Wound Healing Agent Research Articles

Triazine-Porphyrin-based aminal linked porous organic polymer as self-enhanced photo/enzyme synergistic antibacterial agent for wound healing

Here, a series of heteroatom-rich porous organic polymers (POPs) with aminal-linkage were facilely synthesized via Schiff base polycondensation reaction between the triazine-Porphyrin based monomer bearing eight amino groups and low cost monomer containing a single aldehyde moiety (Ferrocene, imidazole, 4-bromomethylbenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde). The combination of photoactive triazine-Porphyrin with redox-active Ferrocene endowed the self-enhanced photothermal, photodynamic, as well as peroxidase-like activity with the special POP (TPF-POP), which could function as a smart collaborative antimicrobial antibacterial platform. Notably, in vitro experiments verified TPF-POP could not only effectively excite the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the ambient oxygen and low levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but also transform the light energy into local heat exerting photothermal effects, presenting an effective bacterial killing effect towards both the S. aureus and E. coli at a low concentration (200 μg/mL). In vivo animal experiments demonstrated the wound coverage of TPF-POP-treated mice with back wound infection model was significantly reduced to 9.53 % within 9 days. These results confirmed TPF-POP with concurrently photocatalytic and enzymatic activity featured broad application prospect for promoting the repairing of infected wound. The as-proposed methods are available for the low-cost preparation of POPs with specific functions.

Therapeutic Potential of Honey: Topical Wound Management

Honey, a natural product with a rich history in wound care, has gained renewed attention as a topical treatment for wounds in modern medicine. This bibliographic review explores the epidemiology, significance, theoretical framework, encompassing definition, risk factors, complications, and management of honey in wound care. The discussion delves into emerging applications and future directions in the use of honey as a therapeutic agent for wound healing.

Quality Standardisation and Comparative Study of Leaf and Root of Kalanchoe pinnata in the Treatment of Wound Healing on Albino Rats

A wound is a disruption of the cellular and anatomic continuity of a tissue, with or without microbial infection. The perennial plant Kalanchoe pinnata (Bryophyllum) is a member of the Crassulaceae family. The present study was based on the quality standardisation and comparative study of leaf and root of Kalanchoe pinnata in the treatment of wound healing on albino rats. The plant was gathered in Uttarakhand, Dehradun, India. The plant leaves were used after being thoroughly rinsed in water. Additionally, the root was scrubbed and allowed to dry at room temperature in the shade and/or away from the sun. The plant was identified and authenticated by Dr Sunita Garg (Reference No. NIScPR/RHMD/Consult/2023/4486-87). The leaves and roots of Kalanchoe pinnata were extracted using methanol solvent. Physicochemical and phytochemical screening was done for both the extracts. The Methanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata root and leaf (5% Ointment Topical Application for 15 days) was assessed and compared for its wound healing activity on excisional wound healing animal using Albino rats. GC-MS analysis of the MEKP spectral spectrum showed, the presence of eight essential ingredients was shown as flavone with a retention time of 16.08 and a peak area of 11.9%, palmitic acid with a retention time of 16.73 and a peak area of 8.4%, and phytol with a retention time of 17.82 and a peak area of 39.8%. etc. It was found that MEKP Leaf (5% Ointment) showed superior contraction of wound and faster epithelialization compared to MEKP Root (5% Ointment). Our findings support the possibility of using this plant therapeutically in routine medical care. By following these recommendations, we can drive the development of safe, effective, and accessible phytoconstituent-based wound healing agents.

Traumatic acid inhibits ACSL4 associated lipid accumulation in adipocytes to attenuate high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Obesity is a major health concern that lacks effective intervention strategies. Traumatic acid (TA) is a potent wound-healing agent in plants, considered an antioxidant food ingredient. This study demonstrated that TA treatment significantly reduced lipid accumulation in human adipocytes and prevented high-fat diet induced obesity in zebrafish. Transcriptome sequencing revealed TA-activated fatty acid (FA) degradation and FA metabolism signaling pathways. Moreover, western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that TA inhibited the expression of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-4 (ACSL4). Overexpression of ACSL4 resulted in the reversal of TA beneficiary effects, indicating that the attenuated lipid accumulation of TA was regulated by ACSL4 expression. Limited proteolysis-mass spectrometry and microscale thermophoresis were then used to confirm hexokinase 2 (HK2) as a direct molecular target of TA. Thus, we demonstrated the molecular basis of TA in regulating lipid accumulation and gave the first evidence that TA may function through the HK2-ACSL4 axis.

Formulation and evaluation of simvastatin cubosomal nanoparticles for assessing its wound healing effect

Wound healing is one of the most challenging medical circumstances for patients. Pathogens can infect wounds, resulting in tissue damage, inflammation, and disruption of the healing process. Simvastatin was investigated recently, as a wound healing agent that may supersede the present therapies for wounds. Our goal in this paper is to focus on formulation of simvastatin cubosomes for topical delivery, as a potential approach to improve simvastatin skin permeation. By this technique its wound healing effect could be improved. Cubosomes were prepared using the top-down method and the prepared cubosomes were characterized by several techniques. The most optimal simvastatin cubosomal formulation was then included in a cubogel dosage form using different gelling agents. The results showed that the average particle size of the prepared cubosomes was 113.90 ± 0.58 nm, the entrapment efficiency was 93.95 ± 0.49% and a sustained simvastatin release was achieved. The optimized formula of simvastatin cubogel displayed pseudoplastic rheological behavior. This same formula achieved enhancement in drug permeation through excised rat skin compared to free simvastatin hydrogel with flux values of 46.18 ± 2.12 mcg cm−2 h−1 and 25.92 ± 3.45 mcg cm−2 h−1 respectively. Based on the in-vivo rat studies results, this study proved a promising potential of simvastatin cubosomes as wound healing remedy.

Investigation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of Senna occidentalis leaf extract, and in silico screening for both activities

Senna occidentalis, synonym Cassia occidentalis, is a native American pantropical plant species previously classified under the genus Cassia. This study is for testing and to discover new potent phytochemicals from this plant as wound healing and anti-inflammatory agents. The Excision and Assay of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Membrane Stabilization for Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test Method was used to test how well extracts of S. occidentalis leaves from methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and absolute alcohol helped wounds heal and stopped inflammation. In silico is another method for finding potent phytochemicals for both activities. These leaf extracts effectively cure wound areas and promote re-epithelialization. The methanol extract exhibited maximum wound healing (95.04%) and anti-inflammation (62.94%) activity compared to their other extracts, standard, and control groups. In silico molecular docking of Apigenin, Aloe-emodin with GSK-3B protein, and 1-Methoxynaphthalene, Quinine with COX-2 protein showed binding affinity in (kjJ/mol) of −8.4, −8.6, and −7.3, −7.7, for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity, respectively, in their binding sites with stability. They support the "Lipinski Rule of Five." This plant leaf extract is recommended as a traditional medicine and an alternative, complementary treatment for its continued contribution to drug discovery and development.

Improved Quality of Healed Wounds with Topical Application of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Root Extract Hydrogel

INTRODUCTION: Collagen is the key component of the extracellular matrix that plays a critical role in the strength and quality of the healed wound. Eurycoma longifolia Jack root extract (TA) has been documented as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agent that may improve the quality of healed wounds. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of topical application of TA hydrogel on the quality of the healed skin in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were grouped into 4 groups: Negative control, Hydrocyn® aqua gel positive control, vehicle (Xanthan) hydrogel, and Eurycoma longifolia Jack (TA) hydrogel. Treatments were applied twice daily starting on wounding day until day 21. An excisional wound was created on the back of 20 rats. Tissue samples of the healed skin were collected for histological examination by measuring the epidermal and dermal thicknesses and evaluating the collagen fibre quality by VVG stain. RESULTS: The TA hydrogel group had the thickest newly formed epidermis compared with the other experimental groups. For the dermal thickness, compared with the vehicle (xanthan) hydrogel group, TA hydrogel, and Hydrocyn aqua® gel positive control groups showed significantly increased thickness with p values 0.020 and 0.045, respectively. Histologically TA hydrogel group showed a significant increase in mixed-oriented collagen fibres, and fascicular collagen bundles and showed profound collagen density. CONCLUSION: TA hydrogel improved the quality of healed skin by increasing the epidermal/dermal thicknesses and enhancing the quality of newly produced collagen fibres. It can be considered a promising and effective wound-healing agent.

Preclinical Studies of the Antimicrobial and Wound-Healing Effects of the High-Intensity Optical Irradiation “Zarnitsa-A” Apparatus

In this paper, a new approach to treating infected wounds is proposed. It is based on treating the wound surface with high-intensity pulsed optical radiation with a continuous spectrum, continuously covering the entire UV range (from 200 to 400 nm) and the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. A pulsed xenon lamp is used as a radiation source. A description of the design and technical characteristics of the device, “Zarnitsa-A”, is presented, implementing the proposed medical technology for wound therapy. The results of our studies of the apparatus in vitro and in vivo are also presented. The article shows that exposure to the apparatus leads to pronounced bactericidal- and wound-healing properties. The apparatus’s action reliably provides higher rates of wound healing compared with only a typical antibacterial or wound healing agent, such as “levomekol” ointment.

Comparative analysis of KnockOut serum replacement and fetal bovine serum for in vitro culture of human dermal fibroblasts

BACKGROUNDHuman dermal fibroblast (HDF) cultures can be used as a regenerative agent for wound healing. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) as a culture supplement is derived from animals, therefore not being constant in composition, causes variations in research results, thus requiring a substitute such as KnockOut serum replacement (KOSR). This study evaluated the defined KOSR as FBS substitute for HDF culture by measuring the relative expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) messenger RNA (mRNA), HDF cell proliferation, and HDF migration. METHODSHuman dermal fibroblast culture was divided into 2 intervention groups receiving KOSR 5% and KOSR 10%, respectively, and a control group receiving FBS 10%. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for bFGF and KGF mRNA relative expression at the fifth passage (P5). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) reagent was used for the HDF cell proliferation assay at P5 and the scratch assay was used for HDF cell migration at P6. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test, One-way ANOVA, or Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTSThere were no significant differences in bFGF and KGF mRNA relative expression and HDF migration velocity between the intervention and control groups (p>0.05 and p>0.05, respectively). The doubling time of the KOSR 5% group showed no significant difference (p>0.05), but KOSR 10% and FBS 10% showed significant differences between treatment days 2-6 and treatment days 6-10 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONSThe KOSR 10% was comparable to FBS 10% in supporting bFGF and KGF mRNA relative expression, HDF cell proliferation, and HDF cell migration in HDF culture.

Anti-MRSA and Biological Activities of Propolis Concentrations Loaded to Chitosan Nanoemulsion for Pharmaceutics Applications.

Propolis is a naturally occurring substance with beneficial properties; bees produce it from various plant sources, and it is an anti-inflammatory and therapeutic resinous substance. This study aimed to enhance the biological features of propolis extract by loading it onto active film. Firstly, extraction was performed using three solvent systems, and their total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity was measured. Propolis ethanol extract (EEP) was evaluated for phenolic fraction content and then chosen to prepare a chitosan-loaded emulsion with several concentrations. The antibacterial, anti-mycotic, and anti-mycotoxigenic properties of the extract and nanoemulsion were assessed. PPE's cytotoxicity and nanoemulsion were evaluated using brine shrimp and cell line assays. Results indicate higher phenolic (322.57 ± 4.28 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoid (257.64 ± 5.27 mg QE/g DW), and antioxidant activity of the EEP. The phenolic fraction is distinguished by 18 phenolic acids with high p-hydroxybenzoic content (171.75 ± 1.64 µg/g) and 12 flavonoid compounds with high pinocembrin and quercetin content (695.91 ± 1.76 and 532.35 ± 1.88 µg/g, respectively). Phenolic acid derivatives (3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenol acetate, and di-methoxy cinnamic) are also found. Concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 ng EEP loaded on chitosan nanoemulsion reflect significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and toxigenic fungi, particularly Fusarium. Among the four EEP-loaded concentrations, the nanoemulsion with 150 ng showed outstanding features. Using a simulated medium, 150 and 200 ng of EEP-loaded chitosan nanoemulsion concentrations can stop zearalenone production in Fusarium media with complete fungi inhibition. Also, it reduced aflatoxins production in Aspergillus media, with fungal inhibition (up to 47.18%). These results recommended the EEP-chitosan application for pharmaceutics and medical use as a comprehensive wound healing agent.

Probing the photostability of avobenzone with N-acetylcysteine using UV spectroscopy, computational studies and integration into aloe vera gel

N-acetylcysteine is a biomolecule with broader applications in dermatology and cosmetics. Its radical scavenging activity in the cell is prompting the evaluation of its photostabilization activity on the avobenzone. N-acetylcysteine retards the photodegradation of avobenzone in ethanol and promotes the competitive recovery of enol-form in acetonitrile as evaluated using UV-spectroscopy under natural sunlight. Optoelectronics and activation energy calculations have been undertaken to understand the molecular basis of photostabilization/recovery of enol-forms of avobenzone by the N-acetylcysteine. The result indicates that N-acetylcysteine may quench the excited state of keto-avobenzone formed by the photoketonization process and also promotes keto-to-enol tautomerization of avobenzone by lowering the activation energy barrier by 41 kcal/mole. These experimental and computational studies confirm N-acetylcysteine as a photostabilizer of avobenzone. Given the N-acetylcysteine as a wound healing agent and glutathione as a skin whitener, the report has integrated avobenzone, N-acetylcysteine, and glutathione into the eco-friendly aloe vera gel to provide holistic protection against UV-A radiation/sunlight. The new method has been developed to assess the stability of avobenzone in the integrated gel and further monitor the thiol content of N-acetylcysteine/glutathione in the gel using Ellman's reagent. The newly integrated aloe vera gel exhibits a stable UV-A filtering activity at room temperature and upon exposure to sunlight. The report's results may find applications in developing next-generation cosmetic aesthetic medicines.

Effective wound healing agents based on N-alkenylimidazole zinc complexes derivatives: future prospects and opportunities

Introduction: The therapeutic effect of commercially available domestic and foreign drugs for the treatment of various skin injuries is far from optimal. These drugs have no universal effects, but cause pronounced side reactions. There is a clear demand for development of innovative wound-healing drugs with antimicrobial properties, which increase the natural protective function of the skin. Pharmaceutical compounds with zinc nanoparticles have been increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic direction. These drugs can easily penetrate into damaged tissues and stimulate metabolic processes. Zinc complexes with imidazole derivatives are of a particular interest. Imidazole acts as a structural fragment of many natural physiologically active compounds, thus providing targeted delivery of this essential trace element into the wound for inclusion in the multicascade mechanism of wound healing. The aim of the study: to provide experimental evidence for effects of recently developed zinc complexes with N-alkenylimidazole as wound healing agents. Materials and Methods: Wound-healing effects of six 1% gels containing distinct N-alkenylimidazole zinc complexe derivatives based on the Na-carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) were comparatively studied in 128 outbred white rats of both genders. The Na-CMC-based Zinc Sulfate 1% gel, Methyluracil and Solcoseryl served as reference drugs. After performing the local tolerance study of zinc complexes, linear and planar sterile wounds of comparable size were inflicted in anesthetized animals. The degree of healing was evaluated on the day 8 and day 28 after the treatment start by wound sizes and histological examination of inflammatory response, epithelization, granulation tissue, angiogenesis, and necrosis. The skin microcirculation system was evaluated using the laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF), whereby the blood flow indicators were recorded 30 and 60 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of the trial compound. The antimicrobial activity of the zinc compounds was determined in vitro by means of their minimum inhibitory concentration suppressing the bacteria and fungi growth using the double serial dilution method in liquid culture media. The statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 12 software package. Results and Discussion: In the linear wound model, all animals treated with either of six experimental zinc compounds showed almost complete reduction in wound size (92-100%, p<0.05) on the day 8, significantly exceeding the wound healing in the control animals (reduction by 67-88 %, p<0.05) and effects of the reference drugs (reduction by 83-86%, p<0.05). In the planar wound model, the most significant wound healing effect was reached by using the gel containing N-isopropenylimidazole zinc diacetate (encoded as Pilim-1). The respective histological examination showed signs of complete epithelialization, absence of destructive changes in the epidermis, restoration of skin appendages and presence of mature granulation tissue. Intraperitoneal Pilim-1 administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg improved microcirculation in the rat skin, as judged by significant effects on perfusion and the amplitudes of the isolated rhythms of the LDF-gram. In addition, Pilim-1 exerted a moderate bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity, which was 2 times greater than the antimicrobial activity of Metronidazole. Conclusion: Topical application of gels containing 1% N-alkenylimidazole zinc complex derivatives accelerates the healing of uninfected linear and planar wounds in comparison with the established reference drugs. The Pilim-1 zinc compound exhibited the most pronounced therapeutic effect. The observed in vitro antimicrobial action of Pilim-1 is of further interest for potential implications in treatment of infected skin wounds. The regenerative effect of this substance opens prospects for development of new drugs with improved wound healing properties.

Myco-Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles as Wound Healing and Antibacterial Agent: An In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation.

Bacterial-associated wound infections are an obstacle for individuals and the medical industry. Developing versatile, antibiotic-free therapies helps heal wounds more quickly and efficiently. In the current study, fungal metabolites were employed as a reducing agent in fabricating selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for improved antibacterial and wound healing properties. Utilizing UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microscopic examination, the properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were extensively evaluated. Myco-synthesized SeNPs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3125 mg/mL, reducing cell number and shape distortion in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. SeNPs' topical administration significantly reduced wound area and healing time, exhibiting the least bacterial load after six days compared to controls. After six and 11 days of treatment, SeNPs could decrease proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α production. The histopathological investigation showed a healed ulcer with moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells after exposing mice's skin to SeNPs for six and 11 days. The docking interaction indicated that SeNPs were highly efficient against the IL-6 and TNF-α binding receptors. These findings imply that myco-fabricated SeNPs might be used as topically applied antimicrobial agents for treating skin infections and wounds.

Network pharmacology reveals the potential of Dolastatin 16 as a diabetic wound healing agent.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-023-00161-5.

Polymeric curcumin nanospheres for lysozyme aggregation inhibition, antibacterial, and wound healing applications.

The present study reports highly stable polymeric nanoparticles comprising curcumin and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and then conjugated with gold nanoparticles, resulting in C-PVP and C-PVP-Au, respectively. The synthesized conjugates C-PVP and C-PVP-Au were investigated for amyloid aggregation inhibition activity, antimicrobial activity, and wound healing applications.The anti-amyloidogenic capacity of nanoconjugates were studied for model protein, hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL). The ThT binding assay, fibril size measurement, and electron microscopy results revealed that conjugates suppress fibrillogenesis in HEWL. The highest amyloid inhibition activity obtained against C-PVP and C-PVP-Au was 31μg.mL-1 and 30μg.mL-1, respectively. The dissociation activity for amyloid aggregation was observed against Q-PVP and Q-PVP-Au at 29μg.mL-1 and 27μg.mL-1, respectively. The antibacterial studies show significant efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the presence of C-PVP and C-PVP-Au. The substantial antibacterial potential of C-PVP@PVA and C-PVP-Au@PVA membranes shows promising wound healing applications. The PVA membranes with nanoparticles promote the antibacterial activity and wound healing activity in the Drosophila model. C-PVP-Au@PVA membrane healed the wound faster than the C-PVP@PVA, and it can be used for better results in wound healing. Thus, C-PVP-Au and C-PVP have higher bioavailability and stability and can act as multifunctional therapeutic agents for amyloid-related diseases and as wound healing agents. Graphical abstract C-PVP, and C-PVP-Au conjugates for inhibition of HEWL aggregation, antibacterial and wound healing activity.

Photothermal antibacterial antioxidant conductive self-healing hydrogel with nitric oxide release accelerates diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wound healing is affected by insufficient angiogenesis, oxidative damage, and bacterial infection, resulting in a delayed healing process. There is an urgent need to design a novel multifunctional wound dressing for promoting diabetic wound healing. Nitric oxide (NO) represents a promising wound healing agent because of its positive role in angiogenesis. Here, a series of antibacterial antioxidant self-healing conductive multifunctional hydrogels integrating near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation NO release behavior, were developed based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (THB), copper chloride (CuCl2), and graphene oxide (GO)-N, N′-di-sec-butyl-N, N′-dinitroso-1,4-phenylenediamine (BNN6) (GO-BNN6, abbreviated as GB), to promote wound healing in Type I diabetes (TID). CMCS/THB/Cu/GB hydrogels show stable mechanical properties, self-healing ability, conductivity, antioxidant properties, intrinsic antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, etc. The addition of GB enabled the hydrogel to exhibit photothermal properties and photothermal-induced antibacterial activity in vitro. More importantly, the CMCS/THB/Cu/GB2 (2 mg/mL of GB in the hydrogel) was able to release NO under NIR laser irradiation. In a full-thickness skin wound model in diabetic mice, CMCS/THB/Cu/GB2 hydrogel combined with NIR laser treatment (CMCS/THB/Cu/GB2+NIR) can significantly accelerate wound contraction, collagen content, and angiogenesis. In conclusion, these multifunctional photothermal conductive antioxidant self-healing hydrogels with integrated NO-releasing behavior show great potential for treating type I diabetic wounds.

Tea polyphenols (TPP) as a promising wound healing agent: TPP exerts multiple and distinct mechanisms at different phases of wound healing in a mouse model

Polyphenols have been widely used to treat various chronic skin diseases because they are beneficial in wound healing and show anti-inflammatory effects, however, the mechanism of action remains ambiguous. Previously, we reported the wound healing capability of tea polyphenols (TPP), the major functional component of tea, in vivo. The current study aimed to address the mechanisms of TPP in wound healing during different phases (inflammation, proliferation and remodeling). During the inflammation phase, TPP reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and inhibited infiltration of neutrophils; during the proliferation phase, TPP promoted the expression of growth factor VEGF-A, which can promote vascular endothelial cell division and induce angiogenesis; TPP improved the morphology of the wound and restored the ratio of type III/I collagens during the remodeling phase, as determined by Masson-trichrome staining and Sirius red staining assays. By tracking the changes in the wound area, TPP and recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF), rather than povidone-iodine (PVP-I), were able to promote wound healing. These results suggest that TPP plays a pivotal role in all the key stages of wound healing and displays distinct mechanisms from rhEGF, suggesting clinical significance for the future application of TPP as a natural wound healing agent.

Effect of natural polymer materials on skin healing based on internal wound microenvironment: a review.

The concept of wound microenvironment has been discussed for a long time. However, the mechanism of the internal microenvironment is relatively little studied. Here, we present a systematic discussion on the mechanism of natural polymer materials such as chitosan, cellulose, collagen and hyaluronic acid through their effects on the internal wound microenvironment and regulation of wound healing, in order to more comprehensively explain the concept of wound microenvironment and provide a reference for further innovative clinical for the preparation and application of wound healing agents.

Turmeric extract gel and honey in post-cesarean section wound healing: A preliminary study

Background: Delivery by cesarean section (SC) increases the risk of a surgical site infection (SSI). Therapy from health services and complementary therapy reduce the risk of infection and accelerate the wound-healing process. This study compared wound healing after SC with a turmeric extract gel and original Trigona honey. Methods: Female white rats (Rattus novergicus) with pre- and post-testing and a control group were included in this experiment, which was conducted in June-July 2022. The test animals were 56 female white rats, 2-4 months old, weighing 150–350 g. The treatment group was divided into three subgroups with application of 50% and 75% turmeric extract gel and Trigona honey. The turmeric was given twice daily, and the honey was divided into two applications of twice a day and once a day. Wounds were assessed using the Reeda Scale. Results: The fastest wound healing occurred in the group given Trigona honey twice daily. Redness, ecchymosis, and edema disappeared in this group on day 9 (score 0), and granulation tissue formed on day 9. The group that was administered 50% and 75% turmeric gel extract and Trigona honey once a day healed by days 12 and 15, respectively; all three of these interventions were better than the control group. Conclusions: Administering Trigona honey twice daily was more effective for accelerating wound healing than the 50% or 75% turmeric extract gel. Original Trigona honey has the potential to be a post-SC wound healing agent.

Coumarins of Ferulopsis hystrix: LC–MS Profiling and Gastroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Skimmin and Peucenidin

Ferulopsis hystrix is a perennial plant of the Apiaceae family. In Buryat and Mongolian medicine, it is used as a substitute for Costus speciosus roots (ru rta), and in Tibetan medicine, it is used to cure digestive system diseases and used as a wound-healing agent. However, its metabolites and their bioactivities are still poorly understood. High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass-spectrometric detection (HPLC–PDA–ESI–tQ–MS/MS) were used to identify approximately 42 phenolic compounds in F. hystrix, and 30 coumarins were characterized and quantified. The major compounds in F. hystrix roots were skimmin (umbelliferone 7-O-glucoside) and peucenidin (vaginidiol 3′-O-acetyl-4′-O-senecioyl ester), of which, gastroprotective and antioxidant effects were found for the first time. The abovementioned compounds exhibit a gastroprotective effect against indomethacin and steroid gastropathy by reducing the amount of damage (point, large, and strip-like erosions) in the gastric mucosa and lowering the corresponding Paul’s index. The most pronounced gastroprotective effect was exhibited by skimmin at a dose of 1 mg/kg and by peucenidin at doses of 16 and 48 mg/kg; these compounds help to limit the development of pronounced erosive–necrotic processes in the gastric mucosa. In pathological conditions, these compounds reduce malondialdehyde, increase the activity of catalase, and increase the content of reduced glutathione in the blood. Thus, this study demonstrates that F. hystrix roots are a good source of bioactive coumarins with gastroprotective potential, which supports earlier ethnopharmacological studies.