Reactive Aggression Research Articles

Medical, psychological, and pedagogical correction of clinical manifestations of aggressive behavior in school children in the context of inclusive education

The article provides an overview of clinical manifestations of aggressive behavior in students with limited health capacities. The causes, mechanisms, and methods of medical and psychological correction of disorders that contribute to the prevention of various forms of maladaptation of children with limited health capacities in the context of the implementation of an inclusive education model are analyzed. An experimental study of 84 adolescents studying in the conditions of the inclusive education model was conducted. The methodology by A. Bass and A. Darki «Diagnostics of the State of Aggres sion» allowed determining the degree of severity and type of aggressive reactions. In order to assess the communicative characteristics of adolescents, the methodology «Assessing the relationship of a teenager with a class» was used. The questionnaire of interpersonal relations allowed evaluating the ways of a person's attitude to the people around. The main motives of bullying in the context of inclusive education are as follows: attracting attention by behavior that goes beyond school norms; self-asser tion over physically weaker children; protection or revenge, which may be compensatory reactions in response to systematic harassment; the fulfillment of leadership qualities in order to subdue weaker and dependent classmates. The results of the study make it possible to develop recommendations, the implementation of which will contribute to the prevention of maladaptive forms of behavior, such as interpersonal conflicts, verbal and physical aggression, and suicidal behavior. Only an integrated ap proach, including the activities of various specialists, i.e. psychiatrists, psychotherapists, neurologists, pediatricians, psychologists, teachers, and other specialists, will contribute to the successful implementation of an inclusive model of education for people with limited health capacities. The long-term result of the process is the formation of a common inclusive culture in modern Russian societ y.

The Effect of Multi-Session Prefrontal Cortical Stimulation on Aggression: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Trial.

Findings from brain imaging studies investigating the neural underpinnings of antisocial behavior have implicated the prefrontal cortex in the regulation of aggressive reactions. However, relatively few studies have examined the role of the prefrontal cortex on aggression in an experimental way. This study examines whether upregulating the prefrontal cortex using repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduces aggressive behavior. In a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, 88 healthy adults (42 males, 46 females) were assigned to one session of anodal tDCS over the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (n = 47) or sham stimulation (n = 41) per day for three consecutive days and assessed using a behavioral measure of aggression. Levels of aggressive responses post-intervention did not significantly differ between the active and sham stimulation groups. However, a significant interaction effect between the stimulation group and gender was observed, whereby males, but not females, exhibited reduced aggression after prefrontal stimulation. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effect of multi-session prefrontal tDCS on aggressive behavior in healthy adults. Results highlight that there are differences in responsivity to tDCS in modifying aggressive behavior.

Impulsivity and Reactive-Proactive Aggression as Mechanisms of Alcohol-Related Sexual Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among Romantic Partners

Background: Sexual intimate partner violence (S-IPV) commonly occurs within the contexts of committed romantic relationshops. Prior research has demonstrated the existence of a robust link between alcohol use and S-IPV. Despite this, few research studies have explored the etiological underpinnings of alcohol-related S-IPV perpetration, specifically. The present study examines the role of several key factors (i.e., problematic drinking, negative and positive urgency, proactive and reactive aggression) on S-IPV perpetration. Methods: Participants were 337 heavy drinking men and women in intimate relatinships who reported perpetrating some form of IPV toward their current partner within the past-year. A moderated-mediation model was used to determine how the key study variables interacted to predict S-IPV perpetration. Results: Results indicated that problematic drinking was positively correlated with both negative urgency and positive uregency. Findings also revealed that negative urgency, positive urgency, proactive aggression, and reactive aggression were all positively related to S-IPV perpetration. The indirect relationship between problematic drinking and S-IPV perpetration was mediated by positive urgency. Additionally, a significant main effect of proactive aggression on S-IPV perpetration was also detected. Conclusions: These findings suggest that impulsivity, specifically positive urgency, and proactive aggression may be under-appreciated constructs within the existing sexual aggression literature, and future research examining these variables as mechanisms explaining the association between the alcohol and S-IPV is warranted.

Parental Attachment and Proactive-Reactive Aggression in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Self-Control and Perspective Taking.

Identifying risk and protective factors of aggressive behavior during adolescence is beneficial for the intervention and prevention treatments. Although studies show that attachment quality is closely related to aggression, the underlying psychological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the links of parental attachment with proactive and reactive aggression and to examine the mediating role of perspective taking and self-control among Chinese adolescents. A cluster sampling method was used to recruit participants from several high schools located in the central regions of China. A total of 2982 participants (Mage = 17.28, SD = 0.83, range 15~20 years; 1602 girls, 1380 boys) were included in the final analysis. Correlation analysis showed that participants possessing higher attachment security with parents were more likely to report lower levels of proactive and reactive aggression. And, self-control and perspective taking were positively associated with parental attachment, and negatively associated with both types of aggression. Moreover, structural equation models indicated that parental attachment directly, and indirectly predicted proactive and reactive aggression through self-control and perspective taking. Overall, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the explanatory mechanisms that link adolescent-parent attachment and aggression, and suggest that high quality of adolescent-parent interactions may promote adolescents' self-control and perspectives taking, which further reduces their aggression propensity.

GENDER ASPECTS OF THE IMPACT OF VICTIMISATION ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

The article presents an overview and analysis of foreign studies on gender aspects of juvenile delinquency. The author differentiates the influence of victimisation of girls and boys on the manifestation of aggression and other negative emotional reactions in relation to peers and family members. Attention is focused on the differences in the causes and behavioural responses to depression in boys and girls who have been subjected to abuse and violence.

Differential susceptibility to parenting influences on reactive and proactive aggression: The role of testosterone and cortisol in children

This study explored whether cortisol and testosterone moderate the effect of parenting style on children’s aggressive behavior, in accordance with the diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility theory; i.e., whether children are vulnerable to negative parenting styles (diathesis-stress) or, in addition to this vulnerability, also benefit more from positive parenting (differential susceptibility). The sample group comprised 279 eight-year-old children (154 boys and 125 girls) from Spain. Aggressive behavior was assessed using the “Reactive and Proactive Questionnaire” (RPQ) and parenting styles were measured using the “Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire” (PSDQ). Additionally, three saliva samples were collected to measure testosterone and cortisol levels, which were analyzed using ELISA. The results revealed that girls' high testosterone levels moderated the association between mothers’ authoritarian parenting style and reactive aggression. This result can be explained by the differential susceptibility model. None of the interactions were statistically significant in boys’ proactive aggression. The study emphasizes the importance of investigating biological and social factors that may influence aggressive behavior.

Preparation of Chitin Nanofibers from Shrimp Shell Waste by Partial Deacetylation and Mechanical Treatment

ABSTRACT Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature. Herein, we report the successful preparation of chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) from shrimp shell waste using a partial deacetylation process with NaOH and high-speed blending. The effects of the deacetylation reaction with NaOH concentrations (0–40 wt%) on the degree of acetylation (DA), crystallinity, zeta potential, thermal stability, and morphology of the ChNFs were investigated. With the more aggressive deacetylation reaction (higher NaOH concentration), ChNFs had the lower DA, crystallinity degree, and thermal stability, and their widths and lengths became smaller and shorter. The presence of amino groups in the chitin molecule caused by deacetylation generated repulsive forces with aids of acetic acid, efficiently leading to the individualization of ChNFs using high-speed blending. The individualized ChNFs deacetylated with 30 wt% NaOH had an average width of 8.07 ± 1.80 nm and length of less than 500 nm, whereas bundles of aggregated fibers with widths in the range of 30–100 nm and lengths of up to several μm were extracted from chitin without deacetylation. Additionally, the deacetylation with 40 wt% NaOH completely converted chitin to chitosan. The ChNFs could be efficiently used for composites, biomaterials, and packaging applications.

The New York Misophonia Scale (NYMS): A New Instrument to Identify Misophonia in the General Population.

Misophonia is a condition in which certain sounds and behaviors elicit distress that ranges from mild annoyance to disgust or anger. The aim of this research was to develop and validate an instrument to screen for misophonia in the general population. Study 1 developed and explored the factor structure and item quality of the New York Misophonia Scale (NYMS), which originally included 42 triggers and 13 behavioral reactions. A sample of 441 American adults responded to the instrument via social media platforms. Of the original 42 triggers, 25 clustered into 4 factors: repetitive actions, mouth sounds, ambient object sounds, and ambient people sounds. The 13 behavioral reactions loaded on to 2 factors, aggressive and nonaggressive reactions. Study 2 evaluated the psychometric properties of the final version of the NYMS using a sample of 200 American adults. The results supported the validity of the factor structure and the reliability of the final version of the NYMS from Study 1. Finally, Study 3 explored the concurrent and convergent validity of the final version of the NYMS with the Misophonia Questionnaire (MQ) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (DERS-SF). A sample of 171 adult participants completed all of the scales. Good concurrent validity was found with the MQ and good convergent validity was found with the DERS-SF. Overall, the NYMS appears to be a useful and promising instrument for assessing misophonia triggers, severity of distress elicited, and behavioral reactions to the distress in the general population.

Первинний хронічний біль як соматизація дистресу

Relevance. The direct functional significance of pain is to signal the action of a stimulus, damage to the integrity of the organism or its individual structures. A number of scientists have approached the study of pain as a physiological defense mechanism, during which we understand the principles of its emergence, course, localization, and ways to overcome pain sensations through pharmacological, physical, and instrumental methods. However, the problem of pain arises when the physiological substrate is absent or does not correspond to the strength or duration of the manifestation. This is where we can talk about pain of a psychogenic nature, which despite a number of studies that are currently underway, still remains difficult to treat. Objective. To improve the effectiveness of medical-psychological assistance by studying the nature and patterns of pain syndrome in patients with primary chronic pain with subsequent psycho-correction and the use of psychotherapeutic interventions. Methods. The study design was a monocentric randomized controlled trial with parallel groups. The study involved 14 individuals with primary chronic pain syndrome, which corresponded to ethical and deontological norms according to the principles set out in the Helsinki Declaration. The tools used in the study included the SPAASMS subjective pain assessment scale, the somatic symptoms questionnaire (SSS-8), the Bass-Darky aggressiveness and hostility level questionnaire (BDHI), as well as the Chaban O.S. quality of life assessment scale (CQLS). Results. At the completion of the study, a statistically significant difference was observed for all clinical parameters between the experimental and control groups. Comparison of the values of the scale in the experimental group on days 1 and 42 demonstrated statistically significant changes in all four indicators. However, this study reveals a limited sample, which in turn allows for expanding the sample size and investigating the phenomenon of applied interventions in future pilot studies, as the primary results provide a qualitative and positive trend in reducing the effects and impact of primary chronic pain, as well as improving the quality of life indicator. Conclusions. The results of this study confirm the effectiveness of psychological interventions, as well as psychological interventions for reducing the subjective sensation of pain syndrome, symptoms of somatization, aggressive and hostile reactions, and improving the quality of life in individuals suffering from primary chronic pain.

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the aggressive behavior in methamphetamine addicts

Aggressive behavior of drug addicts threatens human security and social stability, and Methamphetamine (MA) addicts show especially aggressive behavior. Researches showed that the decreased activity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is closely related to violence and aggression, and continuous transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on DLPFC can increase the activity of this position. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on DLPFC for the aggressive behavior of MA addicts. Ninety MA addicts were recruited and randomly divided into anodal tDCS group, cathode tDCS group and sham tDCS group (current intensity was set as 2 mA, 2 mA and 0 mA, respectively). The tDCS intervention was conducted twice a day for five consecutive days. Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) was used to measure the proactive aggressiveness and reactive aggressiveness of MA addicts at different time points (Pretest, Day 1, and Day 5). At the same time, we also recruited 30 healthy adult males as healthy controls, and measured their aggressiveness through TAP for comparative analysis. The results showed that the aggressiveness of MA addicts was significantly higher than that of healthy controls. The aggressiveness of MA addicts was effectively reduced by the anode intervention of tDCS on the left DLPFC, especially when they were subjected to high-intensity provocation, the 2-way interaction between time and tDCS group was statistically significant (F4,164 = 2.939, P = 0.022, ηp2 = 0.067). This study can provide a reference for how to correct the aggressive behavior of MA addicts.

The Role of Coping Styles in Mediating the Dark Triad and Bullying: An Analysis of Gender Difference.

Recently, the phenomenon of school bullying has gradually become a primary focus of social attention. To reduce the occurrence of bullying, it is important that we explore the psychological mechanisms of students with bullying tendencies. We conducted mediation models through a multi-group analysis to verify the mediating effect of coping styles on the relationship between dark personality traits and bullying, and further explored the differences in this mechanism between male and female groups. The participants were 772 high school students recruited from a middle school in Tianjin, China. They completed a set of self-reported measurements including the Dirty Dozen (DD), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), and Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). All the measurement instruments have acceptable reliability and validity. The results of the multi-group multiple models indicated that (1) there are significant gender differences in bullying behavior, with males scoring significantly higher than females. Moreover, the gender difference was only reflected in proactive aggression, in which males had higher scores than females; there was no significant gender difference in reactive aggression. (2) In the group of females, both negative and positive coping styles partially moderated the relationship between the Dark Triad and bullying. However, in the group of males, only negative coping styles partially mediated the relationship between the Dark Triad and bullying. (3) The above results also held for proactive aggression. In conclusion, our study highlights the gender differences in the mediating effect of coping styles on the relationship between the Dark Triad and bullying and proactive aggression. These findings contribute to better shared understanding of gender-related aspects in school bullying.

Facet-level impulsivity and proactive and reactive relational aggression

Background & objectivesRelational aggression and its functional subtypes (proactive and reactive) are associated with various adverse outcomes. Impulsivity has known associations with aggression, but less is known about its role in relational aggression, particularly at the facet level, and the implications such a relationship might have for prevention and intervention efforts. MethodAn Australian community sample was recruited from social media platforms (N = 637), consisting of 352 (55.3 %) females, 281 (44.1 %) males, and 4 (0.6 %) who self-described. Participant ages ranged from 18 to 82 years (M = 53.24, SD = 13.25). Participants completed a brief online self-report survey. ResultsWe fit four path models to explore the relationship between facet-level impulsivity and reactive and proactive relational aggression. For females, positive associations between positive urgency and proactive relational aggression (β = 0.20, p = .007), negative urgency and reactive relational aggression (β = 0.26, p < .001), and sensation seeking and reactive relational aggression were evident (β = 0.11, p = 0.041), as was a negative relationship between sensation seeking and proactive relational aggression (β = -0.12, p = .043). For males, a positive association between negative urgency and reactive relational aggression was identified (β = 0.24, p < .001). ConclusionProactive and reactive relational aggression may be more likely to occur during the experience of intense emotions (i.e., positive and negative urgency). Both subtypes appear to require forethought and planning, indicating there may be substantial conceptual and cognitive overlap between the two relational aggression functions.

The proactive-reactive classification of intimate partner violence offenders: A multi-method approach to classification.

Men who commit violence against an intimate partner differ in their motives. Classifying the proactivity of men's partner violence may reveal important differences that could be treatment targets. To examine the differences between proactive and reactive partner violence based on coded descriptions of past violent events. Community cohabiting couples reporting intimate partner violence were recruited via advertisements. Men and women were independently interviewed about past male-to-female violent events. The narratives of a male perpetrator and a female victim were coded using a Proactive-Reactive coding system, yielding three categories of violence: reactive, mixed proactive/reactive and proactive. The three categories were compared for differences in personality disorder features, attachment, psychophysiological reactivity during a conflict discussion task, and a self- and partner report of men's proactive and reactive aggressive tendencies. The results revealed a 54% classification agreement between perpetrator and victim reports. No differences were found on personality or attachment measures between the groups regardless of gender of the reporter. Reactive violence was related to a tendency to self-report more reactive aggression and higher heart rate reactivity during a laboratory conflict discussion compared to the group reporting both proactive and reactive violent incidents. This study suggests that a coding system for intimate partner violence can be applied to community volunteers, and it is a reliable report and valid. However, there are discrepancies when the coding is based on the perpetrator or victim reports.

The gradual coevolution of syntactic combinatorics and categorization under the effects of human self-domestication: a proposal

The gradual emergence of syntax has been claimed to be engaged in a feedback loop with Human Self-Domestication (HSD), both processes resulting from, and contributing to, enhanced connectivity in selected cortico-striatal networks, which is the mechanism for attenuating reactive aggression, the hallmark of HSD, but also the mechanism of cross-modality, relevant for syntax. Here, we aim to bridge the gap between these brain changes and further changes facilitated by the gradual complexification of grammars. We propose that increased cross-modality would have enabled and supported, more specifically, a feedback loop between categorization abilities relevant for vocabulary building and the gradual emergence of syntactic structure, including Merge. In brief, an enhanced categorization ability not only brings about more distinct categories, but also a critical number of tokens in each category necessary for Merge to take off in a systematic and productive fashion; in turn, the benefits of expressive capabilities brought about by productive Merge encourage more items to be categorized, and more categories to be formed, thus further potentiating categorization abilities, and with it, syntax again. We support our hypothesis with evidence from the domains of language development and animal communication, but also from biology, neuroscience, paleoanthropology, and clinical linguistics.

Why narcissists are more likely to be aggressive? The role of hostile attribution bias.

Narcissism is commonly associated with aggressiveness, but the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are still not yet fully understood. Based on previous research showing that narcissists are suspicious, the present research investigated whether hostile attribution of intent could explain the relationship between narcissism and aggression. In Study 1, participants (N = 347) completed a self-report measure of grandiose narcissism (Narcissistic Personality Inventory) and a measure of hostile attribution bias (Social Information Processing-Attribution Emotion Questionnaire). Analyses revealed that narcissism was a strong predictor of hostile attribution bias, angry feelings, and aggressive reactions. Moreover, hostile attribution bias appeared to mediate the relation between narcissism and aggressive reactions. Study 2 (N = 130) replicated the findings of Study 1 using a measure of vulnerable narcissism (Hypersensitive narcissism scale). In addition, perspective taking was manipulated in Study 2 and the results showed that participants in the high perspective-taking condition (vs. low perspective taking) were less likely to make hostile attributions. These findings suggest that hostile attribution of intent is particularly relevant to understand narcissistic aggression. (170 words).

Understanding the relations between narcissistic rivalry and reactive aggression: The roles of status-seeking motivation, hostile attribution bias and mindfulness

Understanding the relations between narcissistic rivalry and reactive aggression: The roles of status-seeking motivation, hostile attribution bias and mindfulness

Disaggregating the relationship between aggressiveness and susceptibility to extremist cognitions

Despite the fundamental role of aggression within violent extremism, there is a significant lack of understanding of how aggression, at the individual level, may be involved in an individual's movement toward violence. Possible reasons for this are the lack of empirical investigation and the view of aggression as a homologous personality construct. In this study we explore the impact of a range of types of aggression on two cognitions associated with extremist violence: activism and radicalism intentions (McCauley & Moskalenko, 2009). Specifically, using an in-laboratory sample of undergraduate students (n = 73) and an experimental paradigm designed to measure the role of personality and individual differences on the effect of exposure to, and engagement with, content associated with violent extremism (the EXTREME-Inventory; Shortland & McGarry, 2022), this study identified the differential relationship that exists between various types of aggression, and two factors of extremism. While physical aggression was associated with both factors, social and reactive aggression, hostility, and rule breaking were uniquely associated with radicalism intentions. These results demonstrate that disaggregating general traits, such as aggression, can be one possible avenue for better understanding how, and why certain individuals are motivated to engage in illegal or violent political behaviors.

Effect of Puzzle Playing Therapy on Stress Levels Hospitalization for Children (4-6 Years)

Aggressive reactions with anger and rebellion, verbal expressions with angry words, do not want to cooperate with nurses, if this condition occurs it will affect the treatment process while in hospital (Supartini, 2004). For that, children need media to divert reactions aggressive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of puzzle play therapy on hospitalization stress for children (4-6 years) in the Melati Room, RSID dr. R. Koesma Tuban. This study used a One Group Pre -Post Test design which involved 19 respondents who were taken by Systematic Random Sampling. Data was taken using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with a significant level of 0.05. The results showed that H 0 was rejected, so that there was an effect of puzzle playing therapy on the level of stress hospitalization children (4-6 years old ) in the Jasmine Room Hospital d r. R. Koesma Tuban ( Asymp value Sig. (2- tailed ) = 0.000 ). Puzzle play therapy has been shown to reduce the level of stress hospitalization children aged 4-6 years. The hospital should provide a special room for children to play, socialization to health workers, especially nursery nurses, such as being given puzzle play therapy, as well as providing rooms designed for children. Asking for parental support, assistance and participation is also needed so that puzzle play therapy can be implemented properly.

Malignant Self-Regard as an Overarching Framework for the Theory and Treatment of Depressive and Masochistic (Self-Defeating) Personalities.

Kernberg and McWilliams have spawned differing conceptualizations of the relationship between depressive and masochistic (self-defeating) personalities. Kernberg describes these personality styles as largely overlapping in features, whereas McWilliams accentuates important clinical differences that make up two distinct personalities. In this article, their theoretical perspectives are discussed and framed as more complementary than competitive. The malignant self-regard (MSR) construct is introduced and reviewed as an integrative self-representation that is shared by both depressive and masochistic personalities, as well as those often referred to as vulnerably narcissistic. We investigate developmental conflicts, motivations for perfectionism, countertransference patterns, and overall level of functioning as four primary clinical features through which a therapist may differentiate a depressive from a masochistic personality. We argue that depressive personalities tend to have more dependency-related conflicts and perfectionistic strivings motivated by lost object reunification, elicit more insidiously positive countertransference reactions in session, and are generally higher-functioning individuals. Masochistic personalities have more oedipal-related conflicts and perfectionistic strivings motivated by object control, elicit more aggressive countertransference reactions, and are relatively lower functioning. MSR is positioned as a bridge between Kernberg's and McWilliam's ideas. We close with a discussion of treatment implications for both disorders as well as how to understand and treat MSR.

Relationship Between Reactive Aggression and Follower Behavior in Bullying Among Adolescents: Moderating Effect of Negative Personal and Normative Beliefs About Follower Behavior

Objectives: This study seeks to examine how negative personal and normative beliefs about follower behavior moderates the relationship between adolescents’ reactive aggression and follower behavior in bullying.Methods: The participants were 968 (boys 539, girls 429) adolescents who were first to second graders from six middle schools in Jeju-do. They completed self-report assessments of reactive aggression, follower behavior in bullying, and negative personal and normative beliefs about follower behavior and proactive aggression. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Model 2 in Process macro version 4.2 and a simple slope verification was analyzed to confirm the moderating effect.Results: Adolescent’s follower behavior was significantly positively correlated with reactive aggression. However, there were significant negative correlations between negative personal and normative beliefs about follower behavior. Adolescent’s reactive aggression is thought to have an effect on follower behavior in bullying. Additionally, in the state of controlling gender and proactive aggression, negative personal beliefs about follower behavior moderated the relationship between reactive aggression and follower behavior in bullying. High levels of negative personal beliefs about follower behavior were associated with reactive aggression. However, negative normative beliefs about follower behavior had no moderating effect.Conclusion: The findings reveal the need to consider negative personal beliefs about follower behavior and how they interact with reactive aggression in understanding and preventing follower behavior. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that reactive aggression is an important factor in predicting the follower behavior in bullying.