Agrarian Policy Research Articles

Investment support of the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine in the pre-war and post-war periods

The article is devoted to the analysis of trends and shifts in the investment provision of the agrarian sector. The approaches of various scientists regarding the essence of the concept of "investment security" have been analyzed. It is established that it includes not only the forms, methods, levers and tools of investment support, but also their division into tools for investment forecasting, investment attraction and distribution, investment regulation and tools for evaluating the effectiveness/ efficiency of investment implementation. This allows you to reasonably choose the method of resource provision and ensure a comprehensive approach to solving the issue of investing in the agricultural sector. The contribution of the agricultural sector to the creation of the country's gross domestic product was assessed and it was established that the current level is insufficient for achieving strategic goals and solving current problems. An important indicator of the investment process is the gross accumulation of fixed capital in the structure of the national GDP. It was established that Ukraine has a level almost twice as low as this indicator and belongs to the last group of underdeveloped countries. This shows that the deficit of capital investments for the agricultural sector was and is a constant problem. It has been proven that direct investments grew until 2013, and then fell sharply due to the annexation of Crimea and the occupation of Donbas and fluctuated in a "narrow corridor", but at the same time, in primary production - it decreased by half, and in the food industry - it increased by a third. With the transfer of DI reporting from the State Statistics Service to the NBU in 2020, the methodology of their calculation also changed, which made it impossible to analyze the dynamics of direct investment over different periods of time. It was established that the main source of investment in primary production was and is the own funds of enterprises and organizations, which are strengthened by bank loans, and in some years supplemented by funds from the state and local budgets. Regarding the national economy, the list is wider: funds of the population for the construction of their own apartments, loans from foreign banks, funds of foreign investors and domestic investment companies, funds, etc. When investing in material assets, the key positions are occupied by capital investments in machines and equipment (3/5-3/4), but significantly less (1/6-1/4) in the construction and reconstruction of buildings, which allows modernization of production. The division of enterprises into separate groups according to the principle of attracting capital investments more/less than by primary production/food industry is systematized. Different types of enterprises have been obtained, depending on the gaps between their own capabilities and the volume of capital investments financed by them, which are covered by external borrowings. The direct and indirect losses inflicted on the agricultural sector from Russian aggression are generalized and the key risks for its functioning are systematized. The main principles of the Plan for the Revival of Ukraine were revealed and the projects under the "New Agrarian Policy" direction, which have already begun to be implemented, were systematized. It was established that the volume of capital investments for their implementation in the average annual calculation is almost three times higher than the corresponding for the last five reporting years in primary production. Key words: capital and direct investments, primary production, food industry, directions of investment, direct and indirect losses, economic potential of the industry.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY MODEL IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF UKRAINE

The urgency of studying the issues of the development of the circular economy in the agro-industrial complex is caused by the demand for national and international food security, the importance of preserving the environment in conditions of irrational environmental management, the need to harmonise the economic, ecological and social spheres of human activity involved in the production, sale and consumption of agricultural products. The purpose of the study is to justify a comprehensive approach to the implementation of the circular economy model in the agro-industrial complex, in the context of ensuring food independence, economic security of the country and achieving the goals of sustainable development. In the course of the research the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical methods (comparison, analysis of absolute and relative values) and graphical methods were used in the evaluation of indicators of organic waste management of agricultural production, methods of a systematic approach – to justify a set of priority measures in the process of implementation of the model of circular economy in the agro-industrial complex. The information base for the research: legislative and regulatory acts; official materials of the State Statistical Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine. Based on the results of the research, a comprehensive approach to the implementation of the principles of circular economy in the agro-industrial complex was formed. The key factor is an effective public policy capable of ensuring high rates of development of innovative resource-saving technologies and the introduction of circular business models. State activity includes the development of tax, credit and pricing policies to stimulate the implementation of circular economy principles. It is important to develop and approve strategic plans, legislative and regulatory acts that regulate activities in the field of circular economy and are adapted to the standards and norms of the legislation of the European Union. The activities of agricultural enterprises should be directed towards cooperation with scientific and educational institutions in order to solve the problems of introducing innovations and improving the qualifications of employees, technical and technological modernisation, establishing partnership relations with investors, raw material suppliers and local self-government bodies. Ultimately, the implementation of these measures will contribute to the growth of the competitiveness of the domestic agricultural sector, the growth of investment attractiveness and the preservation of the environment.

Analysis of social and environmental agricultural transformations in Russia

The issues of achieving social and environmental sustainability are of high importance for the Russian agricultural economy. These issues are priority guidelines for the further development of the country’s economy as a whole, especially under an aggressive sanctions policy of the US and European countries. Maintaining environmental and social sustainability should be accompanied by ensuring economic growth and increasing the efficiency of reproductive processes in agriculture. The article studied and described the transformational processes in the Russian agricultural economy during the «sanctions» period from 2013 to 2022. Both the description of social and environmental changes in agriculture and the analysis of reproductive processes represent the novelty of the article. Thus, a comprehensive description of transformational changes in agriculture during the sanctions period is given. The study results are significant for the implementation of verified and differentiated agrarian policy on groups of regions. The extended analysis of homogeneous regions groups in Russia with a low, medium and high level of socio-ecological agricultural transformation was carried out using multidimensional methods of statistical analysis.

Agriculture export policy in India: 2010-2020-ies

The increase in exports of agricultural and food products from India to the world market gave an impetus to the author to study the measures of the country's agricultural export policy. The transition to an export-oriented development model announced at the end of the twentieth century led to the development of new approaches to foreign trade policy. Export promotion measures in the field of agriculture were prepared taking into account the peculiarities of agri-cultural production in India and were of a systematic nature. They included: political mecha-nisms, in particular the involvement of state governments; infrastructure and logistical support; economic stimulation of exports, including the creation of special export zones (agricultural clusters), attracting private investment in production and processing. Important attention was paid to the organization of the electronic National Agricultural Market (E-NAM), the digital platform of the Agri Exchange APEDA, the modernization of seaports intended for the export of agricultural goods. The result of the agrarian policy was two points – an increase in the growth rate of agricultural production and an increase in agricultural exports. The volume of exports of agricultural goods has more than tripled over the past decade and a half, and the export basket of these goods has significantly expanded. India has become the world's leading rice exporter, has become one of the world market leaders in exporting such non-traditional goods for the country as fish and aquaculture products, meat, milk and dairy products, and has also retained its traditional cotton and sugar markets.

Direct budget subsidizing as a factor of sustainable development of agricultural production in the Republic of Belarus

Currently, most of the world’s countries are pursuing an active agrarian policy in order to support national agricultural producers. At the same time, the ongoing changes in the global and domestic food markets, due to rising prices, reduction in the product range, and social tension in society require optimization of costs of the country’s budgets and development of proposals for the most effective measures. The paper presents an analysis of methodological approaches to assessing the efficiency of direct budget support for agricultural production used in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Taking into account the identified advantages and disadvantages of applying these approaches in practice in the Republic of Belarus, as well as using the experience of the EAEU member states, methodological approaches have been developed to assess the efficiency of state support measures aimed at subsidizing of: 1) compensation for the cost of production resources; 2) price support; 3) losses of banks related to issuing preferential loans to rural producers; 4) stimulating the volume of output and the efficiency of related types of economic activity by increasing the amount of resources produced by the agriculture. Based on the presented developments, the most rational level of production costs was determined, when each additional ruble (as well as according to types) invested in the production allows to get the maximum increase in performance indicators. In addition, a positive effect of stimulating the growth of agricultural production on the performance of manufacturing (food) industry entities has been determined. These developments can be used to justify the sources and volumes of financing the priority areas for development of agriculture in the Republic of Belarus in the mid- and long-term outlook.

Legislative protection of agricultural land

The agricultural land (AL) needs to be protected due to the steady growth of the global population and the demand for the food, living, work and recreation. The legislation in the area of AL protection in Slovakia has had almost 70-year tradition and 5 regulations with various effectivity of protection have been passed. These regulations reflect the social relations, technical advance, legal culture, as well as the experience of lawmakers. The basic characteristics for the land protection were defined by the social relations in the country. The first years are characterized by the collectivization of land, which changed the individual private farmsteads to collective. The alignment of public and private legal interests in the agricultural sector was disrupted by decisions of the Communist party and the scientific view on the concept of land protection conflicted with the political interests. This 40-year period caused a disruption of the relationship between the farmers and the land, which has not been restored up to the present day. The transformational era is characterized by a downfall of big state farms and a transformation to the market economy. The agrarian policy after 1990 was dominated by a conflict between the efforts to restore the private farmsteads from the era before 1950 and the need to preserve the big agricultural companies, which would be adequately competitive in the free market. The last era is linked to the accession of the Slovak Republic to the European Union in 2004. Since this year, the concept of land protection has been synchronized with the scientific, political and legislative perception of land in the international area and the land protection has been a subject of a vast legal regulation. The degree of land protection is a result of multiple laws and lower regulations and decrees and their synergic effect is expected in the practice. The paper analyses 5 regulations which are focused on the AL protection, and its aim is to quantify the legislative protection level between years 1951 and 2020. The value of agricultural land protection index (ALPI) is increasing with time and it reflects the weak and strong aspects of the protection in the context of social, economic, and ecological potential of the land. The analysis monitors 107 directive, control, and economic tools for AL protection. The results are presented in graphs and the relevant information is highlighted and explained. The results show the favourable evolution of the land protection in Slovakia. In the discussion, there is a space for the effectiveness assessment of the observed regulations, for the comparison of the objectives of the individual regulations and the practical results of the effect of these regulations on social relations. The statistics of the land evolution in the observed 70-year period are good indicators for this purpose. Since the analysis shows the negatives of the regulations, it provides new impulses and can be inspiration for the lawmakers. The method used for the regulation assessment or the comparison of regulations can be applied in various fields of science.

The role of the territory organization process in the sustainable use of functioning resources

The measures, which protect land resources, including agricultural land whose main object is soil, is a highly imported problem worldwide. In un committees and meetings, a topic of discussion is the issue of sustainable use and protection of land resources. Agrarian policy in the EU is also oriented towards the sustainable use of natural resources, the protection of land resources, soil resources, etc. The Agrarian policy in the Republic of Moldova is the sustainable use and protection of limited land resources. Since 1992, with the implementation of the land reform (transmission of agricultural land to private ownership), an important process in the field of territory organization has been neglected, namely the sustainable use of agricultural land, as well as the application of measures for the organization of the territory.

Learning spectral-spatial representations from VHR images for fine-scale crop type mapping: A case study of rice-crayfish field extraction in South China

Accurate information on crop type spatial distributions is crucial for yield estimation, agroecological modeling, and agrarian policy development. In comparison with moderate resolution (10–30 m) satellite images, very high-resolution (VHR, ≤ 1 m) images are superior at describing the spatial details and complex texture features of agricultural land. However, VHR images generally suffer from insufficient spatiotemporal coverage and high spectral variation in crop type, making fine-scale crop type mapping at regional or larger scales challenging. In this study, we developed a novel data-driven residual attention U-shape network (RAUNet) to identify crop types at the regional scale based on VHR images. RAUNet was adapted from UNet by introducing a residual module and a gated attention mechanism to strengthen the multilevel representation of crop features from VHR images. We selected rice-crayfish fields (RCFs) in Hubei Province, China, as the case crop type and area to test the performance of RAUNet. Seven models, including RAUNetpan, ResUNet, AttnUNet, UNet, DeepLabV3 + and random forest at the pixel and object levels, were adopted for comparison with RAUNet. Moreover, the model transferability was evaluated over regions with different agricultural landscapes. Our results showed that RAUNet-derived RCF maps obtained an average F1-score and MCC of 0.90 and 0.85 at different cultivation stages, which significantly outperformed other methods. Additionally, RAUNet had good spatiotemporal transferability, with an average F1-score and MCC of 0.93 and 0.88 in four transfer areas. The visualization results of the attention weights indicated RAUNet’s prominent capability in combining useful and relevant information from different feature levels to produce refinement predictions for the target crop type. Furthermore, the high-level features derived from RAUNet can well separate RCFs and non-RCFs over different landscapes, which were also consistent across different cultivation periods. These encouraging results suggest that RAUNet works well for fine-scale crop type mapping in smallholder farming systems, and it is an efficient method for land cover mapping based on VHR images at the regional scale.

SERBIAN AGRARIAN POLICY IN THE VORTEX OF HIGH INFLATION AND GEOPOLITICAL RISKS

Attempts to solve economic crisis by a massive injection of money into the financial system have caused inflation in most highly developed countries. World economy is burdened by a high inflation, excessed demand, over indebtedness, in one word unready for the challenges that followed on the geopolitical level, and have spilled over into the economy. This situation has also affected agriculture, while the rise in food prices was particularly sensitive because it has affected the population life standard. All existing weaknesses of the economic and agrarian policy of Serbia and absence of a serious long-term strategy in this seriously in crisis sector’s development have surfaced. This paper analyses a situation in the Serbian agricultural sector, which has been pressured at the same time by bad agrarian policy, numerous internal weaknesses and big geopolitical risks.

Development of small forms of farming in the agrarian sector of the economy

Topicality. The production of labor-intensive agricultural products in the state is largely provided by small enterprises. They play an important role in food security, ensuring the employment of the rural population, and shaping the living environment in communities. Therefore, the research of the development of small forms of business in the agrarian sector of the economy during the period of war in Ukraine is relevant. Formulation of the problem. In the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine, the transformation of collective agricultural enterprises into market-type business entities took place. In large- and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, the concentration of production of less labor-intensive and export-oriented agricultural crops can be traced, and the number of employees in them continues to decrease. Therefore, determining the social and economic foundations of the development of small forms of business should be an important task of modern agrarian policy. The subject of research covers the theoretical and practical principles of the development of small forms of business in the agrarian sphere. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the social and economic directions of the development of small forms of business in the agrarian sector of the economy. Research methods: historical, systematic approach, abstract-logical, statistical-economic, calculation-constructive methods. Results of the work: the essence was summarized and the classification of types of small forms of management in the agrarian sector of the economy was carried out on the basis of organizational, legal and social and economic foundations of their development; the priority directions for the development of small forms of business to ensure employment and motivation of the rural population to formally conduct agribusiness are substantiated, taking into account their current economic condition; conceptual directions for improving the business economic activity of small businesses thanks to organizational and material support and infrastructural development of rural areas have been determined. Practical implementation: the formation of agrarian and regional policy at the macro- and meso-levels of the economy, the process of developing projects of state and local programs for the development of the agrarian sector of the economy and rural areas. Conclusions: organizational and financial and material support for the development of small forms of business in the agrarian sector of the economy will ensure a decrease in unemployment in the industry, will contribute to the development of the social and labor sphere in rural areas.

Impact of technical and technological modernization and special measures in addressing food security

The paper assesses food security in the consumption of milk and dairy products in the Russian Federation and shows the role of individual categories of farms in solving the food problem. Analysis of trends and factors in the development of dairy cattle breeding substantiates the directions for providing the country's population with milk according to the rational nutritional standards in light of international sanctions. The agrarian policy pursued by the state has increased milk production and reduced its imports but has not solved the problem of food security in the consumption of dairy products. The authors conclude that food security in the consumption of milk and dairy products will be supported by import substitution in the food market, the increase in milk production through technical and technological modernization of dairy farming, improvement of selection and breeding work and state support, concentration of milk production in specialized agricultural organizations and farms, the development of cooperation, improvement of livestock productivity through the use of modern technologies, improved use of the genetic potential of cows, strengthening of the feed base, and optimization of feed rations.

FEATURES OF STATE SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITIVE PRODUCTION

The strengthening of the processes of globalization and the aggravation of food supply problems for the world's population requires further development of the domestic agro-industrial complex and its integration into the world food system. It is essential to guarantee the stability and predictability of agrarian policy at the state level to create a more favorable business environment for the country's agrarian business. Achieving positive socio-economic effects of the functioning of competitive entrepreneurship is possible only in the presence of systemic support for its development, where the most important place is given to the state, which creates conditions for increasing the number of enterprises and ensuring their functioning with high economic efficiency and resource efficiency. State support of business entities is a system of measures. It means provided by law, which aims to form and ensure the effective functioning of the system of business entities. State regulation of the agrarian sector of the economy is carried out in the form of a set of measures in the agrarian sector through the economic influence of the state on the processes of production, processing, and sale of agricultural products, raw materials, and food to preserve the food security of the country and its regions, stabilize agro-industrial production and overcome sectoral disparities. Following the current legislation, support for business entities includes financial, property, informational, consulting support, support in training and advanced training of employees, and support in innovation and industrial production. The country's agrarian policy should be aimed at the development of competitive agricultural production through state interventions in agricultural products, setting domestic prices and customs tariffs in the interests of domestic producers, providing producers with material and technical resources for the production of agricultural products, and guaranteeing the country's food security.

PRODUCTION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS IN THE SVERDLOVSK REGION IN THE «GLORIOUS DECADE»: REFORM TESTING

The relevance of the research is due to the great interest shown by the Russian society to the historical period studied in the article. The purpose of writing the work was to study the dynamics of gross production of the main types of livestock products (meat, milk and wool) by all categories of farms in the Sverdlovsk region during one of the most interesting and problematic periods in the history of the Soviet state. The novelty of the research is determined by the use of materials from three archives: the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), the Center for Documentation of Public Organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region (TSDOOSO) and the Current archive of the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Sverdlovsk Region (TOFSGSSO). It is emphasized that in the history of the USSR it is difficult to find such a contradictory historical period as the rule of N.S. Khrushchev. It is argued that the reforms implemented in the agricultural sector in the 1950s were insufficiently thought out and inconsistent. The authors state that N.S. Khrushchev sincerely wanted to provide food to the Soviet people, but could not find the right way for this. Attention is focused on the fact that the essence of N.S. Khrushchev's agrarian policy was the completion of the process of «defarming» and the transformation of the peasant-collective farmer into a «worker with a vegetable garden». It is proved that a number of negative phenomena, the initiation of which is reproached by the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, have not been slowed down by his successors. It is concluded that it is N.S. Khrushchev became the last sincere reformer of agriculture and the economy of the Soviet Union as a whole on the basis of fully socialized property.

PREFERENCES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL TAX IN THE URALS IN THE EARLY 1930S

The research is devoted to an important topic for historical, economic, and legal science, the implementation of the agrarian policy of the Soviet state in the countryside with the help of an agricultural tax in the initial period of mass collectivization. In scientific works on this problem, it can be noted that there is insufficient study of certain aspects of taxation, especially at the regional level. Therefore, the study of the main provisions of the legislation on agricultural tax and its application in the largest Ural region at that time will make it possible to fill in the existing gaps in science, to determine the place and role of taxation in collectivization. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of agricultural taxation in the Urals in the early 1930s, to identify benefits for individual agricultural producers. The object of the study was individual peasant farms, personal subsidiary farms of collective farmers and collective farms, and the subject was the actual application of agricultural tax. The article uses both general scientific methods and historical-genetic, comparative and other methods of historical research. Taxation indicators in the Urals were compared with data for the country in order to identify the peculiarities of the region. The analysis of documentary materials showed how the authorities prioritized the taxation of the village, what a negative impact this tax had on the situation of individual farms, primarily the well-to-do. Dispossession, the decline in the production of agricultural products, the ruin of peasant farmsteads, the forced entry of peasants into collective farms that had preferences in taxation, were the result of socialist transformations in agriculture.

Trends and Problems of the Development of the Russian Farming Sector According to the Agricultural Micro-Census of 2021

The priority task of modern agrarian policy is to stimulate small business in agriculture, and above all its central link – peasant (farm) farms. This requires a comprehensive analysis of the patterns and problems of their development. The article, based on the results of the Agricultural Micro-Census of 2021 published in December 2022, in comparison with the results of the AllRussian Agricultural Census of 2016, characterizes the farming sector, identifies trends and problems of its development for 2016-2021. The main conclusion is that despite the reduction in the number of farms and farmers’ access to budget subsidies, the areas of agricultural land used by them, acreage of high margin crops and cattle are increasing. There are significant differences in the development of farms in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis, the following measures are proposed to stimulate farms: ensuring wider access of farmers to budgetary and credit resources; strengthening the role of the federal center in state support and regulation of farms in order to equalize regional differences and form a single economic space in the agro-industrial complex; more careful consideration of farmers’ interests in conducting land policy; formation of an effective system marketing of farm products.

Factors Influencing the Formation of Human Capital of Agribusiness of Russia Under Modern Conditions

The state agrarian policy is one of the main elements of the state socio-economic policy. The relevance of the issues of formation and effective use of human capital in the agricultural sector is increasing taking into account the aggravation of the demographic situation, economic and political sanctions, and global economic development trends.

ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING IN INFORMATION SECURITY OF AGRARIAN POLICY: OPPORTUNITIES FROM CIVIL SOCIETY

The article aims to substantiate and highlight the theoretical provisions and methodical approaches to forming accounting and reporting following the modern informational requirements of the social, economic, and political systems. In the research process, modern general scientific methods and research techniques were used: in particular, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, systemic approach, dialectical, inductive, deductive, and abstract-logical. The research is based on the fundamental provisions regarding the development of accounting and reporting of the agricultural sector of the economy, the theory of management of the farming sector and the principles of sustainable development in current economic conditions, the need to improve the legislative and regulatory framework of reporting the activities of agro-industrial complex enterprises is substantiated. The theoretical provisions and methodical approaches are summarized, significant shortcomings are identified, and suggestions are provided for developing and improving the information system of accounting and reporting of agricultural enterprises based on sustainable development, which meets the growing needs of society - elements of scientific novelty. The scientific and applied justification of the development of accounting and reporting for adequate information provision of rural policy in the context of implementing the principles of civil society the mechanism that stabilizes relations between the state, which provides guarantees of rights and freedoms, creates conditions for the development of civil society, has gained further development. The results of the study can be used by all agricultural enterprises that are faced with the need to rethink and search for high-quality and transparent communication interaction between representatives of society, business, and the state interested in the country's sustainable development. The correct collection, generation, and analysis of statistical data as components of achieving modern management goals in conditions of increased risks determine the dynamism of forming the information system for public management decisions. Keywords: reporting, statistics, agrarian policy, agriculture, management of information flows, civil society.

Convergence of food consumption across Ukrainian regions: approach using spatial panel data models

Purpose. The article studies the convergence between the regions of Ukraine in terms of the basic foodstuff consumption per capita during 2000–2019, taking into account the effects of spatial interaction across regions. 
 Methodology / approach. The convergence analysis between regions of Ukraine is based on the concept of β-convergence which can be tested using spatial econometric models namely spatial autoregressive models and spatial error models. The need for considering spatial interaction can be explained by the fact that regions are characterized by constant interaction with each other. Therefore, region should not be considered as isolated objects in space in empirical research with usage of panel data. Ignoring the spatial interaction between regions and using standard evaluation procedures can reduce the reliability and validity of the obtained results to some extent.
 Results. The results of our calculation confirm the process of β-convergence of average per capita consumption of all food groups, which means that food consumption in regions with an initial low level of consumption is growing faster than in regions with high initial levels of consumption. Also, as part of the use of spatial econometric models the convergence process was determined to be influenced by spatial interaction between regions while the influence of neighbouring regions has a positive effect on food consumption in particular region.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The article further develops the main ideas of modeling interregional differentiation based on convergence theory and for the first time, spatial econometric models were used to estimate β-convergence of Ukrainian regions by the levels of consumption of basic foodstuffs. 
 Practical value / implications. The approach proposed by the authors and the obtained results can be used both by state authorities on agrarian policy and food issues, and by enterprises of the agricultural sector in the analysis and forecasting of trends in the consumption of basic foodstuffs at the regional level; when planning the production, processing and delivery of agricultural products, when planning state or regional trade policy in the field of food. At the same time, the inclusion of spatial effects in the model of evaluating convergence will allow policymakers to take into account the geographical features of the convergence process and, accordingly, make more informed decisions to reduce the differentiation of regions of Ukraine by the levels of consumption of basic foodstuffs.

Scientific and educational provision of food security at the global, national and regional levels

Ensuring food security is the main issue in solving socio-political problems. The severity and scale of poor-quality nutrition of the world's population are justified by socio-economic factors, which allows us to understand the directions of its solution. Uncontrolled food production and consumption can lead to a catastrophe for humanity. In modern conditions of high uncertainty on world markets in general, on food markets in particular, the intensification of global problems such as climate change and the spread of the pandemic, as well as the conditions in which Russia is placed today in international trade and economic relations, the problem of food security is becoming more urgent than ever before. Food security is one of the strategic components of the national security of the state, the provision of which is defined as the main priority of the agrarian policy of Russia. Only the development of own production will ensure food independence. Of particular importance is the achievement of the maximum level of food security of the country as a result of the substitution of imports of critically important food, as well as everything necessary for their production. Agriculture and the food industry play a decisive role in ensuring food security. The consequences of the pandemic have affected the provision of regional and national food security: the problem of economic accessibility of food has worsened due to a sharp drop in consumer incomes and rising unemployment; the culture of food consumption has changed; a shortage of food has formed, artificially created by consumers themselves due to the general hype; the stop of active export-import operations due to the closure of borders It has led to the complication of logistics chains and a sharp increase in food prices. Within the framework of the study, the scientific and educational component of ensuring global, national and regional food security was studied: the main problems in the field of vocational training and retraining of specialists of processing industries in new crisis conditions were identified, a list of promising areas for the development of scientific directions with subsequent application of the results in the agro-industrial complex industry, as well as the necessary technologies for deep processing of food raw materials needed to increase the level of regional and national food security. A number of recommendations are proposed to ensure effective interaction of scientific, scientific and educational organizations, enterprises of the real sector of the economy and the administration of the Voronezh region.

Changing trend of peasant behavior in Russia during Stolypin's agrarian reform

In this article, the authors aim to differentiate various categories of the peasantry according to the views on property to develop an optimal research approach that will allow for an objective and comprehensive analysis of the attitudes and behavior of the peasant population of Russia during the Stolypin course of agrarian policy pursued by the autocracy. The study shows the validity of using the peasantry's attitude to property as one of the key criteria for assessing the degree of efficiency of the Stolypin reform. The selected criterion allows one to show the evolution of this attitude depending on the social characteristics of a particular category of peasants. Any reform should be assessed from the standpoint of those whose interests are affected first. Property is one of the main guidelines that determine the position of a person in society and the world. Aimed at creating the stratum of steady owners in the village, P.A. Stolypin's reform frees the peasants from the petty fiscal and bureaucratic oversight of the state. As the peasantry realizes the seriousness of the government's intentions and possible prospects for the development of the economy, their attitude to the reform also changes. This change takes place along with the peasantry's realization that the state is interested in steady owners in the village. Those who can and want to be one, accept the reform with enthusiasm, others ultimately see in the reform an opportunity to shift the blame for their failure to the state.