the rhizosphere was created in our study. The use of a consortium based on local strains will help avoid competition with the indigenous populations of rhizosphere bacteria, and it can be used to grow an economically important crop, such as soybean.

Modelling organic farming suitability by spatial indicators of GIS integrated MCDA in Golestan Province, Iran

Organic farming suitability can improve the health of environment, agroecosystems and humans, quality of products, and local economy. Organic agricultural system is not very much evolved in Iran. In this paper a model is proposed to identify the suitable zones in 14 counties of Golestan Province, northeast of Iran, for the development of organic farming using spatial indicators, spatial analysis and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). In this model, some important criteria such as climatic variables, topographic factors, soil characteristics, ecological variables, environmental variables and developmental variables were evaluated and considered as spatial indicators. The thematic layers were classified based on agronomical requirements tables of organic farming and were overlaid based on Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) in ArcMap software. Final maps were separately generated and classified to five classes of suitability degree for spring and winter crops. According to the results of model, development of organic farming is possible for up to 14.72 and 17.76 percent of the current lands of Golestan Province in Iran for organic spring and winter cropping, respectively. In this research, we developed a land suitability model for organic farming based on the evaluation of spatial variables in Geographic Information System (GIS) and MCDA. Results provided useful information that can be used as decision support tools in the development of organic agriculture in Golestan Province, other similar regions in Iran and other countries in the world.

Agricultural Production in Eastern Europe: History, Current Status, and Prospects of the Development for Innovation

Introduction. Agricultural production is a prerequisite for the economic development of the Eastern European countries, which ensures food security of the citizens in the conditions of constantly varying economic environment.Problem Statement. The main condition for the development of the agrarian sector is an established system of selling products at high prices. Therefore, its assessment requires in-depth analysis, with the need for organic and high-quality food products making this problem extremely urgent.Purpose. Studying the current status of agro-food production and food security in the countries of Eastern Europe and the needs in raw materials of interrelated industries of the national economy, which can become a driving force for the development of rural areas; assessing the investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector; and determining the prospects for the development of agro-food production in Eastern Europe.Material and Methods. In this research, we have used systematic approach, comparative analysis, generalization, synthesis and analysis. The sources are statistical reports of international institutions, government and private organizations, scholarly research publications of foreign and domestic researchers.Results. The five elements of agro-food production in Eastern Europe have been identified: availability of resources suitable for agriculture; transformation of land relations; the structure of gross production by branches of agriculture; development of organic agriculture; investment attractiveness of the studied countries. The challenges of the agricultural sector at the middle and lower levels of agriculture have been described.Conclusions. The key prospects for the development of agricultural production in Eastern Europe are: improvement of the agricultural land market, sale of agricultural products in European and international markets, development of innovation through the introduction of modern technologies of agricultural production, development of organic farming, enhancing interest of credit and banking sector in investment projects in the sphere of agricultural production.

Effects of the EAEU's Agricultural Policy on the Organic Farming Market of Kazakhstan

This study aimed to determine the barriers to the development of organic farming in Kazakhstan; to define the priorities of a common Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) agricultural policy for pursuing mutual interests. Surveys of 40 experts indicated that a common agricultural policy in the EAEU would mean broader markets and lower the cost of organic production, and would help Kazakhstan to improve standing in global exports. The results showed that the primary barriers to organic farming were the costs and bureaucracy associated with certification, weak domestic demand, lack of government support in the organic market, etc.

Effectiveness of the Use of Manure, Biocompost and Siderates for Vegetable Crops

Excessive fascination in vegetable growing with mineral (especially nitrogen) fertilizers has led to significant contamination of soils and products with nitrate, heavy metals, and other toxicants. The scientific literature has accumulated considerable material on the use of various kinds of fertilizers, especially mineral fertilizers. A well-established trend towards the development of organic farming on a global scale requires a more indepth study of the effect of organic fertilizers on vegetable yields and adjustments to previously developed fertilizer systems for vegetable crops. The research was carried out by the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry of the All-Russian scientific research institute of vegetable growing-branch of the Federal scientific center of vegetable growing and three experimental stations of the Institute on sod-podzolic, alluvial meadow soils, typical, ordinary and leached chernozems in the Non-chernozem zone, the North Caucasus and Western Siberia. It was found out that the efficiency of the use of cattle manure on average for 6 crops on 6 types of soils was 33% of the increase in yield. The highest increases were found in cucumber (62%) and table beet (54%) crops; cabbage and carrots increased yields by 27 and 22%, respectively, tomato and onion - by an average of 17%. The efficiency of manure was inversely proportional to the amount of humus content in the soil. Studies of the effectiveness of the use of biocomposts based on chicken manure revealed that the biocompost increased the yield of 12 vegetable crops on alluvial meadow soil by an average of 20, mineral fertilizers - by 28%, the joint application of these fertilizers allowed to increase yields by 35%. Green fertilizers (siderates) in the conditions of the Central Processing Plant allowed to increase the yield of vegetables by 8-15%, peas, pea mixture and phacelia turned out to be the most effective, yellow lupin and sunflower were ineffective. In the irrigated conditions of the Rostov region, the complex application of mineral fertilizers, manure and siders increased the yield of vegetable crops from 23.6 to 49.6 t/ha, i.e. by more than 2 times.

Tendencies and Perspectives of Organic Farming Development in the EU – the Significance of European Green Deal Strategy

Organic system of agricultural production is particularly important in the context of agriculture sustainability. Taking into consideration sustainability premises, agricultural sector should deliver environmental, social and economic profits. One of the most important form of agriculture in this context is organic production. In 2019, the European strategy of Green Deal underlined the need of further and faster development of organic farms in the EU. The purpose of the paper is establishing current tendencies, as well as perspectives of organic farming development, including its market environment in the EU. The accent was focused on Poland`s situation and experiences. The period of the analysis covered the years 2012-2020. The data used in the research came from national institution Agricultural and Food Quality Inspection, Statistics Poland reports and papers, as well as database of Eurostat. Indicator analysis methods were used and trends were established.
 The results of the study revealed, that during the analyzed period, organic farming developed in the EU. The main statistics, such as the number of organic farms and organic agricultural land improved significantly. The current trends in individual European countries in the field of development of the organic management system indicate, that this segment of the agricultural market has different significance in individual countries, which may also result from local economic and market conditions. Based on the research results, it was stated, that organic farming development in the EU – in the nearest further – will be challenging, especially in the context of the european strategic purposes, presented in Green Deal documents. 
 Keywords: organic farming, organic farms, agricultural land in organic system of production, organic processors, European Green Deal strategy, EU, Poland

State support for organic agriculture

Organic agriculture is recognized as one of the modern tools for solving both food and environmental problems. In Russia, the development of organic agriculture has been carried out only in recent decades. At the same time, according to forecasts, both domestic demand for organic products and its exports will grow. Therefore, the strategic task of the Russian state is to create an institutional basis for organic agriculture. Organic agriculture, due to its specifics, needs state support. The purpose of this article is to determine the legal approach to the mechanism of legal regulation of state support for organic producers at the federal and regional levels through the prism of the analysis of the legal regulation of measures of state support for organic producers at the federal and regional levels. Proposals have been formulated to improve the current legislation in terms of measures of state support for organic agriculture. State support is an institutional factor in the development of organic agriculture. A separate set of state support measures is needed, which is normatively fixed in addition to the general agricultural Law in the Organic Law. In the practice of rule–making, such an approach - for example, measures of state support for private households, in addition to the Law on Agriculture, are provided for in Federal Law No. 112-FZ of July 7, 2003 "On personal subsidiary farming". It seems that it is impractical to adopt a separate federal law on organic beekeeping, but it is necessary to supplement the Law on Organic Products with appropriate norms by directly indicating its application to relations on organic beekeeping, and in the Law on Beekeeping to make a reference to the Law on Organic.

The development strategy of organic rice farming in Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The development of organic rice is also supported by the development of agricultural technology such as compost processing, biological pesticides, agricultural machinery. The conversion of agricultural land in Bantul Regency is unavoidable and has increased. This will have an impact on the development of organic rice farming. This study aims to formulate a strategy for developing organic rice in Bantul Regency based on internal and external factors. This research was conducted in Bantul Regency with the consideration of the most extensive Sustainable Food Agricultural Land. Respondents in this study amounted to 15 people including administrators of organic rice farmer groups, combined farmer groups, organic rice traders, field agricultural extension and Department of Agriculture. The stages in formulating a strategy for developing organic rice farming are (1) Data Collection Stages: IFAS (Internal Factors Strategy Analysis) and EFAS (External Factors Strategic Analysis); (2) Data Analysis Stages: SWOT matrix, and (3) Decision Making Stages: QSPM matrix. The results showed that the strategy that becomes a priority for the development of organic rice farming are skills training for organic rice farmers in farming management and marketing and use of natural resources potential in controlling plant pest organisms of organic rice.

Rural area infrastructure as a factor in the development of organic farming

This paper analyzes the impact of rural infrastructure in the regions of the Siberian Federal District on the organic farming development. Authors determine that the Novosibirsk and Omsk regions and southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are characterized by the most favorable conditions for the organic farming development in terms of engineering, transportation and social infrastructure. The infrastructure is relatively well developed in the Altai Territory, the Republic of Khakassia, Kemerovo, Tomsk, and Irkutsk regions. Weak infrastructure development characterizes the Republics of Tuva and Altai, as well as remote areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk, and Tomsk regions. The primary mechanisms by which infrastructure influences the organic agricultural sector development are: reducing transportation and transaction costs and increasing profits in producing high-value-added products close to cultivation areas, enhancing the attractiveness of rural employment for skilled professionals, and generating solvent demand among the local population. The article proposes various options for increasing the efficiency of government and business actions in rural areas, including public-private partnerships for implementing infrastructure projects, associated training contracts, institutionalization of remote jobs, government procurement of organic agricultural products with advantages for local agricultural producers.

Potential of agricultural universities in the development of organic farming in Russia

This paper describes research on the readiness and potential contribution of agricultural universities dealing with organic farming in Russia. We have identified areas of training and academic disciplines incorporating organic farming issues and revealed the most demanded programs of further professional education in it. Best practices of scientific research in organic farming that can be conveyed in the training process have also been established. The authors have set goals in the near-term prospect for personnel training in Russian agricultural universities.