Aggravation Of Contradictions Research Articles

The image of a rebel writer (based on the novels "The Revolt of Denis Bushuev" by S. S. Maksimov and "The Revolt of the Sunflower" by L.D. Rzhevsky)

The article examines the image of the writer in the novels "The Sunflower Rebellion" by Leonid Rzhevsky and "The Rebellion of Denis Bushuev" by Sergei Maksimov. The subject of the study is the poetics of the image of the writer in the works of major writers of the second wave of Russian emigration. Russian literature is based on the general problems of the novels, the similarity of the destinies of the main characters and the authors belonging to one direction of Russian literature of the XX century – the second wave of Russian emigration. Using the example of the fate of an emigrant writer and a writer of the metropolis, the uprising against the ideological restrictions dictated by the political regime is considered. Special attention is paid to the literary tradition of depicting the hero-creator at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as autobiographical and historical facts that influenced the transformation of the image in question in the work of second-wave emigrants. The methodological basis of the study is an integrated approach that includes biographical, historical, typological and comparative methods. The author's attention is focused on the conflict "artist-power", which is at the center of the novels "The Revolt of Denis Bushuev" and "The Revolt of the Sunflower". The novelty of the study is due to the introduction of previously little-studied material, and for the first time a comparative analysis of novels authored by representatives of the second wave of emigration is presented. As a result of the analysis, the following typological similarities were revealed in the depiction of hero-artists by S.S. Maksimov and L.D. Rzhevsky: the personal experience of the authors lies at the heart of the images of rebellious hero-creators; the main conflict of both works is the aggravation of contradictions between the writer and the authorities; this conflict underlies the creativity of the majority of emigrants of the second wave. Russian literature also proved that the depiction of the literary hero in the works of the second wave of Russian emigration continues the tradition of classical Russian literature in depicting the conflict between the artist and power, but emigrant creativity interprets it in a tragic way.

Russian-Chinese Trade and Economic Relations under International Sanctions Pressure

Russia and China have a long-standing cooperation, determined by their geographical location and historical situation. Currently, Russian-Chinese cooperation has reached an unprecedented high level. Both countries, having established strong political mutual trust among themselves, are actively developing trade, economic, investment, scientific and technical relations. Modern Russian-Chinese relations are officially defined by the parties as relations of comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction, entering a new era. At the same time, both countries faced the negative impact of sanctions from Western countries. In light of recent socio-economic and political events, including the global COVID-19 pandemic, the aggravation of contradictions between Russia and the «global West» led by the United States, and the general deterioration of geopolitical relations between countries, sanctions have become a key instrument of international influence. Confrontation with the West has a decisive influence on the development of Russian-Chinese relations in almost all areas and contributes to greater rapprochement between Moscow and Beijing, which in turn opens up new opportunities for both countries. In this regard, it becomes relevant to analyze the impact of sanctions on relations between countries, including the consequences that they can have on further socio-economic, technological and political cooperation between the two states. The article examines trade and economic relations between Russia and China under international sanctions pressure in the period from 2020 to 2023. The dynamics and problems of economic relations in the field of trade and investment, directions and problems of implementing mutual trade and economic projects are shown.

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The purpose of the study is to clarify the essence of the concept of "anti-crisis management" from the standpoint of reactive and proactive approaches to the management of crisis phenomena in the tourism and hospitality business. Methods. The research used general scientific and special methods of cognition: abstraction, concretization, morphological analysis - to determine the essence of the concepts "crisis" and "anti-crisis management"; generalization, systematization - to form a classification of crisis-forming factors. Results. The article analyzes approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "crisis", according to which a crisis is associated with danger, a sharp break, decline, instability, aggravation of contradictions in the socio-economic system, which can lead to the onset of negative or positive consequences. It has been established that the reasons for their occurrence and consequences are important for understanding the essence of the concept of "crisis". The reasons for the emergence of crisis phenomena in the tourism and hospitality business are the discrepancy between the state and the needs of the development of economic entities and the external environment. The entire set of reasons for the occurrence of crisis phenomena in the tourist and hotel-restaurant business are grouped according to two characteristics: the nature of origin and the source of occurrence. By nature of origin, crises can arise for objective and subjective reasons. The source of crisis phenomena in the tourist and hospitality business can be exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal) factors. The consequences of the crisis can be positive, negative and neutral. The positive consequences of the crisis are characterized by the improvement of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the enterprise's development, adaptation to the external environment and the ability to resist its negative impact, growth of potential and increase of viability. The opposite is the negative consequences of the impact of the crisis. Neutral consequences of the crisis are characterized by the absence of qualitative and quantitative changes. The following approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "anti-crisis management" are distinguished: 1) an integral component of the enterprise management system; 2) a set of measures of strategic direction; 3) tools of external and internal influence, which are used only for the period of overcoming the crisis, etc. Scientific novelty. The essence of the concept of "anti-crisis management", which, unlike the existing ones, is a set of methods, tools and measures aimed at monitoring, detection, diagnosis, localization and prevention of the occurrence of crisis phenomena, overcoming the negative consequences of their impact on the enterprise's activities in order to ensure its stable functioning and development. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the further development of theoretical provisions and practical recommendations of anti-crisis management of the tourist and hospitality business. Key words: crisis; anti-crisis management; causes and consequences of crisis phenomena; tourist and hospitality business.

ENGINEERING OF VALUE MEANINGS IN THE INFORMATION AGE

The problem of political engineering in the information age is considered. It is determined that political engineering is a system of management techniques and technologies, which in strategic and tactical terms is aimed at creative and effective social design and construction. Effective political engineering is a condition for overcoming destructive phenomena, the most important of which is the excessive growth of the phenomenon of randomness in political development. The article is devoted to the specifics of the explication of the concept of value (axiological) meanings in the information age. The content of axiological guidelines, which are a priority for political adaptation of both society and the political regime, is analyzed. The negativism of the tendency to prioritize technology over axiology in the spiritual and practical mastery of the world by man is noted. The challenges of modernity reflect on the understanding of democracy: procedural aspects prevail over substantive ones. The aggravation of contradictions in the orbit of such more important axiological meanings as stability, democracy, and freedom is logical. Political engineering with national interests in mind involves technological sovereignty. Such engineering is a condition for political stability and a source of opportunities for prosperity. It is emphasized that the important risks of the information age are due to the use of axiological meanings of political entertainment, carnivalization and glamorization of the political space. The author identifies ways to overcome negative trends. These include: individual experience; stimulation of activity; strengthening of rational guidelines for the formation of a political position; the government's interest in an informed citizen and in increasing his role as a participant in the political process; harmonious correlation of humanity's desire for high technologies with the tasks of implementing axiological meanings that will stand in the way of replacing the Cartesian principle «I think, therefore, I exist» with «I consume, therefore, I exist». The author uses the typology of parameters and strategies of political adaptation to characterize the phenomenon of political engineering.

Social and psychological dimensions of gender deprivation in the field of marriage and family


 
 
 The article deals with the factors of the family environment that have a depriving effect on the participants of gender relations in the systems "husband-wife", "parents-children" and hinder the development of parity relations in private life. Gender relations in the field of marriage and family are considered as real practices and models of intersex interaction, behavior, values and social norms that determine the organization of family life and the culture of family relations. The definition of "gender deprivation in marriage and family" as deprivation faced by women and men in the performance of marital and parental roles due to gender perceptions, stereotypes and attitudes present in the mind, and gender prejudices reflected in the behavior of individuals of marital and parent-child interaction, which generate gender differentiation, stratification, gender imbalance in the distribution of household responsibilities, household, educational, guardianship, recreational and other family roles in the field of unpaid domestic work. The aggravation of contradictions between partners in focusing on the egalitarian or patriarchal type of building family relationships and the tendency to dysfunctional development of the modern family, which manifests itself in overburdening women with family responsibilities, inflexibility of family norms, inconsistency of role behavior, ignoring the needs and feelings of family members, conflict interaction, domestic violence, blurred family life plans have been emphasized. The conditions for overcoming gender deprivation in the field of marriage and family are identified: the gender- oriented state family policy as a tool for strengthening and developing the social institution of the family, ensuring the comprehensive development of the family and its members, preventing and resisting domestic violence; the approval in the society the value of parity marital relations, equal distribution of domestic responsibilities, mutually responsible fatherhood / motherhood; educational activities to strengthen the egalitarian and weaken the patriarchal foundations of the modern Ukrainian family, the formation of zero tolerance of society to domestic violence; increasing the gender sensitivity of the population, expanding the rights and providing opportunities for a wife and a husband for personal and professional development; activation of personal resources of women and men to choose the optimal strategies of self-realization in the field of marital and family relations and other spheres of public life.
 
 

Показатели возбуждения у 18-летних флегматиков

The relevance of the problem we are investigating lies in the fact that in recent years, the influence of unsatisfactory psychosocial, environmental factors and the biopsychosocial essence of a person leads to a violation of adaptation, the development of stress, the formation of psychosomatic disorders. This is also explained by the aggravation of contradictions. The purpose of the study was to explain the role of temperament in stressful influences by studying the methods of psychophysiological testing of students of various courses under the influence of examination stress, which is a model of emotional stress. The need for the development of a modern person as a person is becoming ever higher. There are several main criteria for assessing a person: social productivity, tolerance to emotional stress, creativity, special position in society, etc. All criteria are involved in the full formation of a person's personality and are considered important for assessing the level of his development. It is known that psychoemotional stress plays an important role in the occurrence of a number of serious diseases. Materials and methods. The study involved 5 phlegmatic male teenagers aged 18 years studying at the Faculty of Biology and Chemistry. In 18-year-old phlegmatic persons, the difference in assessments of situational and individual anxiety is obvious on a typical day, before and after the exam. It also depends on the nature and type of species. Measurement and comparison of the level of situational excitability on ordinary days among young people of 18 years old shows that among four groups (phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine and melancholic) the level of situational excitability on ordinary days does not differ significantly. Results and discussion. The results obtained during the study indicate that there is the effect of examination stress on the level of situational excitability of young people with phlegmatic type. Thus, an increased level of excitability in persons with a phlegmatic type against the background of the examined emotional stress can lead to changes in the state of human health and manifestations of a number of diseases. Based on this, in the educational process, certain approaches are recommended in accordance with the characteristics of the types of the nervous system, in which some diseases can be prevented. Conclusion. Analysis of the numerical average between the level of situational excitability and the situation after the exam shows that the level of situational excitability in the situation before the exam was only slightly higher than in the situation after the exam. An analysis of the numerical average between personal anxiety and the post-exam situation shows that the personal anxiety level was at the same level before and after the exam, and the change was not significant

ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ РИСК-РЕФЛЕКСИЙ ЧЕРЕЗ ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ДИСКУРСА ВРАЖДЫ В МЕДИАСФЕРЕ

In this article, the authors presented a modern point of view on the essence of the discourse of hostility in media and its influence on the formation of the negative type of image of certain social groups. The problem of using information distribution systems and communication technologies to implement a policy of installing of hostility allows us to state the relevance of research in this area. Recently, the model of confrontation and antagonism, “drawing demarcation lines” has gained significant popularity, making aggressive rhetoric the norm of social reality. All those aspects lead to negative changes in the interaction of individuals and social groups. Enmity in this case can materialize in entire propaganda campaigns to demonize various objectionable and dehumanize on a certain basis. Modern history has many relevant examples of artificial incorporation of the idea of enmity through the media, which is often transformed in reality into open protests, riots, and the articulation of hatred. Under the discourse of enmity, we will understand a special type of communication relations, through which individuals or groups are in the process of a long and purposeful confrontation with the subsequent destructive and negative result. This study attempts to analyze the role of the media as an agent and operator of incorporating the discourse of hostility. The authors concluded that the discursive practices of hostility present in the modern media space always correspond to the current, current political and social context by their results. As a result, we can say that their conflict potential is very high, which can manifest itself in the aggravation of contradictions between interest groups, both settled and unsettled.

The reasons for the elimination of Zaporizhzhya Sich

In this article the author makes an attempt to analyse the reasons for the elimination of Zaporizhzhya Sich in the whole diversity and relationships, and also try to show the dynamics of their maturation for the duration of the last Zaporozhye Kosh. The author indicates that the aggravation of contradictions between the official St. Petersburg and Zaporozhye Cossacks began virtually immediately after their return in 1733 in citizenship of Russia and grounds of the New Sich A new Sich became irritant to the Russian throne, also because she saved the self-government of Cossacks. In 1764 the Institute of Hetman was abolished, then the only edge in Ukraine, where even acted troop and administrative – territorial self-government, was Zaporozhye. The relationship between the New Sich and St. Petersburg became particularly acute after the formation of Ekaterinoslav province. Russian - Turkish war of 1768-1774 became fateful years for the New Sich. After its completion and conclusion of Kyuchuk– Kaynardzhiysky treaty the borders of Russia has moved far to the South of Zaporozhye. New Sich has turned into the interior of the empire and lost its significance as an important outpost to protect the southern borders of the Russian Empire from the Turkish-Tatar aggression. According to the author, the main reason for the elimination of Zaporizhzhya Sich was that it, as a kind of enclave inside the country, has become totally incompatible with the absolute monarchy, which was established in Russia, as well as with the ongoing Russian autocrats administrative and territorial reforms aimed to centralize Empire.

Scenarios of the EAEU Agricultural Market Development in the Long Term

The paper discusses retrospective trends and a scenario forecast of consumption and production of agricultural commodities and food in the EAEU countries, identifies the factors that contribute to and prevent the aggravation of contradictions in the mutual trade in agricultural products in the long term.

CONTRADICTIONS IN THE FORMATION OF THE ARTISTIC IMAGE OF SACRED SPACE IN XX CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

The article analyzes the history of changes in the formation of artistic image of sacral architecture of the XX century, which comes from the aggravation of contradictions between modernist and traditional values. From the state of temporary dominance of modernism, the period of postmodern counter-revolution to the modern assertion of irrational values, which, among other things, is in the subtly articulated worship of transcendence. The factors that influence the formation of sacral space are considered. In particular, issues of a more general nature and ideological causes of diversity, including doctrinal sources of particular approaches. The causes of the diversity of forms and contradictory concepts in the construction of temples were also investigated. A number of logical inconsistencies are presented, which violated the homogeneity of the architecture characteristic of earlier eras for the meetings of followers of Christianity.The view of theologians on the positive meaning of the phenomenon of desacralization, as well as the influence of secular studies, which have found a relationship between modern psychological attitudes and such a specific sphere of activity, which is temple building, is considered. The general principles of the formation of church structures, which, according to this concept, ceased to be constructed in such a way that allowed them to be distinguished from buildings of other purposes, are presented.

Changes in the economic development paradigms, dominant forms of capital and new challenges of modern transformations

The system-forming role of capital in the functioning of the economy, its evolution and the influence of its dominant forms on changes in the place of the economy in society are examined in the article. The reasons for the change of the economic development paradigms, the influence of various spheres of economic activity under the influence of reorientations on the accumulation of capital’s new forms are identified. The tendencies in the informatized and globalized world economy are revealed, which determine the growth of monopolistic tendencies and unilateral dependence of the productive branches on the processes developing in the financial sphere. The transformation of the economy from production priorities to various forms of rapid enrichment without the need to create real goods is analyzed. The aggravation of contradictions between manufacturing industries and the financial sector, between informatized and non-informatized components of the economy, between those whose qualifications will be needed in computerized production and those whose work in the new economy will no longer be needed. The process of hierarchization that unfolds in the economy between different industries and spheres of activity under the influence of different rates of capital accumulation is revealed. The analysis of the existing mechanisms of capital accumulation in various structural divisions of economy is made. The reasons for the different dynamics of capital accumulation by different components of the economy are identified. The inability of the market mechanism to ensure the development and functioning of the economy in the direction of expanded reproduction of the production of goods necessary for society is determined. The influence of information technologies on globalization processes in the world and their connection with the decrease in economic productivity at this stage of development is revealed. The real motives of economic entities that have changed the paradigm of economic behavior of people in the post-industrial stage have been established. The influence of the aim to maximize profitability as a fundamental driving force of economic behavior is revealed, which has provided changes in the long-term and sustainable trend focused on productivity growth in economic activity.

СООТНОШЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ И НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

Relevance of the topic. The most important part of the overall national security system is economic security, which affects almost all aspects of the life of the state, society and economy. There is a close relationship between economic security and the system of national public interests. Consideration of the designated topic as the most important unit in the system of national security is primarily due to the fact that the economy is the basis of the life of society, the state, the individual, the sustainable development of the country as a whole.
 Purpose: to Consider approaches to the concepts of "national security" and "economic security" and to determine the place of economic security within the framework of national security. 
 Objectives: to explain the concept of "economic security" and national security", to consider the relationship between these definitions, to study the "Strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation."
 Methodology. Empirical and theoretical methods of knowledge of the surrounding economic reality. Methods of scientific abstraction, ascent from abstract to concrete, economic analysis and synthesis, inductive and deductive methods were used in the work. 
 Results. The strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation until 2030 is considered. For any country, the most important component of national security is economic security.
 In the works of domestic scientists, the term "national security" and "economic security" are often removed from the category of "security". The variety of interpretations of this term can be explained by the fact that the category of "security" is defined ambiguously, allows for different interpretations.
 Summary. In modern conditions, the relationship of economic security within the framework of national security has not lost its relevance, while their importance increases due to the aggravation of contradictions, as well as in connection with the crisis phenomena in the world economy.

PUBLIC-LEGAL DISPUTE IN THE SPHERE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: THE GROUNDS AND CONDITIONS OF ARISING

The article is devoted to the definition of the concept of public-legal dispute in the field of intellectual property, taking into account the specifics of administrative and legal protection of rights in this field. To this end, the rules of procedural law relating to the definition of a public law dispute, the practice of their application, and the relevant doctrinal provisions on the legal protection of intellectual property rights are analyzed. The suitability of certain categories of such disputes to the jurisdiction of administrative courts is substantiated.
 The author draws attention to the fact that although the concept of "basis" and "condition" of a public-law dispute are not synonymous, it is impossible to deny that they have a large number of common features. In legal literature, the term "foundation" has become widespread, first of all, to indicate the grounds for the emergence of legal relationships. Moreover, there are two sides to this concept: material and legal basis. The legal basis includes, in particular, legal fact and the existence of a rule of law.
 It was also determined that the condition should be distinguished from the cause which necessarily produces a certain consequence - the legal conflict between the parties to the public-legal relations is at the heart of the public-legal dispute. From a general point of view, conflict is understood as a clash of opposing interests and views, tension and extreme aggravation of contradictions, which leads to active actions, complications, struggles, accompanied by complex conflicts.
 It is noted that in the case of a particular dispute, a direct condition for the emergence of public-law disputes is the conflict of not just legislative provisions, and in this case the fundamental rights of persons and the corresponding binding norms obliging the subjects of power to enter into conflict. to the administrative court for the exercise of their specific powers.

КРИЗА ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ ОСІБ ПІДЛІТКОВОГО ВІКУ В ПЕРІОД ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ

In the offered article near implementation of attempt of theoretical justification of aspects of manifestation of crisis of identity of persons of teenage age, results of an empirical research of psychological signs of crisis of identity and its indicators in the period of public uncertainty are presented. Definition of a concept crisis of identity is considered as the conflict between elements of component structure of identity that at a stage of crisis of identity is developed around transition from a form of children's identity to acquisition and understanding of the acquired her qualitatively new form. The research of psychological signs and features of manifestation of crisis of identity of teenage age is chosen the purpose of article. Empirical results of crisis aspects of identity are given behind the defining level self-relations teenagers and behind the level of contradictions of component structure of identity of the faces embodied in them «Self-Concept» at a stage of experience of crisis of identity. The scheme of dynamics of change of identity is provided. It is emphasized that crisis of identity is loss of actually previously acquired form of children's identity, at the expense of a disorientation of the teenager and reduction to system search of new components to his «Self-image», on condition of their coordination with an identification matrix of the person. It is claimed that crisis of identity understands as a concept: first of all, change of an identification matrix which leads to difficulty and violation of identifications of the individual; aggravation of contradictions between «Real-Self» and «ldeal-Self». As a result of a research the main differences in structure of identity of teenagers of thirteen and fourteen years at a stage of crisis of identity are revealed and indicators of crisis of identity of teenagers of the studied groups are allocated.

POLITICAL PREFERENCES OF THE COSSACKS AND THE PEASANTRY OF THE DON ARMY REGION ON THE EVE AND DURING THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917-1918

The author reveals in the context of the analysis of the work of historians existing in the Soviet and modern historiography the main problems of Cossack and non-resident population of the don, analyzes the political preferences and sympathies of the Cossacks and the peasantry of the don Cossacks before and during the revolution of 1917-1918гг, determining the value of discussion and unexplored issues of this important topic. Specifics of the process of regional patogeneza all the main political directions. Defined: among some of the frontline (the average of the Cossack middle peasants) and Cossacks, and especially of the poor in 1917-1919.g became popular and the idea of popular Soviet and socialist democracy. It is concluded that many factors contributed to the aggravation of contradictions between different social groups of the Cossacks and Cossack, the peasant and the provinces, the working population of the region. The lack of understanding, lack of experience of the culture of political and social compromise, mutual concessions complex interweaving of elements of the century and inter-class hatred, sometimes burdened with ethno-cultural and inter-religious hostility, severity and complexity “of the agrarian question", belittling the status of non-resident and working population of the region, has led to a gradual slide towards bloody civil war. “Don Vendee" in the end, was the beginning of the global Russian civil war.

Regionalization of Migration

Regionalization of migration is not a new phenomenon, which is developing alongside its globalization. The globalization of migration driven by the increased migration interdependence between labor-surplus and laborshortage countries, is manifested in the growth of the number of countries participating in the population exchange and the number of international migrants, foundation of the support framework of the global migration governance, etc. At the same time, the level of liberalization of migration flows is significantly lower than that of commercial and financial flows. The territorial mobility is reducing, that may be seen as a symptom of the attenuation of globalization of people’s movements. The aggravation of contradictions between sending and receiving countries hinders the development of global migration governance. In contrast the regionalization of migration has been increasing markedly over the previous decades. It is being revealed in the growth of people’s movements on the territories of the global North and even more in areas of the South which house more migrants from the developing regions of the world than the North. The enlargement of regional flows leads to the emergence of the major donors of migrants in the North and major recipients of migrants in the South as well as enhances the relevance of the consequences of emigration for the sending countries in the North and the effects of immigration for the receiving countries in the South. The low efficiency of unilateral measures of migration governance and the lack of global partnership in this field make increasingly important the regulation of population movements at the sub-global level. The cooperation between the countries concerned is being carried out both in a formal format within the integration associations and by means of informal regional consultative process. The rules governing migration issues are being increasingly included into regional multilateral agreements. The most developed regional regulation system of migration is created have within the EU, followed with a wide margin by the MERCOSUR, ЕАEU and ASEAN. Although the regional consultative process is not binding for participating countries, it contributes to moving from de facto to de jure policy coherence in migration governance. Given the inevitable obstacles to the territorial expansion of such regional organizations and to the creation of global alliances modelled on them, regional migration regulation will remain an integral element of the architecture of the future global governance.

Сирия в системе региональной безопасности в 2000—2011 годах

Syria’s role in regional security in the period of 2000-2011 is discussed. Special attention is paid to the coming to power of Bashar Assad, marked by attempts to soften the confrontation of Syria with regional and extra-regional powers, while simultaneously building a flexible system of situational alliances. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that an independent foreign policy of Syria have angered the US, which during the presidency of George W. Bush sought to establish a doctrine of American leadership in several regions of the world. It is proved that the aggravation of contradictions with the USA and Israel objectively was promoted by the Second Intifada, since Damascus has traditionally supported the Palestinian people’s struggle for national self-determination. Special attention is paid to the fact that Syria made a “turn to the East,” was to improve relations with Iran and Russia. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the reasons are shown for the uncompromising attitude of the West towards the fate of the Syrian political regime in the civil war in the country, namely that the government of Bashar Assad has intensified confrontation with the West.

ПРЕКАРИЗАЦИЯ КАК СЛЕДСТВИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ

The paper reveals analytically the essence and special aspects of such phenomenon as “precarization”, which involves wide spheres and groups of modern society and influences negatively the various (social, economic) components of the life of an individual and the population in general. The state of precarious work in Russia is proved by the statistical data for 2004–2015. The center place is given in the paper to the consideration of the problems and causes of mass precarization of employment in the world and in Russia. The authors considered the demographic growth and the rejuvenation of population, globalization processes and the formation of the open global market of goods, services and labor, general human migration, the commercialization of public institutions, scientific and technological progress and robotization to be the global trends. Among the main problems associated with the development of precarization in Russia, the authors specify the low salary level, and, as a consequence, the low solvency of population; weak public confidence in social security due to the instability of state policy systems; the significant number of single-industry towns, whose life is depends completely on the operation of one or two enterprises; the disproportionality between supply and demand of certain categories of employees. These factors contribute to the formation of social injustice, the formation of precariat class in the society structure, the aggravation of contradictions between the rich and the poor, the strengthening of social and political instability. The authors form two groups among the precaria: volunteers and forced precariat. Since they have a completely different attitude to their status, the authors suggest different ways to solve the problems of these groups In general, these economic and social processes require a fundamental study and transformation of the current situation to improve people’s living standards, the precarization inhibition all over the world, and the global economy recovery. Consequently, the goal of the study is the analysis of precarization causes including the specific conditions of Russian social and economic processes and the identifying the main ways to solve this problem.

New meanings for the concept of «legal entropy»

The author from the point of synergetic approach considers the concept of «legal entropy» in classical and non-classical versions. The article describes connection between entropy and uncertainty, disorder, disorganization, lack of organization, aggravation of contradictions in the legal system, instability, a measure of matter motion.

THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE

This article examines the history of the Crimean Peninsula in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. This period characterized as the time of the tsarist policy of the Crimea. This policy resulted in the aggravation of contradictions between the Crimean Tatar people with the settlers. Trying to resolve this negative circumstance, the tsarist administration has undertaken a series of reforms, which has somewhat mitigated this problem. This article also explains the rise in the economic development of the Peninsula in the first quarter of the XIX century, which was inextricably linked with the influence of Russian capital in the Crimea. Not neglected by the author remains the policy of Russia towards improving the infrastructure of the region. In 1826 was built the road from Simferopol to Alushta, in 1837, continued to Yalta, and in 1848 – to Sevastopol. In 1848, on the border of the southern coast of the Crimea and the Northern slope of the mountains built Baidar gate.