Agrarian Policy Research Articles

TRENDS AND RESULTS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM

At present Vietnam, according to key economic and socially significant indicators, can be confidently attributed to dynamically developing states. Such achievements are a consequence of the sustainable development strategy consistently implemented by the public administration sector. The global modernization of the national economy of the country has brought significant results that can definitely be attributed to the experience of best practices. In general terms, characterizing the main features of the Vietnamese economy, one should single out the predominant share of agriculture, export orientation, including agricultural products, the intensity of GDP growth, the flexibility of authorities in regulating macroeconomic processes, etc. Given the agrarian orientation of the Vietnamese economy, the chosen course with an emphasis on agricultural industrialization and modernization contributed to the achievement of socially significant results in this industry. In this study, a detailed analysis of the main trends in the development of agriculture is carried out, an interpretation of the results is presented, problem areas are identified that do not allow taking a leading position among the countries of Southeast Asia in the export of agricultural products. The main directions of the agrarian policy implemented by the government of Vietnam are systematized, which are aimed at strengthening the competitive position of the state in the context of ongoing permanent institutional changes.

TRENDS OF PUBLIC BUILDING PLANNING IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN WESTERN UKRAINE

Today the agrarian policy of our state contributes to the latest achievements of science and technology. Their implementation will bring the agricultural sector of the economy out of crisis, ensure its dynamic and stable development and high economic efficiency of its operation. Creating favorable social conditions is one of the most important links in the nationwide reform of rural life, which will further develop the best conditions for balanced rural life of ordinary people. One of the methods of solving this problem is the arrangement of cultural and domestic, administrative, educational institutions in rural areas, landscaping for active and quiet recreation. The main part of these buildings, for optimal convenience, is located directly in the center of the rural area of the village.
 When creating a public center of the settlement it is necessary to solve a number of tasks: the feasibility of location in the architectural and planning structure of the settlement; selection of buildings that will be included in the construction of the center in its composition, taking into account the number of inhabitants; formation of the architectural and planning structure of the center, which corresponds to the situation; establishment of its optimal parameters that ensure the normal functioning and expediency of perception; search for a compositional solution that stands out for its expressiveness and harmony.
 Studies in the western regions of Ukraine show that the existing public buildings do not meet the established regulatory requirements. A large number of buildings are morally and structurally obsolete. The planning structure of public buildings is an important administrative and compositional part of the settlement, the well-formed territory of the public center allows to improve the social level of rural life through communal and cultural services. The qualitative analysis of rural settlements in certain areas in accordance with the peculiarities of economic activity of the settlement will provide an opportunity to optimally address the issue of the range of public buildings, its volume and planning.

REVIEW OF NATIONAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROPOLIS QUALITY FOR COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

Given the growing demand among consumers of the international market for propolis, it is important to review the compliance of national documentation with international, particularly the leading countries in the production and processing of this product. Integration and adaptation of national legislation to the norms of the world community legislation also requires revision of approaches to the quality and safety of propolis. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to analyse the current international and national regulatory legal acts of the leading countries of the world, which play a key role in the international market for the production and sale of propolis in terms of safety and quality of propolis. Authors used the Torraco method to analyse and synthesise scientific and regulatory data; the Springer scientific and metric database and the Google Scholar search. The materials included regulatory documents of Ukraine, EU, Brazil, Argentina, Poland, Mexico, East African region. It was established that the criteria for assessing the quality of propolis in international regulatory and technical documentation are organoleptic (appearance, consistency, colour, smell, taste), physicochemical (dry matter, total ash content, wax, resin) microbiological (yeast, moulds, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Candida albicans, Paenibacillus, Salmonella) indicators of biological activity (flavonoids, oxidation, phenols, antioxidant activity, ethanol-soluble resins) and contamination (heavy metals, pesticide and antibiotic residues, radionuclides). The study revealed the non-compliance of the current regulatory document in Ukraine with the requirements of international regulations, namely in terms of: phenol content, ethanol and water-soluble resins, dry matter; total ash content; antioxidant activity; colony-forming units. It was determined that in Ukraine propolis is not divided into categories depending on wax impurities; the ambient temperature is not accounted for when determining the consistency index; botanical origin and methods of its selection are also not considered when assessing organoleptic properties. The approach for regulating the propolis market in Ukraine is substantiated as such that will contribute to the formation of added value for raw propolis when grouped by purpose and method of production and processing. The materials of the article are of practical value for the formation of new and harmonization of existing normative and technical regulations on the quality of propolis and can be applied by the working party on beekeeping development under the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine

Economic and Legal Mechanisms of Interstate Support for Agricultural Producers

The transitional stage in the agrarian economy requires an optimal combination of state protection and market levers. At present, the state regulatory influence on the development of agriculture remains, on the one hand, quite significant, and on the other, insufficiently effective. There is no systemic integrity in the practice of state regulation of the agricultural sector. The relevance of the study is that in transition economies, agrarian protectionism was initially caused by somewhat different circumstances, and the protectionist policy was formed in fundamentally different conditions. The authors demonstrate that protectionism in industrial-type transition economies inherited a huge mechanism of state support for the agro-industrial complex in the depths of a centrally planned economy. Everywhere this support constituted a heavy burden of national finances, and one of the primary tasks of reforms in transition economies, including agrarian reforms, was precisely the release from this burden. It causes sharp liberalization of agrarian policy in almost all countries. The method of analysis was used to investigate the main directions, methods, and mechanisms of state regulation of the economy in different countries; the priority areas of state regulation of prices in the agro-industrial complex industry were highlighted. The practical significance of the study is that macroeconomic reforms in countries with an industrial type of development led to a rapid deterioration in the financial situation of the agricultural sector.

Modernization of the Material and Technical Resources in Agriculture of Russia

The development of agriculture depends on the provision of material resources and technical means. The pursued state agrarian policy contributed to the strengthening of the material and technical resources of the industry but did not allow solving completely the problem of its modernization. The purpose of the present research is to assess the current status of the material and technical resources of agriculture in Russia and to substantiate the main courses of its modernization. The research was carried out using statistical-economic, computational-constructive, and monographic methods. Agricultural organizations are insufficiently provided with technical means and material resources that hinder using modern technologies. The available capacities for the production of agricultural machinery are not used fully, thus, 15.2% of available capacities are used for the production of tractors, 37.3% – for grain harvesters, 31.5% – for seeders, and 55.1% – for plows. A significant part of the material and technical resources is formed by imports. For some crops (vegetables, corn, sunflower, sugar beet, etc.), the share of imported seeds and hybrids ranges from 50 to 98%, crosses in the production of broilers amount to 95%, machinery – more than 40%. Purchasing material and technical resources are constrained by the increase of their purchase prices. Over 2014-2020, the average price of motor gasoline increased by 35.2%, diesel fuel – by 45.6%, insecticides – by 76.7%, combine harvesters – by 2.4 times, and milking machines and apparatuses – by 2.1 times. Modernization of the material and technical resources of agriculture depends on factors, such as the development of industries producing means of production for the agro-industrial complex, the solvency of the agricultural sector, prices, import and export of material and technical resources, as well as state support.

For whom the bell tolls: Party mediation effects on economic voting in a large democratic federation

AbstractThis article analyzes the effect of economic growth on executive elections in the context of a multilevel governance structure and how party ties across federal, state, and local levels affect the relationship, using data from Brazilian municipalities. We test the hypothesis that the president is the main politician accountable for economic performance, measured by local growth, and that party politics moderates the evaluation of the economic performance of state governors and the president. Our research shows that there is a high degree of interdependence between levels of government in the evaluation of economic performance. We highlight how party alliances strongly moderate the economic performance effects at the different levels. Using aggregate local level‐municipality panel data and fixed effects estimations, we show that the previous year's economic growth positively impacts the percentage of votes obtained by the incumbent in the presidential elections and that those effects are higher in states whose governors are allied to the president.Related ArticlesOndetti, Gabriel. 2008. “Up and Down with the Agrarian Question: Issue Attention and Land Reform in Contemporary Brazil.” Politics & Policy 36(4): 510–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00120.xSegatto, Catarina Ianni, and Daniel Béland. 2018. “The Limits of Partisanship: Federalism, the Role of Bureaucrats, and the Path to Universal Health Care Coverage in Brazil.” Politics & Policy 46(3): 416–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12252Zimerman, Artur, and Flávio Pinheiro. 2020. “Appearances can be Deceptive: Political Polarization, Agrarian Policy, and Coalitional Presidentialism in Brazil.” Politics & Policy 48(2): 339–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12345

І және ІІ Мемлекеттік думадағы Мұсылман фракциясының рөлі мен қызметі

The creation and activities of the Muslim faction in the State Duma have become an important indicator of the development of the political consciousness of Muslims. The Muslim faction in the 1st and 2nd State Dumas focused on three main issues: Agrarian issues, the problems of democratization of political life, and the problem of national-religious relations. Thus, the Muslim faction played a significant role in the activities of the First and Second Dumas. The article discusses the views of the deputies of the Muslim faction, their role and activities in the I–II State Dumas in relation to the agrarian policy of the tsarist empire, including the re- settlement policy. The deputies of the Muslim faction were the real defenders of the interests of the indigenous population of the Steppe Territory, and sought to legally resolve the land issue, with the indispensable participation of all interested parties in its discussion. The authors analyze the legislative activity and the work of Muslim deputies in the Duma commissions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the position of the deputies of the Muslims of the Steppe Territory, Sh. Kosshygulov and T. Norokonev

Legal Provision of Food Security: New Answers to Modern Challenges

In the current geopolitical conditions, the Russian agriculture faces risks, the overcoming of which requires new solutions in determining the state policy. The main leitmotif is import substitution. This has been the main task of the state agrarian policy since 2012. The anti-Russian sanctions of 2022 exacerbated the problems of agriculture, the genesis of many of which dates back to the agrarian and land reforms of the 1990s., and to overcome which modern measures of state support are aimed. Among the main problems of the Russian agro-industrial complex is dependence on imported seeds, foreign agricultural machines and spare parts. In addition, logistical ties with countries to which Russia has exported its products over the past few years have been disrupted. An analysis of the modernization of strategic planning documents at the regional level, in particular, in the field of seed production, is presented. The main ways of development of agriculture in the conditions of modern challenges and threats are outlined. Conclusions are drawn about changes in the strategizing of the state agrarian policy, clarification of target indicators, terms, development of state support measures that are adequate to the current global economic situation, transformation of the concept of state agrarian policy, which causes a change in the markets for domestic agricultural products, increasing the importance of the Russian Federation in providing global food supply, security, accelerated development of seed production and technical re-equipment of the agro-industrial complex.

Use of land resource potential in the conditions of the common agrarian policy of the EU

Use of land resource potential in the conditions of the common agrarian policy of the EU

Contribution of rural settlements to the deforestation dynamics in the Legal Amazon

Rural settlements aim to promote land distribution in Brazil, as well as to apply agrarian policy. More than 9 thousand settlements in the country are distributed by the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), totaling 87.9 million hectares. Approximately 87% of this area is located in the Legal Amazon, an area of vital environmental and political importance in Brazil. This study evaluated the contribution of agrarian reform through the redistribution of land, the process of native vegetation suppression, and deforestation dynamics in the Legal Amazon. In addition, possible influences caused by modality, location within the Deforestation Arc, and the year of creation were also evaluated. The main results of the research show that there was a reduction in deforested areas in the settlements between the two periods analyzed and that the annual rate of deforestation within the settlements influences deforestation in the Legal Amazon. In addition, the study pointed out the "Conventional" category as the one that most converted the forest to other uses, showing the need to encourage sustainable land use. It is concluded that, for deforestation that occurs in settled areas, the greatest concentration of areas is located outside of the Deforestation Arc, which justifies why deforestation outside the Arc is greater when compared to settlements inserted in it. Regarding the creation year, deforestation is independent of this factor. However, after the insertion of the settlement, deforestation is intensified.

Personal subsidiary plots as a tool for sustainable development and overcoming the crisis in the agriculture

Personal subsidiary plots still occupy a significant place in the production of agricultural products. Having appeared in the 1930s as an auxiliary tool for agrarian policy in the conduct of collectivization, over the next years they have shown their resilience in the face of crisis phenomena in the economy. The purpose of the study is to determine the factors influencing the development of private household plots, taking into account the political and economic characteristics of the country’s agricultural management. Within the framework of this study, the following tasks were solved: - a detailed analysis of the political and economic situation in the country was carried out; - analyzed the data of the household books of the settlement for the period 1935-2019; - statistical processing of the research results was carried out; - the regularities of the development of private household plots in the study period were revealed. As a result of the study, it was revealed that when signs of a crisis in the economy appear, rural residents to a greater extent transfer their business activities to personal subsidiary plots, using them as a tool of survival. When the crisis ends, business activity moves back to large agricultural or industrial production.

On Food Security of the Northern and Arctic Regions of Russia (Using the Example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The food security of a country or region is the main focus of agrarian policy and the specific characteristics of agricultural production explain the increased attention of most countries to the agrarian sector of the economy. From the perspective of the northern and Arctic regions with complex climatic conditions, food security is a complex multifactorial problem and consists of domestic opportunities for agricultural production and the import of food from other regions and even countries.Regions with low agricultural potential are characterized by problems such as small volumes of local food production and the lack of a competitive market, the high cost of goods sold and non-compliance with medical nutrition standards. Most such regions are characterized by long distances, the complexity of the terrain (lakes, rivers) and the lack of transport infrastructure. In this regard, vital food is imported using the so-called “northern delivery” system.The purpose of the study was to identify the problems of the food supply system of the northern and Arctic regions and to develop proposals for changing the negative situation.The object of the study was economic and organizational approaches to the food supply of the population of hard-to-reach regions.Research methods: comparative and economic analysis, statistical.The following tasks are solved:- characterize key indicators of regional food security;- analyse the state of food security in the northern and Arctic regions;- identify problems and propose solutions at the national (state) and local levels. The purpose of the study was to identify the problems of the food supply system of the northern and Arctic regions and to develop proposals for changing the negative situation. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the proposals developed by the author on the main directions of state policy in the field of food supply in the northern and Arctic regions.

Analysis of the efficiency of the functioning of the cluster mechanism, taking into account the intensification of dairy farming and obtaining competitive dairy products

The article provides an assessment of the effectiveness of the ongoing intensification of the livestock industry in the Voronezh region when receiving raw milk from milk cows. It is noted that one of the main elements of the development of dairy farming is the effective organizational structure of all participants of market relations in a single structure of the dairy cluster. This structure represents a single mechanism under the coordination council of the Department of Agrarian Policy, as its main participants, as well as subsidiary ones. Effective work is the result taking into account the increased competitive ability of the dairy products produced. However, there is a number of factors that do not allow the dairy industry as an agricultural business to reach higher world levels as “external” or market, as well as “internal”, taking into account the development of individual livestock production. It is noted that with a balanced work of all participants in the dairy business and state financial support, effective work is possible, however, in a number of regions of the Russian Federation, the implementation of production food programs is going not fully.

ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF BANK LENDING TO AGRO-INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to study the problems of implementing the credit mechanism in the agrarian sector, the rationale for the need to increase the amount of lending to the agro-industrial complex and the analysis of existing studies of bank lending to agricultural enterprises. The issue of solving the problems of lending to the agro-industrial sector in the modern scientific literature is not addressed enough. In light of this, the above-mentioned issues require further comprehensive research in order to identify effective ways to solve the existing problems. Problem statement. The task of the research is to: study the current state of bank lending in the country, analyze the state of accounting and financial support for lending to agro-industrial enterprises and determine the prospects for the development of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine; analyze the shortcomings and formulate the main trends of these enterprises. As a result of the research to investigate the accounting and financial problems of lending to agricultural enterprises, to highlight in detail their main problems and features. Methodology. The analysis of the activities of agricultural enterprises and the peculiarities of its management. The issues of formation and functioning of farms, as well as document management and business administration in these farms are debatable. Results. According to the research, accounting and financial problems and possible prospects for lending in the agricultural sector of Ukraine were analyzed. As a result of the study, we have analyzed the state, problems and possible prospects of lending in the agrarian sphere of Ukraine. The features of credit relations of agro-industrial enterprises with commercial banks are revealed, the state and trends of development, as well as the modern conditions of bank lending to agricultural enterprises are analyzed. The need for the state support in providing this industry with affordable long-term lending resources and the introduction of preferential credit mechanisms for agricultural commodity producers is determined. Practical implications. Peculiarities of credit relations of agro-industrial enterprises with commercial banks are revealed, their state and development tendencies are analyzed, as well as modern conditions of bank crediting of agrarian enterprises. They develop the real economy, expand employment opportunities and promote competition. The necessity of intensifying the development of agro-industrial enterprises, which is an important task of the state, has been proved. The solution of accounting and financial problems of bank lending to agro-industrial enterprises in Ukraine should be based on the introduction of European experience, which will contribute to the creation of a modern market economy with social justice. Lending to agricultural enterprises by commercial banks is currently quite complicated, and sometimes even impossible. The reasons are low profitability, return on capital employed and liquidity of the property. At present, farmers are considering alternative options for the replenishment of working capital. Therefore, the avalisation of bills and agrarian receipts may be used as an alternative to bank lending to meet the needs for the crop protection agents, fertilizers and planting material. These methods make it possible to obtain a delay in payment for the acquired resources or financial resources for the acquisition of working capital in the provision of agricultural enterprises with future harvest. The formation of strategic directions of creditor activity of banking institutions of Ukraine is considered on the example of activity of JSB "UKRGASBANK". The article pays attention to the issues of credit insurance in order to protect the interests of banking institutions and improve the formation of directions for solving the problems of bank lending to agricultural enterprises. Value/originality. The need for state support in providing agricultural enterprises with affordable long-term loans and the introduction of mechanisms for targeted lending to agricultural producers, which is possible only through a balanced government policy of comprehensive support for this sector of the economy. The directions of the decision of problems of bank crediting of the agricultural enterprises are offered. The improvement of legislation on the agrarian policy, the regulation of lending operations, the rational distribution of funds, their effective use and timely repayment of debt, and the corresponding policy of the state could remedy the situation.

Implementation of the coordinated agrarian policy as a condition for collective and national food security of the EAEU member states

Implementation of the coordinated agrarian policy as a condition for collective and national food security of the EAEU member states

ПРОДОВОЛЬЧА БЕЗПЕКА УКРАЇНИ В ПОВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД: ОСНОВНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА ТА СПОСОБИ ЇХ УСУНЕННЯ

Abstract. The place of ensuring food security in agrarian policy is substantiated as an irreplaceable factor of social stability, economic sovereignty of the state and ensuring its most valuable social resource - the health of the nation. In a theoretical and practical sense, food security is the cornerstone that should determine the essence of the state's agrarian policy at a specific historical stage of its development. The imperfection of the current food system in the country, which is overly focused on the export of grain and oilseeds products, with a simultaneously growing import of certain types of food products important for the population, which is a sign of the country's gradual loss of food sovereignty, is revealed. The negative impact on food security of highly specialized agricultural production with signs of a monoculture, which is characterized by increased erosion processes, soil fatigue, and a decrease in soil fertility, is researched, and the role of crop rotation agriculture in eliminating these negative processes is substantiated. A program for the conservation of heavily eroded and war-disturbed lands using the experience of the EU countries and the USA is proposed. The main directions of the agrarian policy of Western European countries are revealed in terms of developing and implementing mechanisms for influencing the prevention of monocultural production, stimulation of crop rotation agriculture and the development of animal husbandry associated with it, with a focus on providing domestic food markets with food products of domestic production necessary for the full nutrition of the population. Highlighted, given the world and domestic practice, the significant role of small farms in ensuring the food security of society. This needs targeted state support, the positive experience of which has been accumulated in the EU countries and which Ukraine has yet to master.

Актуальные вопросы налогообложения в АПК России: проблемы и перспективы

The state agrarian tax policy is aimed at the development of agricultural production sectors and ensuring the stability of working economic entities, which, to a large extent, contributes to the solution of socio-economic issues of rural territories as a whole. Agriculture is the basis of the country’s food security, therefore it requires priority state support, which is expressed in the creation of tax-favored conditions, the provision of preferential benefits. A lot of time is currently being devoted to the issues of tax incentives for agribusiness activities, the possibilities of applying benefits and various tools are constantly being evaluated. The list of tax preferences includes many items, but it is necessary to systematize and evaluate them from the point of view of the long-term development strategy of the state, optimization of the level of the tax burden on the subjects of the agro-industrial complex. Domestic tax administration measures should not only be economically justified and reasoned from the point of view of their effectiveness, but also consistent and timely. Therefore, it is impossible to speak unequivocally about the full effectiveness of the existing taxation system in agriculture in Russia. The dependence of agricultural production on natural conditions, seasonality, low and irregular levels of profitability creates additional difficulties, which, in turn, affects the efficiency of the agricultural sector of the economy. The paper analyzes the main aspects of taxation of enterprises in the agricultural sector of Russia; assesses the existing tax policy in relation to agribusiness; identifies problems and identifies further prospects.

On the results of the Soviet agrarian policy of the pre-war decade on the territory of the Mordovian Autonomous SSR

On the results of the Soviet agrarian policy of the pre-war decade on the territory of the Mordovian Autonomous SSR

Farm labor: problems and main directions of growth

Increasing the productivity of farmers and the efficiency of peasant (farm) farms, including timely sales of agricultural products to the population, today they are strategically important the tasks of ensuring food security in our country. Comprehensive scientific research of farm labor in in modern conditions, highlighting problems and points of growth peasant (farm) farms, designed to help the solution of this strategic task. The article presents socio -philosophical analysis of farm labor culture in the Sverdlovsk region. The purpose of the study is defined as analysis subjective and objective factors of efficiency improvement farm labor: technical and technological equipment, logistics, motivation of economic behavior of farmers, the level of state support, as well as key issues in the activity modern farmers. To investigate the problem posed a set of theoretical and empirical methods was used: system approach, document analysis, analysis of modern foreign and domestic literature on development problems peasant (farm) farms, statistical analysis, as well as conducting a sociological study among farmers Sverdlovsk region. The results of the study, formulated in the form of recommendations, reflect the nodal points the growth of the development of peasant (farm) farms in modern difficult conditions and require taking into account such growth points in implementation of the agrarian policy of the region.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЯК СКЛАДОВОЇ ЧАСТИНИ ІНСТИТУЦІЙНОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ

The article highlights the role of the state as an element of the institutional mechanism in increasing the multiplicative effect of agricultural development. The tasks of the state agrarian policy aimed at achieving certain strategic goals have been identified. The directions of functioning of the institutional mechanism of agricultural sector development are outlined: improvement of normative-legal provision and system of state planning of agricultural sector development, formation of effective mechanism of state support of agricultural producers, improvement of structure of state regulation institution, overcoming institutional traps of state regulation of agrarian sector. The signs of the mechanism of state support for the development of agricultural production in Ukraine, which is represented by a set of organizational and functional institutions, are given. The main instruments of state support of agricultural production are highlighted: measures for preferential and priority lending for investment projects; preferential insurance of crops of certain agricultural crops; distribution of budget funds in different directions. The state subsidizes interest rates on loans to agricultural production entities, the formation of regional and state food funds, leasing, etc. The importance of approximation of the legislation of Ukraine to the regulations in force in the EU in the field of technical regulation of the lists of national standards, which are identical to the harmonized European standards, is determined. The main problems in the domestic agricultural sector are outlined. It is noted that the formation and implementation of state support mechanisms should ensure the development of peasant farms, financing of production and social infrastructure, soft loans and insurance of agricultural activities, streamlining the tax system. It is important to achieve optimal interaction between the use of market relations and rational state intervention in agriculture. The main components of the institutional mechanism of state support of the agricultural sector in modern conditions are offered.