Aggregate Turnover Research Articles

A decomposition technique for quantifying real process performance

A decomposition technique for quantifying the impacts of changes in product mix and process performance on aggregate process-related indicators is presented. Through application of the technique, the real performance of a process can be quantified. Changes in real performance over time can be monitored to provide useful information for process evaluation and production planning. Two case studies, one related to the aggregate defective rate for an assembly line of an integrated circuit fabrication plant and the other to the aggregate inventory turnover for a tyre distribution company, are presented to illustrate the application of the technique.

Aggregate and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics under Conventional and No‐Tillage Systems

Tillage generally reduces aggregation and particulate organic matter (POM) content. We hypothesized that reduced C sequestration in conventional tillage (CT) compared with no‐tillage (NT) is related to differences in aggregate turnover. Four soils (Haplustoll, Fragiudalf, Hapludalf, and Paleudalf), each with NT, CT, and native vegetation (NV) treatments, were separated into aggregates. Free light fraction (LF) and intraaggregate POM (iPOM) were isolated. At one site we used 13C natural abundance to differentiate crop‐ and grassland‐derived C. Concentrations of coarse iPOM C (250–2000 μm iPOM in macroaggregates), expressed on a per unit aggregate weight (g iPOM C kg−1 aggregate), did not differ between tillage treatments. In contrast, concentrations of fine iPOM C (53–250 μm iPOM in macroaggregates) were less in CT compared to NT macroaggregates. On a whole soil basis, fine iPOM C was on average 51% less in CT than in NT, and accounted for 21% of the total C difference between NT and CT. The concentration of free LF C was not affected by tillage, but was on average 45% less in the cultivated systems than NV. Proportions of crop‐derived C in macroaggregates were similar in NT and CT, but were three times greater in microaggregates from NT than microaggregates from CT. We suggest that a faster turnover rate of macroaggregates in CT compared with NT leads to a slower rate of microaggregate formation within macroaggregates and less stabilization of new SOM in free microaggregates under CT.

Performance, revenue, and cross subsidization in the Football League, 1927‐1994

1 the distribution of revenues in elite professional football in England and Wales during the period 1927-94. It does so at a time of extraordinary financial dynamism, when the economic importance of professional football in England and Wales has never been greater. Annual rates of growth of turnover exceeding 20 per cent in several years during the 1990s have resulted in an aggregate turnover figure of 12387 million being achieved in 1993-4 (the final season covered by this study), and exceeded substantially thereafter. Several football clubs are already listed on the stock market or the alternative investments market, and at the time of writing a number of others are preparing to join them. Football has contributed to significant growth in the turnover of associated sectors including sports and leisurewear, and subscription television. With developments such as the introduction of pay-per-view television now imminent, the prospects for continued growth appear to be great, although difficult to quantify. It is against this highly buoyant financial background that we attempt a timely historical review of the evolution of certain key features of the economic structure of professional football. The total revenue generated by any professional sporting league competition depends upon the amounts of money being obtained through gate revenues and from other sources such as television fees, sponsorship, income from merchandising, plus the income obtained from sales of players to clubs outside the league (for example, overseas). Some of this revenue is generated directly by the clubs themselves and some is raised by the relevant sporting authorities operating on behalf of the individual clubs (for instance, by selling television rights or by negotiating sponsorship deals for the league as a whole). This revenue, together with any monies raised from other sources (perhaps through capital markets, or donations from wealthy benefactors) is available to spend on players' salaries, other costs (including stadium maintenance and development), and purchases of players from outside the league. The distribution of the total revenue among the clubs then depends on two factors: first, on the performance of individual clubs, which

Aggregation and Soil Organic Matter Accumulation in Cultivated and Native Grassland Soils

AbstractTillage intensity affects soil structure and the loss of soil organic C and N. We hypothesized that no‐tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) differentially affect three physically defined particulate organic matter (POM) fractions. A grassland‐derived Haplustoll was separated into aggregates by wet sieving. Free light fraction (LF) and intra‐aggregate POM (iPOM) were isolated. Natural abundance 13C was measured for whole soil C, free LF C, and iPOM C. The mean residence time of soil C under CT (44 yr) was 1.7 times less than in NT (73 yr). The amount of free LF C was 174, 196, and 474 g C m‐2 for CT, NT, and NS, respectively. Total iPOM C amounts in CT, NT, and NS were 193, 337, and 503 g C m‐2, respectively. The level of fine iPOM C (53–250 µm) level in macroaggregates (250–2000 µm) obtained after slaking was five times greater in NT vs. CT and accounted for 47.3% of the difference in total POM C between NT and CT. The amount of coarse iPOM C (250–2000 µm) was only 2.4 times greater and accounted for only 21% of the difference in total POM C. Sequestration of iPOM was observed in NT vs. CT, but free LF was not influenced by differential tillage. We conclude that differences in aggregate turnover largely control the difference in fine iPOM in CT vs. NT and consequently SOM loss is affected by both the amount of aggregation and aggregate turnover.

Reviewing the EC Merger Control Regulation: present experience and practice and future directions

Examines, with special regard to business, the operation of certain aspects of the Merger Control Regulation (MCR), particularly the “one‐stop‐shop‐approach”, that is likely to be reappraised at the forthcoming inter‐governmental conference or the scheduled review of the MCR. Uses the critical concepts of certainty, uniformity and transparency, to explore the scope and effectiveness of the “one‐stop‐shop‐approach” with regard to: definition of a community dimension; distinct markets (Article 9 MCR) and parallel EC/member state enforcement (Article 21 MCR and Article 223 Treaty of Rome). Looks at the role of subsidiarity. Addresses the questionable interpretation by the Commission of the MCR’s applicability to oligopolistic dominance. Considers the proposal for an independent cartel office, particularly with regard to enhancing transparency and certainty in decision making. Concludes by proposing an alternative definition of community dimension, not based on the size of the parties measured by aggregate turnover of all their products, but rather on the competition spillover effects on the specific product markets affected by the concentration.

Job matching and the distribution of producer surplus

We study wage determination in the Jovanovic model of matching, relaxing the standard assumption that wages continuously adjust to reflect on-the-job performance and studying aggregation of ex-ante heterogeneous career paths. We assume that workers have no bargaining power and consider an equilibrium where individual workers' age-earnings profiles are piecewise constant, reflecting their outside earning opportunities at each point in time. Turnover results from employers' firing decisions rather than from workers' quitting decisions, and the equilibrium delivers realistic cross-sectional and time-series implications. Employees receive only a portion rather than the whole of the ex-ante producer's surplus from established matches, and have individual incentives to lobby for increased job security. Inefficiently low aggregate turnover may result if such lobbying efforts are successful.

Impacts of objective and subjective labour market conditions on employee turnover

To understand the impacts of objective and perceived labour market conditions on employee turnover, interview data from a nationwide sample of young workers were examined. Contrary to findings obtained in studies investigating the relationship between aggregate turnover rate and economic conditions, the situation in the objective labour market was found to have no effect on the withdrawal process on an individual level. Neither did it affect individual job satisfaction. However, subjective perception of alternative employment opportunities, as well as job satisfaction and withdrawal intention, were predictive of voluntary termination during the subsequent year. Reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.

Protein synthesis inhibitors attenuate water flow in vasopressin-stimulated toad urinary bladder

Vasopressin stimulates the introduction of aggregated particles, which may represent pathways for water flow, into the luminal membrane of toad urinary bladder. It is not known whether water transport pathways are degraded on removal from membrane or whether they are recycled. We examined the effect of the protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and puromycin using repeated 30-min cycles of vasopressin followed by washout of vasopressin, all in the presence of an osmotic gradient, a protocol that maximizes aggregate turnover. "High dose" cycloheximide (200 micrograms/ml) inhibited flow immediately. "Low dose" cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml) did not affect initial flow; however, flow was inhibited by the fourth restimulation. On further rechallenge, inhibition persisted but did not increase. In the absence of vasopressin, inhibition did not develop. Despite the inhibition of flow in vasopressin-treated tissues, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase ratio (-cAMP/+cAMP), an index of in vivo cAMP effect, was elevated in cycloheximide-treated tissues, suggesting modulation at a distal site in the stimulatory cascade. Cycloheximide inhibited flow when 10 microM forskolin or 0.2 mM 8-BrcAMP was substituted for vasopressin in the fourth period; however, MIX (4 mM)-stimulated flow was enhanced by 1 microgram/ml cycloheximide but inhibited by 200 micrograms/ml cycloheximide. [14C]urea permeability was not inhibited by cycloheximide. Puromycin (0.5 mM) also inhibited water flow by the fourth challenge with vasopressin. The data suggest that protein synthesis inhibitors attenuate flow at a site that is distal to cAMP-dependent protein kinase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Optimal and Dysfunctional Turnover: Toward an Organizational Level Model

Dysfunctional turnover is defined here as the level that produces a divergence between the organization's optimal balance of costs associated with turnover and the costs associated with retaining employees. Under this approach, the optimal level of aggregate turnover for most organizations will be (1) greater than zero and (2) variable across organizations, contingent on particular factors influencing retention costs and quit propensities. The model presented posits that individual, organizational, and environmental attributes influence individual quit propensities of employees and, hence, expected turnover rates for the organization.