Age Control Group Research Articles

Effect of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride on the long-term push-out bond strength of fiber posts.

Fiber posts are widely used in endodontically treated teeth with extensive loss of coronal structure. The purpose of this study was to investigate immediate and the long-term effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) application, on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts. Sixty mandibular premolars were decoronated, and root canal treatment was performed. After post space preparation, the specimens were divided into three groups according to the post space-surface pretreatment (n = 20); no surface treatment (control group-Group 1), 2% CHX application (Group 2), and 1% BAC application (Group 3). A self-curing adhesive cement and an etch and rinse adhesive were used for the cementation of posts. Three sections (one cervical, one middle, and one apical) of 1 mm thickness were prepared from each specimen. A push-out test was performed immediately on the half of the specimen sections (n = 10). The other half of the specimen sections were subjected to 20.000 thermal cycles before applying the push-out test (n = 10). The failure mode of each specimen was observed under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey Honestly significant difference (HSD), and Tamhane tests (P = 0.05). The cervical thirds displayed the highest, and the apical thirds showed the lowest values in all groups (P < 0.05), except the control-aged group (P = 0.554). The aged control groups' values were found to be significantly lower than the aged CHX and BAC groups (P < 0.001). Aging significantly reduced the bond strength values of specimens in control groups (P < 0.001). However, aging did not significantly affect the push-out bond strength values of CHX and BAC groups (P > 0.050). The failure types were adhesive between the post and cement (type 1) in all groups, except control-aged group (type 2). The application of 2% chlorhexidine or 1% BAC may be an essential step that can be taken to preserve the bond strength of fiber posts.

Cordycepin from Medicinal Fungi Cordyceps militaris Mitigates Inflammaging-Associated Testicular Damage via Regulating NF-κB/MAPKs Signaling in Naturally Aged Rats

Inflammaging in male reproductive organs covers a wide variety of problems, including sexual dysfunction and infertility. In this study, the beneficial effects of cordycepin (COR), isolated from potential medicinal fungi Cordyceps militaris, in aging-associated testicular inflammation and serum biochemical changes in naturally aged rats were investigated. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into young control (YC), aged control (AC), and COR (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) treated aged rat groups. Aging-associated serum biochemical changes and inflammatory parameters were analyzed by biochemical assay kits, Western blotting, and real-time RT-PCR. Results showed a significant (p < 0.05) alteration in the total blood cell count, lipid metabolism, and liver functional parameters in AC group when compared with YC group. However, COR-treated aged rats ameliorated the altered biochemical parameters significantly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, respectively). Furthermore, the increase in the expression of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tissue necrosis factor-alpha) in aged rat testis was significant (p < 0.05) when compared with YC group. Treatment with COR at 20 mg/kg to aged rats attenuated the increased expression of inflammatory mediators significantly (p < 0.05). Mechanistic studies revealed that the potential attenuating effects exhibited by COR in aged rats was mediated by regulation of NF-κB activation and MAPKs (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and p38) signaling. In conclusion, COR restored the altered serum biochemical parameters in aged rats and ameliorated the aging-associated testicular inflammation proving the therapeutic benefits of COR targeting inflammaging-associated male sexual dysfunctions.

HEMATOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH COVID 19 AND THE DIAGNOSTIC ROLE OF HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF COVID 19

OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, reported in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, has a clinical picture with acute respiratory failure, currently affecting more than 100 countries. In our study, evaluation of hematological findings of children with COVID-19 positive mild-moderate clinic was performed and the diagnostic role of various hematological indices-leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and platelet counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR)- was examined.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 15 children diagnosed with COVID-19 from nasopharyngeal swab samples by RT-PCR, and a control group of 21 healthy children of similar age and sex. The patients' age, gender, admission complaints, COVID-19 contact history, and first complete blood count parameters were recorded retrospectively from information of the patient files.RESULTS: The ages of the children diagnosed with COVID-19 (median±SD) were 8.7±5.7 years and the female/male ratio was 8/7, the healthy control group's age (median±SD) was 7.4±2.8 years, and the female/male ratio was 11/10. The most common complaints of patients with positive COVID-19 tests were fever and cough. A statistically significant difference was found between neutrophil, lymphocyte, and NLR between the COVID-19 positive children and the healthy control group (p=0.048, p=0.040, p=0.024, respectively). In the ROC analysis, when the predictive value for NLR is taken as 1.02, it predicts area under the curve (AUC) of 0.724, 95%CI (0.549-0.899), sensitivity 73%, specificity 62% for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in children.CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities were detected in hematological parameters and indexes of children diagnosed with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls. The most prominent of these are lymphopenia and an increase in the NLR rate. We think that the evaluation of peripheral blood parameters can be considered as an important reference value in evaluating the prognosis of COVID-19.

Use of Covariance Analysis in Electroencephalogram Reveals Abnormalities in Parkinson’s Disease

Covariance analysis from wavelet data in electroencephalographic records (EEG) was, for the first time, applied in this study to unravel information contained in the standard EEG, which was previously not taken into consideration due to the mathematical models used. The methodology discussed here could be applied to any neurological condition, including the important early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we analyzed EEG from control (CL) participants and participants with diagnosed Parkinson’s disease (PD), who were age-matched women in an eyes-closed resting state, to test the model. PD is predicted to rise over the next decades as the population ages. Furthermore, women are more likely to undergo PD-related complications and worse disability than men. Two groups based on age were considered: under and over 60 years (PD patients &lt;60 and &gt;60; CL &lt;60 and &gt;60). Continuous Wavelet Transform and Cross Wavelet Transform were applied to determine patterns of global wavelet curves, main frequencies, and power analyses. Our results indicate that both CL age groups and PD patients &lt;60 share a main α brainwave and PD patients &gt;60 showed a main δ brainwave. Interestingly, power anomalies analyses show a decreasing anteroposterior gradient in CL, whereas it is increasing in PD patients, which was not previously observed. The brainwave power in PD patients &lt;60 was higher in θ, α and β waves and in &gt;60 group, the δ, θ and β brainwaves were predominant. This methodology offers a tool to reveal abnormal electrical brain activity unseen by a regular EEG analysis. The advent of new models that process EEG, such as the model proposed in this study, promotes renewed interest in electrophysiology of the brain to study the early stages of PD and improve understanding of the origin and progress of the disease.

Partially saturated canthaxanthin alleviates aging-associated oxidative stress in D-galactose administered male wistar rats.

It has been earlier reported that partially saturated canthaxanthin (PSC) from Aspergillus carbonarius mutant is non-toxic, has anti-lipid peroxidation activity and can induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. In the present study, the antiaging effect of PSC was explored in D-galactose administered male wistar rats. 8-10 weeks old, male wistar rats were randomly divided into (i) Vehicle Control Group (VCG), (ii) Aged Control Group (ACG), (iii) Aged + α Lipoic Acid Group (ALG) and (iv) Aged + Partially saturated canthaxanthin Group (APG). Rats received D-galactose (300mg /kg bwt/day; i.p.) alone (ACG) or together with PSC (APG) (20mg/kg bwt/day; oral) and α Lipoic Acid (ALG) (80mg/kg bwt/day; oral) for 10 weeks. Rats in VCG were injected with the same volume of physiological saline (i.p.) and fed with olive oil (vehicle). In vitro protein oxidation and DNA oxidation inhibition, in vivo malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities were determined. In addition, brain neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin were estimated by NMR. PSC treatment showed inhibition against protein and DNA oxidation. PSC effectively improved D-galactose induced aging rats by inducing a protective effect through up-regulation of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and brain neurotransmitters and downregulated malondialdehyde (MDA) and monoamineoxidase (MAO) levels. Thus, PSC appears to be a functional compound having antioxidant and antiaging properties.

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON AGING-RELATED NAD+/SIRT1 PATHWAY IN MIDDLE-AGED AND AGED MICE

Background and objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular exercise training on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/sirtuin 1 (NAD+/SIRT1) signaling protein levels in skeletal muscles of middle-aged and old-aged mice. Material and methods Experimental animals were 40 male C57BL/6 mice out of which 20 were 38-week-old (middle-aged) and the other 20 were 58-week-old (aged). They were divided into four groups: middle-aged control (MC), middle-aged exercise (ME), aged control (AC), and aged exercise (AE) groups (n = 10, each group). ME and AE groups performed exercise training five times weekly for 8 weeks using animal treadmill, after which gastrocnemius muscles were excised and analyzed. Results After 8 weeks of intervention, protein levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), SIRT1, forkhead box protein 1 (FOXO1), and NAD+ levels were significantly lower in AC group than in MC group (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, AMPK, SIRT1, FOXO1, NAD+, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1&alpha;) levels were significantly higher in ME and AE groups that exercised for 8 weeks than in MC and AC groups that did not exercise (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that aging and exercise training have opposite effects on the NAD+/SIRT1 pathway in gastrocnemius muscles and that exercise training can be effective in up-regulation of the aging-related NAD+/SIRT1 pathway.

Aging modulates microglia phenotypes in neuroinflammation of MPTP-PD mice.

As the crucial etiological factor, aging-related microglia activation promotes the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular and functional changes of aged-microglia and their contribution to neurodegeneration in PD are only partially understood, which was investigated in our study. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups, included young-control group, young-MPTP group, aged-control group and aged-MPTP group. Pole test and adhesive removal test were firstly performed. ELISA assay was used to detect the content of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in brain tissue. Then we tested the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), p-nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB), toll-like receptor2 (TLR2), arginase-1 (arg-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. Our results showed that aging promoted M1 microglia activation and inhibited M2 microglia activation in SN in MPTP-PD model, accompanied by the elevation of proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β). Consequently, aging significantly aggravated motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuron loss in SN. Besides, compared with young-MPTP group, the protein expression of TLR2 and p-NF-κB-p65 increased obviously in aged-MPTP group. The results revealed that aging aggravated inflammatory response by modulated microglia phenotypes transition in SN in PD, and contributed to further understand the pathogenesis of PD.

Patolojik servikal lenfadenopatili çocuklarda nötrofil/lenfosit ve trombosit/lenfosit orantılarının araştırılması

Objective: To reveal whether if neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) rates are useful or not in children followed-up due to pathological cervical lymphadenopathy (LAP) of unknown etiology who have a normal hematologic examination. Methods: A total of 100 children admitted to the otorhinolaryngology clinic between 2014 and 2017 with the complaint of swelling in the neck without any etiology revealed on examination and established with the diagnosis of idiopathic pathological LAP were retrospectively included in the study. The control group consisted of 100 children who did not have any infectious condition and could be considered healthy in terms of examination and laboratory findings. Patients' and the control group's age, gender, clinical history, disease course and examination findings were screened from the patients' records in the clinic. Results: Mean white blood cell and lymphocyte count parameters in the patient group were higher than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.008 and p=0.001, respectively). In the patient group, mean NLR and PLR values were significantly lower than the control group (p=0.009 and p=0.020, respectively). Conclusion: NLR and PLR rates may be well correlated with inflammation in children followed-up due to pathologic cervical LAP with unknown etiology.

The action of pre-exerciselow-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α proteins and on the functional fitness of elderly rats subjected to aerobic training.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT), when used in conjunction with aerobic training, interferes with the expression of inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α, thereby influencing the performance of old rats participating in swimming. A total of 30 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were used for this study: 24 aged rats, and 6 young rats. The older animals were randomly divided into four groups designated as follows: aged-control, aged-exercise, aged-LLLT, aged-LLLT/exercise group, and young-control animals. Aerobic capacity (VO2max) was analyzed before and after training period. The aged-exercise and aged-LLLT/exercise groups were trained for 6 weeks. LLLT laser was applied before each training session with 808 nm and 4 J of energy to the indicated groups throughout training. The rats were euthanized, and muscle tissue and serum were collected for muscle cross-sectional area and IL-6 and TNF-α protein analysis. In VO2 showed statistical difference between young- and aged-control groups (used as baseline) (p < 0.05). The same difference can be observed in the young control group compared with all intervention groups (exercise, LLLT and LLLT + exercise). In comparison with the aged-control group, a difference was observed only for comparison with the exercise group (p < 0.05), and exercise associated with LLLT group (p < 0.001). Levels of IL-6 and TNF-α for the aged-exercise and the aged-LLLT/exercise groups were significantly decreased compared to the aged-control group (p < 0.05). Analysis of the transverse section of the gastrocnemius muscle showed a significant difference between the aged-exercise and aged-LLLT/exercise groups (p < 0.001). These results suggest that laser therapy in conjunction with aerobic training may provide a therapeutic approach for reducing the inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-α), however, LLLT without exercise was not able to improve physical performance of aged rats.

Effects of supplemental dietary arginine on the exogenous advanced glycosylation end product–induced interleukin-23/interleukin-17 immune response in rats

ObjectivesArginine (Arg) is known to possess numerous useful physiological properties and immunomodulatory effects. Th17 cells are a unique T-helper cell lineage. Regulation of Th17 cells plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders. This study investigated the effect of Arg on the exogenous advanced glycosylation end product (AGE)-induced Th17-mediated immune response. MethodsRats were randomly divided into three groups. The control BSA (CB) group was fed a common diet and given a tail vein injection of non-glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA). The control AGE (CA) group was fed the common diet and injected with 2 mg AGE-BSA. Arg-AGE (AA) group was fed the Arg-supplemented diet and injected with 2 mg AGE-BSA. The experimental diets were identical in energy and nutrient distributions except for the amino acid content. Arg provided 2% of the total energy. Tail vein injections and diets were given daily. After 10 d, all rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for further analysis. ResultsThe AA group had the highest inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression and plasma NO levels. The percentage of Foxp3 T-regulatory cells in the AA group was lower than those of the CA and CB groups. Transforming growth factor-β1, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17A gene expression was higher in the AGE-administered groups. The AA group had higher TGF-β1 and IL-17A expression than did the CA group. ConclusionThese results suggest that in a condition of exogenous AGE administration, supplemental dietary Arg resulted in a more pronounced IL-23/IL-17 immune response, possibly by increasing NO secretion.

Abstract 2259: Age-related Increases In Microvascular Phosphodiesterase 4d Expression And Perimicrovascular Space Following Transient Global Ischemia In Rats

Background and purpose. While a majority of clinical genomic studies indicate that the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) increases risk of cerebral ischemia, the role of PDE4D in the actual pathogenic mechanisms of ischemia remains unclear. The present study attempts to define a role for PDE4D in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia by monitoring changes in microvascular PDE4D expression and changes in the inside bore of the microvasculature in young and aged rats. Methods. Male F344 rats aged 4- and 24-months were subjected to sham surgery (n=4/group): young control (YC) and aged control (AC) groups or transient global ischemia: young ischemia (YI, n=7) and aged ischemia (AI, n=8) groups. Histological assessments and measurements of PDE4D immunoreactivity in the hippocampus were performed 8 days following ischemia. Results. Perivascular tissue density (defined by an index of the intensity of weak positive per square micron) was significantly lower in the AC group than in the YC group (p&lt;0.05, Fig. 1 E). Transient global ischemia elicited a significant decrease in tissue density in the perimicrovascular space in both young and aged animals as compared to controls ( Fig. 1 E). In addition, internal bore circumference and cross-sectional area increased dramatically as a result of ischemia ( Fig. 1 F). Ischemia also caused a severe loss of hippocampal CA1 neurons ( Fig. 2 A,B,C) in association with significant increases in PDE4D immunoreactivities ( Fig. 2 D-F). Interestingly, hippocampal neuron loss following ischemia paralleled PDE4D expression in microvessels: cell loss was accompanied by much higher levels of perivascular PDE4D expression with this effect being greater in the younger animals. In conclusion, decreases in perivascular tissue density and enlargements in microvascular bore likely indicate an increase in brain-blood barrier (BBB) permeability following the onset of ischemia. This is associated with an increased expression of PDE4D. Increased PDE4D expression following cerebral ischemia may play a role in changing BBB permeability and, thus, secondarily affect ischemic outcome.

Apolipoprotein D in the aging brain and in Alzheimer’s dementia

Apolipoprotein D (apoD) levels were examined in the temporal cortex as well as an assessment of the location of apoD positive cells within the brain by immunohistochemical and biochemical methods in young control (YC), aged control (AC), and Alzheimer’s demented (AD) probands. Scattered apoD positive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were found throughout the white matter by immunohistochemistry. ApoD immunoreactivity was also observed In the cerebellar oligodendrocytes of the YC group. There was faint positive apoD staining in scattered cortical astrocytes and a few neurons in the same group. In contrast, some of the AC and all of the AD probands had intense and frequent apoD immunostained cortical astrocytes and pyramidal neurons. The cortical senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were apoD immunonegative. No quantitative differences were found between the cortical apoD levels in the AC and AD groups, determined by immunoblotting. ApoD detected in the brain tissue was different in molecular weight (29 kDal) from that seen in CSF or in the serum (32 kDal). Our results indicate apoD is present in the human brain, especially in glial cells, and has increased abundance in the elderly and AD subjects [Neurol Res 2000; 22: 330-336]

Efficacy of Chlorpromazine in Hyperactive Mentally Retarded Children

The following study, investigating the effect of chlorpromazine (Thorazine) on hyperactive mentally retarded children, was made at the Parsons State Training School, Parsons, Kan. The subjects selected for the study represented, in the opinion of the entire staff, the 10 most hyperactive students at the Training School. Their behavior was characterized by temper tantrums, boisterousness, fighting, overactive antics, and sometimes destructiveness to property. These students could not seem to make the minimum adjustment to their classroom tasks, their job placements, or their cottage life. A control group of 10 students was also selected and matched with the experimental group according to age, sex, and I. Q. The subjects in each group consisted of seven male students and three female students. The ages ranged from 7 years 7 months to 20 years 3 months, for the experimental group, with a mean of 13 years 2 months. The control group's age range