Agrarian Society Research Articles

Of Self and Polity: Writing Resistance in Dixit’s Madhavi

Madan Mani Dixit’s novel Madhavi (1983) subtly argues for change in the existing rigid political order of his time by projecting self larger than the polity. Borrowing a narrative from the Mahabharata, the novelist develops it into a full length novel to point out the cracks in the political system of his time: as a political order, the Panchayat had lost the sense of justice within the first two decades after its promulgation in 1962. Dixit employs Galav and Madhavi as dissenting voice of the age, upholding the spirit of resistance and seeking for transformation in consciousness. The tale from the post-Vedic society serves as an instance to imply the parallel situation of the country that attempts to transcend beyond the contemporary context. In this study, I have approached the novel from the new historicist vantage point to dissect the text in the changing political context of its writing. The paper claims that as a Nepali novel, Dixit’s Madhavi rewrites the episode of political struggle between the person and polity in an oppressive political order in the 1970s in Nepal when the political self and polity were in tension as the outcome of their struggle for a new order in society. Moving beyond the existing situation, the maestro novelist picks the narrative of Madhavi and Galav from the Mahabharata and sets them in quest of new order in the form of agrarian society from the crumbling order of slavery. Dixit’s work critiques the limitations of both self and polity in leaving the impact of one on the other, thereby exposing the brutal treatment and fall of an oppressive political order. This paper reads historical reality of the 1970s in Dixit’s Madhavi in which the author writes the political history of Nepal.

Modified Reliability Assessment Method for Analysis of Cyber-Physical System Consisting IEEE 24 Bus System Parallel with Cyber Network

ABSTRACT With the transformation from a traditional, rural, and agrarian society to a secular, urban, and industrial society and competitive environment, the rise in the power demand and supply makes it difficult to meet the customer’s expectations and needs. It has become necessary that the electric utility industry make sure they have accurate information about system performance and reliability. The paper presents four different cases through which the reliability of the electric distribution system is studied by calculating customer-oriented indices and load-oriented indices. The assessment is carried out using Modified Reliability Assessment Method (MRAM) on IEEE 24 bus system using MATLAB simulation, and the indicators of reliability analysis such as System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SIAFI), System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI), Average Service Availability Index (ASAI), Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI), Energy Not Supplied index (ENS), Average Energy Not Supplied (AENS), Annual Customer Interruptions (ACI), and Customer Interruption Duration (CID) are evaluated. Moreover, the impact of the inclusion of cyber networks in the traditional system is also taken into consideration to determine the system’s reliability. Also, the result shows that the parallel combination is more superior to the other one.

RITUS BELUK DALAM PERSPEKTIF ESTETIKA PARADOKS

Beluk ritual ceremony, is a form of belief in agrarian society, especially field farmers. In the beginning, Beluk was a form of calling between farmers in far-flung huts, to avoid fear of wild animals in forest areas. The way of connecting with each other is in the form of a song with a loud or high tone. A paradoxical aesthetic theory approach with research methods through library and internet media, as well as a psychological perspective is very possible, because at that time the farmers were trying to open the fields for their livelihood. But the ancestral ordinances made a value of how the living system they built at that time. Like what has been done until now in the Ciapus community, Banjaran District, Bandung Regency. A proof that the current form of the Beluk rite proves the representation of his ancestors who built a system of connectedness between nature and human life. This means that life experience which is manifested in a way of life, is a form of belief in determining the system of “live and living”

RITUS BELUK DALAM PERSPEKTIF ESTETIKA PARADOKS

Beluk ritual ceremony, is a form of belief in agrarian society, especially field farmers. In the beginning, Beluk was a form of calling between farmers in far-flung huts, to avoid fear of wild animals in forest areas. The way of connecting with each other is in the form of a song with a loud or high tone. A paradoxical aesthetic theory approach with research methods through library and internet media, as well as a psychological perspective is very possible, because at that time the farmers were trying to open the fields for their livelihood. But the ancestral ordinances made a value of how the living system they built at that time. Like what has been done until now in the Ciapus community, Banjaran District, Bandung Regency. A proof that the current form of the Beluk rite proves the representation of his ancestors who built a system of connectedness between nature and human life. This means that life experience which is manifested in a way of life, is a form of belief in determining the system of “live and living”

Portraits of everyday activities at Manguinhos

This text reconstructs everyday routines at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute in the early twentieth century based on statements from staff at that time. As Antonil wrote in 1711, "Slaves are the hands and feet of the sugar-mill owner." The researchers' assistants fulfilled a similar role in the laboratories; their work ranged from unskilled tasks to extremely delicate scientific research that today requires specialized training. These early technicians, many recruited as boys in the institution's workshops, acquired their skills empirically. While the institute carried out modern activities, labor relations there still bore the marks of an agrarian and patriarchal society that had only recently abandoned slavery.

PERAN MUHAMMADIYAH DALAM PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT AGRARIS DI KABUPATEN BANDUNG

<p><em>Community welfare is not only the responsibility of the central government but all parties according to their respective roles and functions. Considering that Indonesia is an agricultural country where most population works as farmers in rural areas, attention to developing farmer</em><em> </em><em>economic capacity is important in efforts to improve the welfare of the community. Muhammadiyah as a religious-based community organization has carried out its ‘dakwah’ role through the development of agrarian communities in rural areas. This study aims to determine farmers characteristics associated with the level of this role through a quantitative research approach. The testing technique in this study was carried out using three-box method and chi-square Pearson on survey data was collected non-probability with the technique as purposive samples. The results show that Muhammadiyah plays very significant role as a learning class, a forum for cooperation, and a production unit for farmers in Bandung Regency. Farmer's age, education level, length of farming, and income level had positively related, and group experience was negatively related to Muhammadiyah's role as learning class. Education level and length of farming had positive relationship, and farmer's income level had negative relationship with Muhammadiyah roles as production unit. Outstanding roles achievement from group to develop an agrarian society had a relationship with farmer characteristics that should be considered by interested parties for the farmer welfare, to achieve the role of group as an institution following the common ideals and expectations of farmers.</em></p>

Gender in the World Food Economy: Inequitable Transformation of Haiti’s Food Economy

Over the past five decades, agricultural trade liberalization and integration into the global food system have undermined gender equality, women’s empowerment, and food security in Haiti. International actors who design agricultural policies are aware of gendered contributions to Haitian food security, yet ignore this knowledge to privilege an ideological belief that trade liberalization and structural adjustment programs will advance gender equality. I argue that agriculture and food policies must treat gender roles and responsibilities as constitutive to the solution by recognizing their critical contribution to the structure of Haitian agrarian society and accordingly food security. I advance this claim by analyzing scholarly literature, institutional documents, and interviews with interlocutors (n= 292) from rural, peri-urban, and urban settings across Haiti to document how: 1) dominant narratives support an ideological belief that trade liberalization will advance gender equality; 2) integration of Haiti’s local food economy into the world food economy demands the reorientation of gendered labour; 3) women must participate in a system that while purporting to improve food security, ultimately diminishes their nutrition and social, economic and political wellbeing. This research documents that policies designed to globalize Haiti’s food economy on the premise of improving food security actually force women to abandon agricultural production and intensify their labour in less lucrative distribution and consumption roles of imported goods. This analysis documents that the transition ultimately reifies gender inequalities, heighten food insecurity, and contributes to feminist food scholarship.

Tekhnologicheskie revolyucii i ih proekciya v prave

The article puts forward and substantiates the hypothesis on conditionality of qualitative changes in law and the legal order by global transformations in the technological way of society: namely, the emergence of an agrarian society, its transition to an industrial society, the current transformation into a post-industrial one. Following the principle of historicism allowed us to conclude that the development of law, its sources, implementation, legal consciousness, and the legal science itself is carried out taking into account socioeconomic conditionality, which forms an independent historical element of the subject of both jurisprudence and the philosophy of law. The analysis of the revealed reflexions of technological revolutions in law made it possible to highlight a special state of socioeconomic development - it’s singularity; the presence of a society in singularity determines not only the nature of a fundamentally new group of related technologies that will dominate in the future, but also the corresponding model of social regulation, which can be represented, including law.

MOTIVASI KOMUNIKASI TRANSAKSIONAL ANTARA ELIT POLITIK DENGAN MASYARAKAT AGRARIS PADA PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH

This study aims to find and explain the motivation for transactional communication between the political elite and the agrarian community in the 2015 Pilkada in North Konawe Regency. Data collection techniques through interview instruments, shadowing techniques by following the political elite, participatory observation, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and documentation studies.The results showed that the motivation for transactional communication between the political elite and the agrarian society was: (1) Political Interest Motivation. Political elite motivation for power. (2) Motivation of social relations. The motivation of political elites and agrarian society due to family (clan) (3) Regional proximity motivation: Regional faction that regional proximity was formed in the political sphere in the 2015 election in North Konawe to give rise to regional factions. (4) Motivation for Social and Cultural Relations. (5) The economic motivation of the Agrarian Society is to increase economic investment in agriculture through the development of regional infrastructure, agricultural technology, land clearing, capital assistance, the opening of farm roads, fertilizers, seeds, electricity and so on.

The Profit of a Land and the Purpose of a King: The Translation and Interpretation of Ecclesiastes 5:8

Abstract The MT of Eccl 5:8 presents challenges of lexicography, grammar, and syntax, in addition to exegetical and text-critical difficulties. This article surveys some attempts to interpret Eccl 5:8 without resorting to textual emendation, and then proposes a new translation and analysis of the MT in its exegetical context. Ecclesiastes 5:8 delineates the benefit of a land or country as being found “in the whole” rather than in one of its component parts. While one will observe governmental corruption in an individual “province” (v. 7), Qoheleth observes that a national governing structure, embodied in a king, brings the benefit of political stability, which ultimately enables an agrarian society to flourish.

EXTRAORDINARY NATURAL PHENOMENA AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINIAN LANDS IN TIMES OF THE BOHDAN KHMELNYTSKY UPRISING (1648 – 1657)

The purpose of the article is to summarize information about extraordinary natural phenomena that were recorded on Ukrainian lands during 1648 – 1657, and to clarify their impact on social and political activity, economy and worldview of the local population.
 The article identifies and analyzes reports in written sources about extraordinary natural phenomena on Ukrainian lands during the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Uprising 1648 – 1657, their periodicity and impact on the socio-economic life of the early modern agrarian society is clarified. Written information on the extent of damage and territories affected by natural disasters was found.
 The Bohdan Khmelnytsky Uprising took place against the background of the First Climatic Minimum of the Little Ice Age. The impact of extraordinary natural phenomena on a turbulent society that found itself in the conditions of war was particularly noticeable. During 1648 – 1657, on Ukrainian lands an extreme meteorological phenomena were recorded (dry spring of 1648, unstable winter of 1652 – 1653, severe winters of 1654 – 1655 and 1655 – 1656); extraordinary optical phenomena (the appearance of a comet and mysterious signs in the sky in 1647, the eclipse of the sun on August 2, 1654, as well as unconfirmed reports of the eclipse of the moon in 1648 and the eclipse of the sun in 1653); extraordinary hydrological phenomena (floods in Halychyna and Podillya in 1649, 1651, 1656); earthquake of 1650; annual invasions of locusts 1647 – 1652; epidemics of 1648, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1657. The influence of weather conditions on the course of battles and the course of the main campaigns of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Uprising remains underestimated by scientists.
 The pattern of man’s perception of extraordinary natural phenomena in early modern period was expressed in the presence of irrational and rational approaches, which, we note, were not always mutually exclusive. Thus, the irrational approach is represented by the church and folk interpretation of a natural disaster, in particular, its nature. The latter, in particular, is characterized by great variability, a mystical worldview, and an appeal to archaic magical practices. In turn, the rational approach consists in attempts at a pre-scientific interpretation of the nature and patterns of the occurrence of cataclysms.

Haplotype analyses reveal novel insights into tomato history and domestication driven by long-distance migrations and latitudinal adaptations.

A novel haplotype-based approach that uses Procrustes analysis and automatic classification was used to provide further insights into tomato history and domestication. Agrarian societies domesticated species of interest by introducing complex genetic modifications. For tomatoes, two species, one of which had two botanical varieties, are thought to be involved in its domestication: the fully wild Solanum pimpinellifolium (SP), the wild and semi-domesticated Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (SLC) and the cultivated S. l. var. lycopersicum (SLL). The Procrustes approach showed that SP evolved into SLC during a gradual migration from the Peruvian deserts to the Mexican rainforests and that Peruvian and Ecuadorian SLC populations were the result of more recent hybridizations. Our model was supported by independent evidence, including ecological data from the accession collection site and morphological data. Furthermore, we showed that photosynthesis-, and flowering time-related genes were selected during the latitudinal migrations.

Этничность и традиция в меняющихся коммуникационных контекстах: взгляд через «галактики» Гутенберга, Маклюэна и Цукерберга

The article analyzes the phenomena of ethnicity and tradition in the context of the development of society from the traditional type to the globalised one. In the conducted analysis of various approaches to their interpretation, the vulnerable positions of such trends as primordialism, constructivism, and instrumentalism are considered. As an alternative, helping to eliminate controversial points, an attempt is made to use the theories of M.G. Мakljuen and M. Castells. Application of the paradigm of informationalism provides an opportunity to use the optics of communication to analyse the transformation of the semantic and functional content of the cultural/ethnic tradition in the life of society. The influence of the evolution of mass media on the existence of a cultural tradition can be traced within the framework of various social systems: a primitive tribal community and an agrarian society; industrial and post-industrial; globalized and digital society. A comparative analysis of the characteristic features of the social development of each of the types of societies is intended to reveal the factors influencing the transformation of the functional and semantic continuum of traditional/ethnic culture in different eras. Among essential aspects of these changes are the following: changing the role and function of traditional culture in the life of society; transformation of subject-object relations in the communication field that forms ideas about ethnicity and tradition. This, in turn, significantly affects the identification processes at the personal and group levels of the modern society.

Особый путь развития России: миф или реальность?

The article is devoted to the analysis of discussions on the issue of a “special path” of Rus­sia’s development, which have recently become more and more acute. The arguments of the opponents of Russia’s “special path” are considered. They insist on the universal nature of the modernization process, in other words, the transformation of a traditional (agrarian) society into a modern one as a result of the bourgeois revolution, i.e. into a lib­eral-democratic society or into a modern society. Supporters of the “special path” point to the asymmetric nature of the centuries-old relations between Russia lagging behind in its development and the more developed West, which forces Russia at a certain point in time to abandon the idea of ​​catching up development and start searching for its own, alternative and in this sense, “special path” of transforming Russia into modern society. The article attempts to overcome the ideologically charged dispute around the “special path” by updating the methodology of the study of Russian history, in particular, a deeper consideration of the causes and consequences of the uneven development of European countries, including Russia, based on the application of the world-systems approach. The author shows that the idea of ​​a special way for Russia appears as an anti-liberal re­sponse to the challenges of Western capitalism in the context of its rapid development. For the first time this problem, precisely as the problem of choosing a new political vec­tor, arises explicitly with the coming to power of Nicholas I, when Russia could become a new center of power, a center of a different, but also capitalist development. But it would be a different model – the model of state capitalism, in which the purposeful con­struction of the economy is put at the service of the state, contributes to the realization of its national interests, which Bismarck’s Germany subsequently demonstrated on its special path. In this regard, a comparative analysis of the special ways of development of Germany and Russia in the XIX–XX centuries is given, the similarity of the initial po­sitions and the opposite of the results obtained are demonstrated.

ІНКЛЮЗИВНІ МОДЕЛІ УПРАВЛІННЯ РЕСУРСНИМ ПОТЕНЦІАЛОМ АГРАРНИХ БІЗНЕС-СУБЄКТІВ

The current state and problematic aspects of management of the resource potential of agricultural business entities are disclosed in the article. The conducted studies showed that agricultural producers have certain difficulties in the process of resource potential management. The system of material and technical support of agricultural production needs complex modernization and staffing. Modern mechanisms for compensating part of their cost and financial leasing are quite effective management tools. But, they have significant limitations for their possible use for a significant number of agricultural producers. Dominating traditional business concepts in agricultural management are commercial oriented. They define the prevailing policy of resource management, according to which the demand for biological and eco-remedies remains insignificant, unstable and significantly limited by the price factor. The labor market of the agricultural sector is characterized by significant inclusive gaps. It remains the leader of informal employment with an outflow of labor potential from the industry and a low level of wages. Research has revealed that one of the main reasons for managing the resource potential of agrarian business entities is the lack of financial resources. Own capital remains the main source of financial support for agricultural production. In order to solve these problematic issues, an inclusive model of managing the resource potential of agrarian business based on the action of supply chains has been proposed. The inclusive model is built on mechanisms that provide for the possibility of realizing the interests of all participants in agrarian business, society and rural areas due to the creation of supply chains, the formation of new value and profitability. The implementation of an inclusive business model for managing resource potential should be complemented by the use of modern digital management tools that provide equal opportunities and access to resources. Among them are: professional and educational online platforms, digital HR policy products, crowd-drafting and credit digital, investment and innovation platforms, digital analytical products that will support management decisions. The implementation of an inclusive business model of resource potential management in agricultural management should be based on a deep understanding of the goals and priorities of inclusive development. The latter in a strategic perspective become life-supporting both for business and for future generations.

Ukrainian-czechoslovak agrarianist discourse in 1920s - 1930s

Purpose. The purpose is to investigate the Ukrainian-Czechoslovak agrarianist discourse of the 1920s and 1930s.Conclusion. The authors found out that in the 1920s and 1930s, active cooperation developed between Czechoslovak and Ukrainian agrarianists, the most prominent centre of which wasthe Ukrainian Agrarian Society and the Ukrainian Academy of Economics in Podebrady. In thewritings of Ukrainian and Czechoslovak agrarianists, the concept of «the newest agrarianism»,together with criticism of liberalism, capitalism, socialism, communism and fascism, acquired alogical and systematic presentation. The ideological mutual influence regarding the defence of theeconomic and moral advantages of agriculture, small private ownership of land, cooperation, aswell as state regulation of the economy is noticeable. The Ukrainian-Czechoslovak agrarianistdiscourse clearly emphasizes moderate reforms, which are understood as tools for the formationof a large class of grain-grower owners. The views of the theorist of Ukrainian agrarianism of theinterwar period H. Simantsiv are related to the opinions of theorists and practitioners of Czechoslovak agrarianism – A. Svehla, M. Hodza, J. Kettner and others, whose works the author of «the newest agrarianism» became acquainted with during his activities in the Ukrainian Agrarian Society(UAS) and the Ukrainian Academy of Economics in Podyebrady. In addition, the Symantsiv Ukrainian model of the newest agrarianism is based on the understanding of not only European, in particular Czechoslovakian, agrarianist theoretical thought, but also Ukrainian. The durability of theUkrainian intellectual agrarianist tradition, such as the views of M. Hrushevsky and V. Lypynsky,is palpable, its distinct presence in the Symantsiv’s Ukrainian concept of agrarianism. H. Simantsivmanaged to logically and consistently reveal the essence and content of the newest agrarianism.He substantiates the principles and positions of modern agrarianism concerning the individualityof the peasantry, its mentality, the role of the peasantry as an active subject of state- and nationbuilding, etc. Thus, the intellectual heritage of H. Simantsiv is a self-sufficient Ukrainian concept ofthe newest agrarianism, which is consistent with the Czechoslovak agrarianist discourse.

From the Good Factory towards a New Sustainable Post-war Social Order in Italy. The Remarkable “Utopian” Welfare Work Policies of Adriano Olivetti and His Typewriter Company in the 1950s

In this paper, welfare work at Olivetti, a former well-known Italian typewriter and office machines company, will be analysed. Welfare work at Olivetti had reached its peak in the 1950s. This was relatively late in comparison to other noteworthy enlightened welfare work initiatives in the industrialized West. The heyday of welfare work in Europe and the United States occurred during the period from 1880 until 1930. From World War II onwards, the extensive Olivetti welfare work programs were embedded in a deliberate and encompassing communitarian social philosophy. Adriano Olivetti’s main objectives were twofold: to prevent worker alienation at the shopfloor level in his factories and to resolve political and social conflict in post-war Italy. This plan was to be carried out in a sustainable way by means of strengthening regional development. Within quite a short time span, the country underwent a rapid and intensive transformation from being a traditional agrarian society into one of the leading industrialized nations of Europe. A response will be provided to the question concerning to what extent Olivetti’s experiment can be considered unique in comparison to other significant enlightened welfare work experiments that took place between 1880 and 1930. Finally, the topicality of the Olivetti experiment will be considered.

Cluster Analysis as a Means of Identifying Types of Demographic Characteristics (Russian Rural Population, European Part of Russia, Early 20th to Early 21st Century)

The object of study is the demographic characteristics of the Russian rural population of the European part of Russia (at the level of individual governorates, regions, and republics) from the beginning of the twentieth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. These data are analyzed in the context of general demographic trends. The goal is to identify regions with similar demographic indicators during several chronological periods (1902, 1940, 2002, 2020) and to observe the transformation of demographic characteristics in different periods of history and in different regions of European Russia. This provides the necessary material for making assumptions about the connection between demographic types and natural-geographical, economic-geographical, and ethnogeographical factors. The principal research method, multivariate cluster analysis, is a tool for identifying stable groups of typologically homogeneous objects. The clustering of regions was carried out on the basis of three key demographic indicators: fertility, mortality, and natural growth. The authors came to the conclusion that, as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, Russian agrarian society was already at different demographic stages, evolving from a traditional to a modernized society. In the middle of the century, discrepancies in the rates of demographic transition became noticeable, manifested in some conventional “dividing” lines such as the ones between Russian oblasts and some national republics; the ones between agro-industrial and industrial-agrarian regions; the ones between southern and northern territories; and, finally, the ones between the regions and republics close to and distant from Moscow. The entwinement of these lines gave rise to various cluster groupings and, apparently, led to some consequent variability in the types of demographic characteristics in different regions, which is also recorded at the beginning of the twentieth century. The authors also pay attention to types of “demographic responses” of different regions to the coronavirus pandemic.

Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Madura Abad 19-20: Sebuah Kajian Ekologi Sejarah

This study aims to analyze the concept of Madurese culture in the context of settlement and agriculture. The Madurese community is an agrarian society originating from the island of Madura with the dominant characteristic of using the Madurese language. Today, the Madurese are famous for the habit of people who often migrate outside the island of Madura, this is done solely to meet the economic needs of the Madurese. Many factors affect the migration activity, but the most dominant is that on the island of Madura the land is not fertile so that the Natural Resources in Madura are not well developed, especially in the agricultural sector. Even so, the Madurese have the concept of living and farming. In the concept of living it is known as the Tanean Lanjheng, while in the agricultural system it is known as the Moor Ecological system. This study uses a historical method approach consisting of heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. Therefore, in this study, it is known: 1) Ecological systems in the agricultural system on the island of Madura, 2) The housing ecology system of the Madurese community, and 3) Implications of the agricultural and housing system on the socio-economy community of Madura.

Ancient DNA reveals the maternal genetic history of East Asian domestic pigs

Zoo-archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that pigs were domesticated independently in Central China and Eastern Anatolia along with the development of agricultural communities and civilizations. However, the genetic history of domestic pigs, especially in China, has not been fully explored. In this study, we generate 42 complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from ∼7500- to 2750-year-old individuals from the Yellow River basin. Our results show that the maternal genetic continuity of East Asian domestic pigs dates back to at least the Early to Middle Neolithic. In contrast, the Near Eastern ancestry in European domestic pigs saw a near-complete genomic replacement by the European wild boar. The majority of East Asian domestic pigs share close haplotypes, and the most recent common ancestor of most branches dates back to less than 20,000 years before present, inferred using new substitution rates of whole mitogenomes or combined protein-coding regions. Two major population expansion events of East Asian domestic pigs coincided with changes in climate, widespread adoption of introduced crops, and the development of agrarian societies. These findings add to our understanding of the maternal genetic composition and help to complete the picture of domestic pig evolutionary history in East Asia.