Aggregated Form Research Articles

Switching of the Polarity-Sensitive Aggregation Pattern of a Thiosemicarbazone-Based Anticancer Luminophore and Its Involvement in Cellular Apoptosis of the Human Lung Cancer Cell Line.

Elucidation of the photophysical and biochemical properties of small molecules can facilitate their applications as prospective therapeutic imaging (theragnostic) agents. Herein, we demonstrate the luminescence behavior of a strategically designed potential therapeutic thiosemicarbazone derivative, (E)-1-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4,4-dimethylthiosemicarbazide (DAHTS), accompanied by the illustration of its solvation and solvation dynamics using spectroscopic techniques and exploring its promising antitumor activities by adopting the necessary biochemical assays. Solvent-dependent photophysical properties, namely UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission, and excitation profiles, concentration-dependent studies, and time-resolved fluorescence decays, serve as footprints to explain the existence of DAHTS monomers, its excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) product, and dimeric and aggregated forms. The emission intensity progressively intensifies with increasing polarity and proticity of the solvents up to MeOH, but in water, a sudden dip is seen. Solvent polarity and H-bonding modulate the fluorescence behavior of the primary emission peak and significantly influence the formation of the dimer and DAHTS aggregates. The designed luminophore (DAHTS) exhibits significant antiproliferative activity against the human lung cancer (A549) cell lines with inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 16.88 and 11.92 μM for 24 and 48 h, respectively. DAHTS effectively reduces the cell viability and induces cytotoxicity with extensive morphological changes in A549 cells in the form of spikes when compared to the normal HEK cell lines. More importantly, it increases the p53 expression at the mRNA level that consolidates its potential therapeutic activity. The effect of DAHTS on apoptotic pathways against the A549 cell line has been investigated to determine its probable mechanism of cell death. Thus, the all-inclusive understanding of the photophysical properties and the necessary biochemical assays put forward important steps toward tailoring the thiosemicarbazone core structure for favorable cancer theragnostic applications in academic and pharmaceutical research.

Il contributo della pediatria di famiglia a una communityoriented primary care dopo la pandemia da Covid-19

Aim: To identify proposals for the inclusion of the Family Pediatrician in integrated Community-oriented Primary Care activities promoted through the establishment of “Community Homes.” Methods: An inclusive narrative review of scientific and gray literature was conducted. Results: In the “Community House” setting, the Family Pediatrician can operate in aggregate forms - AFTs and UCCPs -, within multidisciplinary and multiprofessional teams, in an integrated network with social-health actors from other settings and community stakeholders. A strategic figure in health care delivery, the pediatrician realizes a comprehensive care of the pediatric patient, intercepting and responding to his or her needs, through health promotion, prevention, treatment, ehabilitation and palliation interventions aimed at the individual and the community. Conclusions: Family Pediatricians are candidates to represent the driving core of a synergistic process that, with systemic logic of taking charge, allows the pursuit of health objectives of a community, enhancing all its resources.

Rod-like nanostructures through amphiphilic OPE-porphyrin self-organization.

A new amphiphilic monosubstituted porphyrin functionalized by a β-D-glucoside terminated oligophenylenethylene (OPE) able to self-arrange into nano-aggregates in polar solvents has been synthesized and fully characterized in its monomeric and aggregated forms.

Methodology for determining the impact level of municipalities' fiscal capacity on AIC sustainability

The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for quantitative evaluation of the degree of correlation between sustainability (values of its indicators and components) of AIC development and budgetary security of municipal districts. The methodology is based on mathematical logic, represents a three-stage analysis, involves comparing the values of budget indicators (in the revenue side - two indicators; in the expenditure side - six indicators) with the values of indicators of four fundamental components of AIC sustainable development (economic (E), social (S), environmental (N), institutional (I) of municipal districts by calculating correlation coefficients, their transformation into an aggregate form, the formation of which is based on the synergy principle. The methodology is designed for researchers, whose interests are connected with solving problems of regulation of socio-economic development at the local level and the level of the subject of the Federation for making managerial decisions. The results of the analysis will serve as reliable information in substantiating the achieved level of development of the local territories of the region, forecasting the values of the components and the level of development of the AIC, based on the planned values of the indicators of budgetary provision.

Special Report: Measurement-Based Care—Using Data to Augment Psychotherapy

Special Report: Measurement-Based Care—Using Data to Augment Psychotherapy

Resilient chains and chain shortening – trade exchange perspective

Purpose: One of the fundamental ways to strengthen supply chains is by shortening them. This can be reflected in the degree of utilization of chains for exports and imports. This is crucial for efficient supply chain management as it enables simpler and faster logistics operations. However, on the other hand, comparative advantages, resource localization, and cost considerations may lead management decisions to refrain from significant supply chain shortening on a larger scale. Additionally, the increasing level of digitalization in the logistics industry, which supports supply chains, also contributes to this perspective. The purpose of this study is, therefore to examine the extent to which recent crisis situations have influenced the exchange of exports and imports, categorized by short, medium, and long supply chains. The Polish economy has been chosen as a reference for this analysis. Design/methodology/approach: Statistical methods based on time-series analysis were employed in this research. Findings: Despite the crises, supply chains have not been shortened. It can be observed that in the long term, as well as in the post-pandemic period, there has been a shift in the structure of supply chains towards longer chains, particularly noticeable in import dynamics. The reason why supply chain shortening for the purpose of enhancing resilience is not evident in the data, despite many declarative statements about this approach in empirical research, has been indicated. Research limitations/implications: The formulated arguments in favor of supply chain lengthening should be confirmed through research in various economies. Practical implications: The importance of this article lies in providing management decision- making suggestions, particularly regarding supply sources. Social implications: The establishment of shorter supply chains is crucial for environmental sustainability and meeting customer needs. Originality/value: Research in this field is often conducted in an aggregated form, without differentiating between various supply chain lengths. In this article, we have taken these factors into account. Keywords: supply chain management, international trade, pandemic, reshoring, resilience. Category of the paper: research paper.

Dying Properties of Natural Dyes Extracted from Parkia biglobosa Tree Bark on Cotton Fabric

The research work was carried out to extract natural dyes from Parkia biglobosa tree bark. Synthetic dyes are toxic, non-biodegradable and not friendly to the environment i.e. non-eco-friendly. Natural dye therefore perfectly fit into this since they are non-toxic, biodegradable, non-hazardous and more eco-friendly. Natural dye was extracted from Parkia biglobosa tree bark using Soxhlet extraction method and the dye extract was applied on cotton fabric. The percentage exhaustion, fastness properties and effect of mordant on the dyed samples was evaluated. The post-mordanting method was used to apply the mordant (potassium dichromate) on the samples. The dyeing of the samples were carried out based on the dyeing parameters such as dye concentration, electrolyte concentration, time and temperature respectively. From the result obtained, it was observed that the percentage exhaustion–quantity of dye absorbed by cotton fibre decreases with increase dye concentration. Similarly the absorption of dye was increased with the decrease of dye concentration. The highest percentage exhaustion of 96% was obtained at 10% dye concentration. However, it is observed, that increase in electrolyte concentration resulted increase in the percentage exhaustion. The highest percentage exhaustion of 61% was obtained at 10% electrolyte concentration. This observation is in agreement with the effect of electrolyte concentration on percentage exhaustion. From the result obtained, it was observed that the percentage exhaustion–quantity of dye absorbed by cotton fibre increases with increase in time of dyeing. The highest percentage exhaustion of 76% was obtained at 100 minutes dyeing time. It is obvious, from Figure 4 that the rate of dyeing increases gradually by raising the temperature. The highest dye exhaustion was attained at boiling (100oC). It may be suggested that the extracted dye in the aqueous medium is in aggregated form since they need an increase temperature to migrate into the fibre. In the effect of mordant on dye uptake and enhancement of fastness properties was evaluated from the result; it was observed that mordanting have improvement on the fastness properties. Comparing with the sample without mordant, post-mordanting have a better fastness property. However, on the whole, the mordant sample performs better. From the results it can recommended that dye extracted from Parkia biglobosa Tree Bark can be used to dye cotton fabric. The post-mordanted treated fabric samples have improved fastness properties when compared with non-mordanted fabric samples. The mordant also changed the shade of the dyed samples.

Dyeing Properties of Natural Dyes Extracted from Shea Butter Tree Bark (Vitellaria paradoxa)

The research was designed due to the recent renewed interest in the use of natural dyes for the dyeing of textiles as a result of the problem(s) associated with dyeing using synthetic dye. Synthetic dyes are toxic, non-biodegradable and not friendly to the environment i.e. non-eco-friendly. Natural dye therefore is a perfect replacement for synthetic dyes due to their non-toxicity, biodegradable, non-hazardous and more eco-friendly. Natural dye used for the study was extracted from Vitellaria paradoxa Shea butter tree bark using the Soxhlet extraction technique. The extracted dye was applied on cotton fabric and evaluated based on dyeing parameters such as dye concentration, electrolyte concentration, time and temperature. Mordanting was carried out with potassium dichromate using the post-mordanting method. The percentage exhaustion–quantity of dye absorbed by cotton fibres and the fastness properties of the dyed fabric were evaluated. From the result obtained, it was observed that the percentage exhaustion increases with increase dye concentration with the highest percentage exhaustion of 95% which was obtained at 8ml dye concentration. However, increase in electrolyte concentration resulted in increase in the percentage exhaustion with the highest percentage exhaustion of 98% which was obtained at 6ml electrolyte concentration. This observation was in agreement with the effect of electrolyte concentration on percentage exhaustion. It was also observed that the percentage exhaustion increases with increase in time of dyeing. The highest percentage exhaustion of 96% which was obtained at 3h dyeing time and for temperature it was observed that that the rate of dyeing increases gradually by raising the temperature. The highest dye exhaustion of 95% was obtained at the temperature of 50oC. It may be suggested that the extracted dye in the aqueous medium is in aggregated form since they need an increase temperature to migrate into the fibre. However, the application of mordant on the dyed samples improved the dye-fibre bonding and enhanced the fastness properties with colour change rating of 3 and 4 with shade of light brown. Comparing with the mordanted samples, the mordanted samples have a better fastness properties with colour change of 5 with shade of cork. However, on the whole, it can be recommended that dye extracted from Vitellaria paradoxa Shea butter tree bark can be used to dye cotton fabric.

Optimization of solids composition in ferrock mortar

Ferrock is the commercial name given by the Dr Stone working with university of Arizona which holds the patent on this novel material. This is an alternative material developed for structural applications in place of concrete. In this paper, ferrock mortar is prepared with various solids such as iron powder, iron dust, cement and fly ash to establish the optimum combinations of solids for preparing the high strength ferrock systems. Iron dust in the form of powder (size less than 90 microns) and fine aggregate (size between 150 microns to 2.36mm) is used in the study to develop the iron carbonate matrix which is major binding material in ferrock. For the process of iron carbonation, carbon dioxide is prepared from the chemical reaction of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid. Iron dust cubes are carbonated to form iron carbonation matrix upon fusion. This material has very high strength than the references cement mortar samples.

Utilization of Igneous Rock as Coarse Aggregate in Asphalt Concrete Binder Course Mixture

Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, is an area that has a source of material in the form of river aggregate which was classified as igneous rock in Mata Allo River. However, the use of river stone so far has only been limited as to building materials and has not been used as coarse aggregate in asphalt mixtures. The use of river stone which had been underutilized is also based on the fact that there is no research on this aggregate. This study aims to determine the feasibility of Mata Allo River aggregate that can be used as coarse aggregate in the asphalt concrete binder course (AC-BC) mixture against the Marshall test. This research was conducted by testing the characteristics of coarse aggregate based on the standards of Highways, Indonesia. The composition of the AC-BC mixture as a result of aggregate gradation were 50.00% of coarse aggregate, 45.15% of fine aggregate and 5.85% of filler, respectively. AC-BC mixture were produced using petroleum bitumen of 60/70 grade penetration at variations in asphalt content of 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, and 6.0%. Based on the results of the study, the Mata Allo River Aggregate which is classified as igneous rock is suitable for use as road material with flexible pavement construction for the AC-BC mixture resulting from laboratory testing, where the Marshall characteristic test results for the mixture meet the specifications of Bina Marga, Indonesia.

Learning Gaussian Hidden Markov Models From Aggregate Data

We consider system identification (learning) problems for Gaussian hidden Markov models (GHMMs). We propose an algorithm to tackle the cases where the data is recorded in aggregate (collective) form generated by a large population of individuals following a certain dynamics. Our parameter learning algorithm is built upon the expectation-maximization algorithm with a novel expectation step proposed recently known as the collective Gaussian forward-backward algorithm. The proposed learning algorithm generalizes the traditional Baum-Welch learning algorithm for GHMMs as it naturally reduces to the latter in case of individual observations.

Determining the common patterns of the action of nanoparticles of various compositions and structures on physiological and biochemical processes in plants

Technogenic and natural nanomaterials are alien to living systems. The negative effect of nanomaterials may be due to their accumulation in intracellular organelles. The properties of nanoparticles are determined not only by their size, which manifests itself in the activation of a thermodynamic variable, but also by their chemical structure and shape, their ability to aggregate. The effect of metal nanoparticles and oxides of cobalt and titanium on the development and growth of plants has been studied. An important established fact is the ability of oxide nanoparticles, unlike metals themselves, to accumulate in living systems. Transmission electron microscopy, carried out by means of electron microscopic analysis, has revealed interstitial bioaccumulation of nanoparticles of cobalt oxide and titanium oxide in the form of aggregates 80-300 nm in size. If nanoparticles quickly aggregate, they are less dangerous for organisms than single nanoparticles, since a large aggregate of nanoparticles cannot get inside the cell. The rate and dynamics of deposition of nanoparticles of metals and their oxides in water are different. Metal NPs are deposited much more slowly than titanium dioxide. Moreover, the safety of NPs depends on their size and concentration. Biogenic nanoparticles with a size of 35-75 nm have high biological activity, biocompatibility and environmental safety. There is a direct correlation between the energy produced in cells, which is necessary for seed viability, and an increase in the number of protons under the action of metal nanoparticles, which leads to an increase in the permeability of cell membranes and the activity of enzymes and phytohormones.

PS-B05-10: DIABETES MELLITUS AGGRAVATES BEHAVIORAL DEFICIT AND INCREASES SITE-SPECIFIC PHOSPHORYLATION OF TAU PROTEIN IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE MOUSE MODEL

Objective: Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that vascular risk factors including diabetes mellitus (DM) increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms underlying the pathological relationship between DM and AD remain largely unknown. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that is predominantly expressed in the axons of neurons. More than 80 residues of tau can be potentially phosphorylated. Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein plays a role in neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in patients with AD. Here, we developed a unique diabetic AD mouse model and analyzed behavioral phenotypes and biochemical changes occurring in the brain to investigate the impact of DM on tau pathology. Design and method: Tau-tg and WT mice were fed with either normal chow diet (NCD; 12% kcal fat, n = 9) or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat, n = 10) from the age of one and a half to nine months. Metabolic parameters and behavioral phenotypes were assessed at eight months of age. Mice were then sacrificed at nine months of age and brains were analyzed histologically and biochemically. A quantitative proteomic analysis of protein phosphorylation was performed using brain extracts of tau-tg mice. Results: Tau-tg mice fed with HFD (HFD tau-tg) showed severe obesity and hyperinsulinemia compared with tau-tg mice fed with NCD (NCD tau-tg) (p < 0.01), with slight elevation of plasma glucose levels. HFD tau-tg showed exacerbation of motor impairments and decrement of habituation to novel environment. Histological analysis showed a significant decrease in the number of neurons in HFD tau-tg compared to NCD tau-tg. The amount of aggregated form of phospho-tau (Ser396) was increased in HFD tau-tg brain. Comprehensive phosphoproteomic analysis identified 11 phosphosites of tau significantly hyperphosphorylated in the brain of HFD tau-tg (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that diabetic conditions such as obesity and hyperinsulinemia with minimal hyperglycemia exacerbate behavioral deficits in AD via hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. We identified specific phosphosites of tau involved in pathological relationship between DM and AD.

Typomorphism of Autigenic Gold in Riphean Sandstones of the Kyvvozhskoye Goldfield (Volsko-Vymskaya Ridge, Middle Timan)

The results of a comprehensive study of the morphology, composition and the internal structure of fine autigenic gold, first discovered in bedrock on the area of the Kyvvozhskoye goldfield, are presented. It has complex specific rounded-lumpy, lumpy-branched aggregate forms and a smooth growth surface without traces of mechanical wearing. X-ray studies (Debye-Scherrer method) show that reflexes in the form of dashed rings are characteristic of debyeograms of this native gold, which, according to the authors, indicates the absence of exogenous deformations of it. The internal structure of all the studied gold pieces is characterized by a relatively homogeneous inner area and a thin (~1 µm) contrasting enriched with silver low-grade rim. All the particles of the studied native gold have approximately the same average fineness (899–918‰). As a mechanism for the formation of the found autigenic gold, its crystallization is assumed by filling of the free pore space of the host sandstones. Its presence in Riphean rocks is considered as an indicator of the primary dispersion halos and is a direct search sign of the development of potentially productive gold mineralization in this part of the Middle Timan.

Interaction of Soluble and Immobilized Manganese-Stabilizing PsbO Protein with Manganese Ions and Isolated D1/D2/cyt b559 Complex of the PSII Reaction Center

Interaction of water-soluble and immobilized (on BrCN-activated agarose) manganese-stabilizing protein PsbO with Mn2+ and Mn3+ cations and with preparations of D1/D2/cyt b559 reaction center (RC) of photosystem II was studied. By native electrophoresis, the formation of dimeric and aggregated forms of PsbO protein were found in the presence of Mn2+, Mg2+, or Fe2+ ions. The dimerization of PsbO occurred after ultraviolet irradiation of the protein preparation. The presence of protein-bound Mn3+ cations increased the electrostatic interaction of the immobilized PsbO with the RC. This was evidenced to by higher amounts of CaCl2 that were required for dissociation of the PsbORC complex. It was first demonstrated that the protein exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity after an electrophoresis in PAAG upon incubation of the gel in an Mn2+-containing solution. Tetrazolium-reductase activity was also ascertained in the protein after its electrophoresis in a mixture with preparations of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). It is suggested that the protein interaction with Mn ions and superoxide radicals, as well as short-term UV irradiation, reduces tyrosine and a disulfide bond in the PsbO protein. This yields tyrosil radical and SH-groups participating in redox reactions with ETC components. The interactions of PsbO with Mn cations and UV light, taking place in the chloroplast thylakoids, may regulate the protein binding to RC, modify structural organization of the protein, and promote its participation in alternative pathways of electron transport under the influence of stress factors. The hypothetical scheme of interaction of the immobilized PsbO protein with Mn ions and RC is discussed.

Data Security Threats of Log Aggregation

The development of cloud computing and distributed technologies has shifted log management operations to an aggregated form. Diverse information devices as well as information systems perform data collection and status analysis through a unified log aggregation management system. However, with the increasingly diverse business forms, the threats confronted by log aggregation systems are also mounting, among which data leakage, data tampering, data loss, and security vulnerabilities dominate the main positions. Data leakage imposes a severe challenge to the data privacy of enterprises and users, data tampering misleads the information system of enterprises and even adversely affects the decision-making of enterprises, data loss devastates the past data of enterprises and impinges on the operation of enterprises, and security vulnerabilities inflict potential safety hazards to the information systems accessed to log aggregation.

A robust yet simple method to generate fluorescent amyloid nanofibers.

Covalent tagging of fluorophores is central to the mechanistic understanding of important biological processes including protein-protein interaction and protein aggregation. Hence, studies on fluorophore-tagged peptides help in elucidating the molecular mechanism of amyloidogenesis, its cellular internalization, and crosstalk potential. Despite the many advantages the covalently tagged proteins offer, difficulties such as expensive and tedious synthesis and purification protocols have become a matter of concern. Importantly, covalently tagged fluorophores could introduce structural constraints, which may influence the conformation of the monomeric and aggregated forms of proteins. Here, we describe a robust-yet-simple method to make fluorescent-amyloid nanofibers through a coassembly-reaction route that does not alter the aggregation kinetics and the characteristic β-sheet-conformers of resultant nanofibers. Fluorescent amyloid nanofibers derived from insulin, lysozyme, Aβ1-42, and metabolites were successfully fabricated in our study. Importantly, the incorporated fluorophores exhibited remarkable stability, remaining intact without leaching even after undergoing serial dilutions and prolonged storage periods. This method enables monitoring of cellular internalization of the fluorescent-amyloid-nanofibers and the detection of FRET-signals during interfibrillar interactions. This simple and affordable protocol may significantly help amyloid researchers working on both in vitro and animal models.

The Recruitment of Elitesto the Cabinets of Iran: a Biographical Analysis (1979–1989)

The article highlights the main patterns of recruiting ministers in the Iranian governments at 1979–1989. The work is based on the theoretical foundation of the study of the elites. Structural biographical analysis is the research method in the article. The paper analyzes the biographies of 183 ministers at the first 7 governments of Iran using aggregated form based on secondary data published by other researchers. The results of the work show that the first 3 years of the existence of the executive branch were the most conflicting: 5 governments existed consequently. 55–65% of all ministers had technical education. At the same time, the share of members of governments with humanitarian specialization decreased; the military and doctors had been replacing them. According to the place of education, the only balanced government was the Bazargan government, later the share of ministers with Iranian education increased, and with Western education decreased. The governments of Bazargan and the Council of the Islamic Revolution were balanced, where bureaucrats, scholars and professionals were relatively evenly represented. The main profession becomes bureaucratic. During this period, new elite groups emerged in governments: Shiite clergy and veterans of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The share of clergy from remains stable and fluctuates in the range of 9–14%. At the same time, the yield of veterans of the IRGC increases with each new government, reaching 21% in the second government of Mousavi. 60–70% of ministers came from regional capitals, and Tehran and Isfahan were the key provinces to recruit ministers.

A novel method to calculate compliance and airway resistance in ventilated patients

BackgroundThe respiratory system’s static compliance (Crs) and airway resistance (Rrs) are measured during an end-inspiratory hold on volume-controlled ventilation (static method). A numerical algorithm is presented to calculate Crs and Rrs during volume-controlled ventilation on a breath-by-breath basis not requiring an end-inspiratory hold (dynamic method).MethodsThe dynamic method combines a numerical solution of the equation of motion of the respiratory system with frequency analysis of airway signals. The method was validated experimentally with a one-liter test lung using 300 mL and 400 mL tidal volumes. It also was validated clinically using airway signals sampled at 32.25 Hz stored in a historical database as 131.1-s-long epochs. There were 15 patients in the database having epochs on volume-controlled ventilation with breaths displaying end-inspiratory holds. This allowed for the reliable calculation of paired Crs and Rrs values using both static and dynamic methods. Epoch mean values for Crs and Rrs were assessed by both methods and compared in aggregate form and individually for each patient in the study with Pearson’s R2 and Bland–Altman analysis. Figures are shown as median[IQR].ResultsExperimental method differences in 880 simulated breaths were 0.3[0.2,0.4] mL·cmH2O−1 for Crs and 0[− 0.2,0.2] cmH2O·s· L−1 for Rrs. Clinical testing included 78,371 breaths found in 3174 epochs meeting criteria with 24[21,30] breaths per epoch. For the aggregate data, Pearson’s R2 were 0.99 and 0.94 for Crs and Rrs, respectively. Bias ± 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were 0.2 ± 1.6 mL·cmH2O−1 for Crs and − 0.2 ± 1.5 cmH2O·s· L−1 for Rrs. Bias ± LOA median values for individual patients were 0.6[− 0.2, 1.4] ± 0.9[0.8, 1.2] mL·cmH2O−1 for Crs and − 0.1[− 0.3, 0.2] ± 0.8[0.5, 1.2] cmH2O·s· L−1 for Rrs.DiscussionExperimental and clinical testing produced equivalent paired measurements of Crs and Rrs by the dynamic and static methods under the conditions tested.ConclusionsThese findings support to the possibility of using the dynamic method in continuously monitoring respiratory system mechanics in patients on ventilatory support with volume-controlled ventilation.

Biosynthesis and characterization of CuO nanoparticles using mehandi and neem leaf extract and its relevance as a nanofluid for heat transfer

The purpose of this research is to biosynthesis and characterization of cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). The biosynthesis method has been used in the preparation of CuO NPs using plant leaf extract and copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2⋅3H2O) in a molar ratio of 1:4. The CuO NPs are confirmed by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS and UV–Visible Spectroscopy characterization techniques. The CuO NPs has been characterised and parameters such as stability, particle size and crystal size are studied. The experiment for stability and particle size was carried out using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and found that the value of zeta potential is around −38.84 mV. However, the average particle size of the nanoparticles is estimated to be43.81 nm using DLS, which also confirms by TEM analysis the size range of particle is 10–80 nm. Apart from particle size, the XRD characterization technique is used to calculate average crystallite size and crystalline structure of nanoparticles and it is found that the value of crystallite size is 15.69 nm. The SEM analysis confirms that the nanoparticles were composed of evenly dispersed, spherical particles in aggregated form. The prepared nanoparticles has been used in water (0.1 vol%) to prepare nanofluid and physical properties was measured and found it is suitable for cooling purpose.